I-USS Hornet, ingxenye 2
Umbhubhisi "uRussell" uphakamisa abathwali bezindiza bokugcina abasindile "Hornet" baphume emanzini. Isithombe NHHC
Ngo-10:25 a.m., umthwali wendiza wawushunqa intuthu, ukleliswe ku-starboard. Konke ukuhlasela kwathatha ingxenye yesine yehora. Abahamba ngomkhumbi nababhubhisi bakha indandatho yokuvikela ezungeza i-Hornet futhi bayizungeza ngokuphambene newashi ngamafindo angu-23, belindele ukuqhubeka okuqhubekayo.
Maphakathi nawo-30s, umyalo we-US Army Air Corps (USAAC) waqala ukuqaphela ubuthakathaka fighters zabo, okuyinto, mayelana nomklamo, izici kanye nezikhali, waqala ukugqama ngokucace ngokwengeziwe ngokumelene isizinda zomhlaba. abaholi. Ngakho-ke, kwanqunywa ukuthi kuqalwe uhlelo lokuthola i-fighter entsha esebenza kahle kakhulu (ukuphishekela). Isihluthulelo sempumelelo bekuyinjini enamandla engaphakathi komugqa epholise uketshezi. Nakuba ngenxa yobukhona besistimu yokupholisa ebanzi (ama-radiators, ama-nozzles, amathangi, amaphampu), izinjini ezinjalo zaziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi zivame ukulimala kunezinjini zomsakazo ezipholile emoyeni (indiza yokufaka kanye nokulahlekelwa kwesipholisa ngaphandle kwendiza ekulweni), kodwa babenendawo encane kakhulu ephambanayo, eyenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthuthukisa ukuthuthukiswa kwe-aerodynamic ye-airframe nokunciphisa ukudonsa futhi, ngaleyo ndlela, kuthuthukise ukusebenza. Amazwe aseYurophu ahamba phambili ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe bezindiza - iGreat Britain, France, Germany - asebenzisa izinjini zomugqa ukuze aqhubekisele phambili izinhlobo zawo ezintsha zama-fighters.
Intshisekelo enkulu phakathi kwezempi yabangelwa injini ye-Allison V-12 1710-cylinder in-line liquid-cooled. Ngandlela thize, ngaleso sikhathi kwakuwukuphela kwenjini yaseMelika yohlobo lwayo eyayingahlangabezana nokulindelwe amasosha. Injini eklanywe ngokukhethekile i-B-1710-C1 yathuthukisa i-1933 hp ngo-750, futhi eminyakeni emine kamuva yaphumelela ukuhlolwa kwebhentshi yamahora angu-150, ihambisa amandla angaguquki angu-1000 hp olwandle. ngo-2600 rpm. Onjiniyela bakwa-Allison kulindeleke ukuthi banyuse amandla abe ngu-1150 hp ngesikhathi esifushane. Lokhu kwenze i-USAAC yabona injini ye-V-1710 C-series njengesitimela esinamandla esizukulwaneni esisha sezindiza zokulwa, ikakhulukazi izilwi.
Ekuqaleni kuka-May 1936, ochwepheshe bomnyango wezokuthutha we-Wright Field Air Corps (Ohio) bakha izidingo zokuqala ze-fighter entsha. Ijubane elikhulu libekwe okungenani libe ngu-523 km/h (325 mph) ku-6096 m kanye no-442 km/h (275 mph) olwandle, ubude besikhathi sendiza ngesivinini esiphezulu ihora elilodwa, isikhathi sokukhuphuka 6096 m - ngaphansi kwemizuzu emi-5, ukugijima- ukukhuphuka nokusatshalaliswa (kuya kulokho okuhlosiwe nangaphezulu kokuhlosiwe ngamamitha ayi-15 ukuphakama) - ngaphansi kwamamitha angama-457. Kodwa-ke, imininingwane yobuchwepheshe bemboni ayizange ikhishwe, ngoba I-USAAC ixoxa ngokuqokwa kweqhawe elisha kanye nendlela yokufeza ukusebenza okuphezulu kangaka. Kwanqunywa ukuthi umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko wawuyoba ukulwa namabhomu amakhulu andiza ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, umbuzo wokusebenzisa injini eyodwa noma ezimbili nokuzihlomisa ngama-turbocharger wacatshangelwa. Igama elithi "pursuit interceptor" livele okokuqala. Kwavela ukuthi indiza yayingadingi ukuhamba kahle, ngoba yayingeke ihlanganyele ekulweni komoya okuguquguqukayo nabalwi bezitha. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakucatshangwa ukuthi amabhomu ahamba ibanga elide ayengeke abe nabaphelezeli bempi. Nokho, okwakubaluleke kakhulu kwakuwukukhuphuka nesivinini esiphezulu. Kulo mongo, ukukhetha okungcono kakhulu kubonakale kuyi-twin-injini enamandla aphindwe kabili esistimu yokuqhubela phambili ngaphansi kwesisindo esiphindwe kabili, ubukhulu kanye ne-coefficient yokudonsa. Okunye okwaxoxwa ngakho kwaba yizindaba zokwandisa isilinganiso esiphezulu esivunyelwe sokulayishwa kwesilinganiso sesakhiwo sisuka ku-g + 5g siye ku-g + 8–9 kanye nokuhlomisa indiza ngezibhamu ezinkulu njengesikhali esiphumelela kakhulu ngokumelene namabhomu kunezibhamu eziwumshini.
