Ungazikhetha kanjani izimpawu zikawoyela zemoto

Zonke izingxenye zemoto zixhumene. Ngenxa yalokhu, imoto iyindlela eyodwa lapho yonke ingxenye yokuphumula ibalulekile. Enye yezinkinga zokuqala ababhekane nazo abathuthukisi be-ICE bokuqala ukuthi bangakunciphisa kanjani ukuvuza koketshezi ezindaweni lapho shaft iphuma khona emzimbeni womzimba.

Ake sibhekisise imininingwane eyodwa encane okungekho moto engenza ngaphandle kwayo. Lesi yisigaxa sikawoyela. Kuyini, kuyini ukuhlukaniswa kwaso, nini lapho sidinga ukushintshwa, futhi kanjani ukwenza lo msebenzi usebenzisa isibonelo sezimpawu zamandla ka-crankshaft?

Yini izimpawu zikawoyela

Uphawu lukawoyela luyinto yokufaka uphawu efakwe lapho kuhlangana khona izindlela ezahlukahlukene ezinemiphini ejikelezayo. Futhi, kufakwe ingxenye efanayo ezingxenyeni ezenza ukunyakaza okubuyisanayo ukuvimbela ukuvuza kwamafutha phakathi kwento ehambayo nomzimba womshini.

Ngaphandle kokuklanywa nenjongo, le divayisi isesimweni sendandatho enentwasahlobo yokuminyanisa. Ingxenye ingaba ngamasayizi ahlukene, futhi yenziwe ngezinto ezahlukene.

Isimiso sokusebenza nedivayisi

Uphawu lukawoyela luboshwe endlini lapho kudlula khona umshini wokuphotha. Kukhona okokufaka uphawu ngaphakathi kwendlu. Ihlala kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ze-shaft, ezophuma emzimbeni weyunithi, isibonelo, imoto noma u-gearbox. Ububanzi bomkhiqizo kufanele bube ukuthi, ngenkathi ucindezela, uphawu lwayo lucindezelwe ngokuqinile ngokumelene nophiko lokuluka ngaphakathi, nangaphandle - ngokumelene nengxenye engaguquki yomshini.

Ngaphezu komsebenzi wayo wokubeka uphawu ukuvimbela ukuthi i-grease ingaphumi, uphawu lwe-oyela lusetshenziswa futhi njengebhuzu elibamba ukungcola futhi likuvimbele ekungeneni kulo mshini.

Ukuze ingxenye ihlale isebenza ngempumelelo ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukile zokusebenza, kufanele ihlangabezane nalezi zici ezilandelayo:

• Ngenxa yokudlidlizela okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokusebenza kweyunithi, uphawu kufanele lube nokunwebeka, okuzonciphisa ukugqoka kuzinto uqobo kanye nengxenye yokusebenza.
• Ibhokisi lokugxusha kufanele livimbele ukugcotshwa kukaphethiloli kusuka kudivayisi, ngakho-ke kuthintana nezinto ezisebenza ngamakhemikhali. Ngalesi sizathu, okokusebenza akumele kwehle ekuvezweni kukathayela.
• Ukuxhumana okuqhubekayo nezingxenye ezihambayo nezishintshashintshayo kungadala indawo oxhumana nayo uphawu ukuthi ishise kakhulu. Ngalesi sizathu, kubalulekile ukuthi okokusebenza kwalesi sici kugcine izici zako, kokubili emakhazeni (ngokwesibonelo, ebusika imoto imiswe endaweni yokupaka), nangesikhathi sokushayela isikhathi eside ehlobo elishisayo.

Zisetshenziswa kuphi?

Inombolo nokuklanywa kwezimpawu zikawoyela kuncike kwimodeli yemoto nezici zayo. Kunoma iyiphi imoto enenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi, nakanjani kuzoba nezimpawu ezimbili. Zifakwe ezinhlangothini zombili ze-crankshaft.

