Ukuhlukaniswa kwamafutha egiya
Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-SAE
I-American Society of Automotive Engineers, ngokufanisa namafutha ezimoto, yethule eyayo uhlelo lokuhlukanisa izinto zokuthambisa zamagiya kuye ngokuthi izinga lokushisa eliphakeme neliphansi libukeka kanjani.
Ngokwesigaba se-SAE, wonke uwoyela wamagiya ahlukaniswe ehlobo (80, 85, 90, 140 kanye 260) kanye nobusika (70W, 75W, 80W kanye 85W). Ezimweni eziningi, amafutha esimanje anenkomba ye-SAE ekabili (isibonelo, 80W-90). Okusho ukuthi, ziyisimo sezulu sonke, futhi zifanelekile kokubili ukusebenza kwasebusika nasehlobo.
Inkomba yasehlobo ichaza i-kinematic viscosity ku-100°C. Uma iphezulu inombolo ye-SAE, amafutha ashubile. Kukhona i-nuance eyodwa lapha. Eqinisweni, kufika ku-100 ° C, amabhokisi esimanje cishe awafudumali. Ezimweni ezinhle kakhulu ehlobo, izinga lokushisa eliphakathi likawoyela endaweni yokuhlola lishintshashintsha cishe ku-70-80 ° C. Ngakho-ke, ebangeni lokushisa elisebenzayo, amafutha azoba ne-viscous kakhulu kunokucaciswa kokujwayelekile.
I-viscosity yokushisa ephansi ichaza izinga lokushisa elincane lapho i-viscosity eguquguqukayo ingeke yehlele ngaphansi kwe-150 csp. Lo mkhawulo uthathwa ngokwemibandela njengobuncane lapho ebusika ama-shaft namagiya ebhokisi aqinisekiswa ukuthi akwazi ukuzungezisa kuwoyela ajiyile. Lapha, inani elincane lezinombolo, izinga lokushisa eliphansi, amafutha azogcina i-viscosity eyanele yokusebenza kwebhokisi.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-API
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamafutha egiya ngokuya ngezigaba ezakhiwe yi-American Petroleum Institute (API) kubanzi kakhulu futhi kuhlanganisa imingcele eminingana ngasikhathi sinye. Empeleni, yisigaba se-API esinquma uhlobo lokuziphatha kwamafutha kubhangqa elithile lokungqubuzana futhi, ngokuvamile, izakhiwo zalo zokuzivikela.
Ngokwesigaba se-API, wonke uwoyela wamagiya ahlukaniswe amakilasi ayi-6 amakhulu (kusuka ku-GL-1 kuye ku-GL-6). Kodwa-ke, amakilasi amabili okuqala abhekwa njengengasasebenzi ngendlela engenathemba namuhla. Futhi ngeke uthole amafutha e-GL-1 kanye ne-GL-2 ngokuya nge-API ethengiswayo.
Ake sibheke ngokushesha amakilasi angu-4 amanje.
- I-GL-3. Amafutha asebenza ngaphansi kwezimo zemithwalo ephansi nephakathi. Zakhiwe ikakhulukazi ngesisekelo samaminerali. Aqukethe kufika ku-2,7% izithasiselo zokucindezela okwedlulele. Ifanele izinhlobo eziningi zamagiya angalayishiwe, ngaphandle kwamagiya e-hypoid.
- I-GL-4. Amafutha athuthuke kakhulu ahlanganiswe nezithasiselo zokucindezela okukhulu (kufika ku-4%). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izithasiselo ngokwazo ziye zanda ukusebenza kahle. Ifanele zonke izinhlobo zamagiya asebenza phakathi nezimo ezinzima. Asetshenziswa kuma-gearbox avumelanisiwe futhi angavumelanisiwe wamaloli nezimoto, amabhokisi okudlulisa, ama-axle okushayela namanye amayunithi wokudlulisela. Ifanele amagiya e-hypoid emisebenzi emaphakathi.
- I-GL-5. Amafutha adalwe kusisekelo esicwengisiswe kakhulu ngokungezwa kwezithasiselo ezisebenzayo ezingafika ku-6,5%. Ukuphila kwenkonzo kanye nezakhiwo zokuzivikela kuyanda, okungukuthi, amafutha ayakwazi ukumelana nemithwalo ephakeme yokuxhumana. Ububanzi bohlelo lokusebenza bufana namafutha e-GL-4, kodwa nge-caveat eyodwa: emabhokisini avumelanisiwe, kufanele kube nokuqinisekiswa okuvela ku-automaker ukuze kugunyazwe ukusetshenziswa.
- I-GL-6. Kumayunithi okudlulisela anamagiya e-hypoid, lapho kukhona ukufuduka okubalulekile kwama-axles (umthwalo kuma-patches othintana nawo uyanda ngenxa yokwanda kokushelela kwamazinyo ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu).
Amafutha e-API MT-1 abelwe esigabeni esihlukile. Lawa mafutha enzelwe imithwalo eyeqile ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa ngokweqile okuhlelekile. Ukwakhiwa kwezithasiselo kuseduze ne-GL-5.
Ukuhlukaniswa ngokuya nge-GOST
Ukuhlukaniswa kwasekhaya kwamafutha egiya, okuhlinzekwe yi-GOST 17479.2-85, kufana nenguqulo eguqulwe kancane evela ku-API.
Inamakilasi amakhulu ayi-5: ukusuka ku-TM-1 kuye ku-TM-5 (cishe ama-analogue aphelele omugqa we-API ukusuka ku-GL-1 kuya ku-GL-5). Kodwa izinga lasekhaya liphinde licacise imithwalo ephezulu evumelekile yokuxhumana, kanye namazinga okushisa okusebenza:
- TM-1 - kusuka ku-900 kuya ku-1600 MPa, izinga lokushisa lifika ku-90 °C.
- TM-2 - kufika ku-2100 MPa, izinga lokushisa lifika ku-130 °C.
- TM-3 - kufika ku-2500 MPa, izinga lokushisa lifika ku-150 °C.
- TM-4 - kufika ku-3000 MPa, izinga lokushisa lifika ku-150 °C.
- TM-5 - ngaphezu kuka-3000 MPa, izinga lokushisa lifika ku-150 °C.
Mayelana nezinhlobo zamagiya, ukubekezelelana kuyafana nasezingeni laseMelika. Isibonelo, kuwoyela we-TM-5, kunezidingo ezifanayo zokusetshenziswa kuma-transmission manual avumelanisiwe. Zingathululwa kuphela ngemvume efanele yomkhiqizi wemoto.
I-viscosity ifakiwe ekuhlukaniseni uwoyela wegiya ngokuya ngeGOST. Le parameter ikhonjiswe nge-hyphen ngemva kwegama eliyinhloko. Isibonelo, kuwoyela we-TM-5-9, i-kinematic viscosity isukela ku-6 kuya ku-11 cSt. Amanani we-viscosity ngokuya nge-GOST achazwe kabanzi kusezingeni.
I-GOST iphinde inikeze izengezo ekuqokweni, okuyizimo ngokwemvelo. Isibonelo, uhlamvu "z", olubhalwe njengombhalo eduze kwegama le-viscosity, lubonisa ukuthi ama-thickeners asetshenziswe emafutheni.