Khonamanjalo, ngo-June 1936, i-USAAC yayala ukuba kukhiqizwe ama-fighters angu-77 e-Seversky P-35, alandelwa ama-210 Curtiss P-36A ngenyanga elandelayo. Zombili lezi zinhlobo zazinikwa amandla izinjini ze-Pratt & Whitney R-1830 futhi ephepheni zazinesivinini esiphezulu esingu-452 no-500 km/h (281 kanye no-311 mph) ngokulandelana kwazo ku-3048 m. I-V-1710 powered target fighter. NgoNovemba, uMnyango Wezinto Zokusebenza uguqule kancane izidingo zesixhumi senjini eyodwa. Isivinini esiphezulu olwandle sehlisiwe saba ngu-434 km/h (270 mph), ubude bendiza bunyusiwe baba amahora amabili, kanti isikhathi sokugibela safinyelela ku-6096 m senyuswe saba yimizuzu eyi-7. Ngaleso sikhathi, ochwepheshe beGeneral Staff of the Air Force (GHQ AF) eLangley Field, eVirginia, bajoyine ingxoxo futhi bahlongoza ukwanda kwejubane elikhulu libe ngu-579 km / h (360 mph) endaweni engamamitha angama-6096 futhi 467km/h. (290 mph) ezingeni lolwandle, kunciphisa ubude besikhathi sokundiza ngesivinini esiphezulu sibuyele ehoreni elilodwa, kunciphisa isikhathi sokugibela sisuka ku-6096 m ukuya emaminithini angu-6 futhi kunciphisa isikhathi sokusuka nokuphuma sifinyelele ku-427 m. Ingxoxo, izidingo ze-GHQ AF zagunyazwa yizinsiza zomnyango.
Khonamanjalo, inhloko kaMeyi ye-USAAC, uGeneral Oscar M. Westover, yakhuluma noNobhala Wezempi uHarry Woodring ngesiphakamiso sokuthenga ama-prototypes ama-interceptors amabili - ngenjini eyodwa nezimbili. Ngemva kokuthola imvume yokuqaliswa kwalolu hlelo, ngo-March 19, 1937, uMnyango Wezinto Zokusebenza wakhipha incazelo ye-X-609, icacisa izidingo zobuchule nezobuchwepheshe ze-interceptor enenjini eyodwa (ngaphambili, ngoFebhuwari, yakhipha i-X efanayo. -608 imininingwane). -38 ye-twin-engine fighter, eholela ku-Lockheed P-608). Yayibhekiswe kuBell, Curtiss, North America, Northrop kanye noSikorsky (X-609 - Consolidated, Lockheed, Vought, Vultee and Hughes). Amadizayini angcono kakhulu alethwe eqenjini ngalinye bekumele akhiwe njengama-prototypes, nawo ebekumele aqhudelane. Ophumelele lo mncintiswano kuphela obekufanele angene ekukhiqizeni uchungechunge. Ekuphenduleni ukucaciswa kwe-X-1937, amafemu amathathu kuphela athumele iziphakamiso zawo: Bell, uCurtiss noSeversky (okwakamuva akuzange kucatshangelwe ngaphambili, futhi inhloso yokubamba iqhaza emncintiswaneni ayizange ihanjiswe kuze kube sekuqaleni kwe-18). INorth America, Northrop kanye noSikorsky baphumile emqhudelwaneni. UBell noCurtiss bathumele amabili ngamunye, kwathi uSeversky wahambisa amahlanu. Imiklamo kaBell yamukelwe umnyango wempahla ngoMeyi 1937, XNUMX.
Maphakathi no-Agasti, ochwepheshe boBuqondisi be-Air Corps baqala ukuhlaziya imiklamo engakapheli ethunyelwe. Iphrojekthi engazange ihlangabezane nemfuneko eyodwa yenqatshwe ngokuzenzakalelayo. Kwaba kanjalo isiphetho sephrojekthi kaSeversky's Model AR-3B, okulinganiselwa ukuthi isikhathi sayo sokukhuphuka sifike ku-6096 m sidlule imizuzu eyi-6. I-Bell Model 3 ne-Model 4, i-Curtiss Model 80 ne-Model 80A ne-Seversky AP-3 ezinguqulweni ezimbili kanye namaphrojekthi we-AP-3A asala enkundleni yempi. I-Bell Model 4 ithole isilinganiso esiphezulu sokusebenza, ilandelwa i-Bell Model 3 kanye neyesithathu, i-Curtiss Model 80. Amanye amaphrojekthi awazange athole ngisho nengxenye yenani elikhulu elingenzeka lamaphuzu. Ukuhlola akuzange kucabangele izindleko zokulungiselela amadokhumenti, kwakha i-prototype nokuhlola imodeli emhubheni womoya, okuthi esimweni semodeli 4 ibe yi-PLN 25. amadola aphezulu kune-Model 3 kanye no-$15k ngaphezu kwe-Model 80.