Ngaphezu kwale ngxenye, izingxenye zemoto ezilandelayo zidinga izimpawu:

• Isiqu se-valve sendlela yokusabalalisa igesi (ebizwa nangokuthi isiqu se-valve noma i-valve gland);
• I-camshaft yesikhathi;
• Amafutha futha;
• Isondo elihamba phambili elihamba ngamasondo emoto;
• Indawo yokuqondisa;
• I-axle engemuva engemuva;
• Umehluko;
• Umphini we-ekseli engemuva;
• Ibhokisi lamagiya.

Yiziphi izinto zokwakhiwa kwezimpawu zikawoyela

Njengoba indawo oxhumana nayo yomkhiqizo nendlela esebenza ngayo kungashisa kakhulu, indlala kumele ibe nezinto ezingamelana nokushisa. Futhi, ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa lokushisa kungenxa yokuthi ngesikhathi sokushintshana kwe-shaft, onqenqemeni lwengxenye kuqubuka njalo. Uma umenzi esebenzisa injoloba ejwayelekile noma enye impahla engamelani namazinga okushisa aphezulu ukudala le nto, ukubhujiswa okusheshayo kwebhokisi lokugxila kuyaqinisekiswa.

Crankshaft futhi camshaft seals kufanele babe izakhiwo ezinjalo, ngoba ngenkathi injini isebenza, lezi zingxenye njalo ngaphansi imithwalo ezishisayo futhi angaphansi ukungqubuzana.

Kungashiwo okufanayo ngezimpawu zehabhu. Kumele basebenzise impahla esezingeni eliphakeme. Ngaphezu kokumelana nokungqubuzana nemithwalo ephezulu, lezi zingxenye kufanele zibe nomzimba osezingeni eliphakeme futhi oqinile, futhi ingxenye enkulu kufanele iqiniswe. Kufanele kube nento eyengeziwe yokunwebeka onqenqemeni ukuvimbela ukungcola ekungeneni kwefindo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, impilo yokusebenza kwebhokisi lokufaka izokwehliswa kakhulu, futhi indlela uqobo ngeke ikwazi ukusebenza isikhathi eside.

Izinto ezilandelayo zingasetshenziswa ngabakhiqizi balezi zingxenye:

• NBR - irabha kusuka enjolweni ye-butadiene. Okokusebenza kugcina izakhiwo zayo ezinhlobonhlobo zamazinga okushisa: kusuka kuma-40 degrees ngaphansi kuka-zero kuya ku-+120 degrees. Izimpawu zamandla ka-oyela ezenziwe ngenjoloba enjalo ziyamelana nezithambisi eziningi, futhi futhi azonakalisi lapho uphethiloli ushaya ebusweni bawo.
• I-ACM - irabha enesakhiwo se-acrylate. Okokusebenza kungokwesigaba sezimpahla zebhajethi, kepha kunezakhiwo ezinhle ezifanele ukwenziwa kwemikhiqizo enjalo. Uphawu lukawoyela lwezimoto olwenziwe ngerabha le-acrylate lungasetshenziswa ebangeni lokushisa elilandelayo: kusuka -50 kuye ku- + 150 degrees. Izimpawu zehabhu zenziwe ngalolu daba.
• I-VMQ, VWQ njll. - abicah. Inkinga ivame ukuvela ngalolu daba - ngenxa yokuxhumana nezinhlobo ezithile zikawoyela wamaminerali, ukubhujiswa okusheshayo kwento kungenzeka.
• FPM (fluororubber) noma I-FKM (i-fluoroplast) - izinto ezivame kakhulu namuhla. Akuthathi hlangothi emiphumeleni yoketshezi olusebenza ezimotweni olusetshenziswa ezimotweni. Izimpawu ezinjalo zimelana nemithwalo eshisayo kahle ebangeni elingama - 40 kuye +180 degrees. Futhi, le nto inokumelana okuhle nokucindezela kwemishini. Esikhathini esiningi isetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwezimpawu zamandla eyunithi yamandla.
• PTFE - teflon. Namuhla le nto ibhekwa njengelungele ukwenziwa kwezimpawu zezinto zemoto. I-coefficient ephansi kunazo zonke yokushayisana, futhi ububanzi bamazinga okushisa avunyelwe buhluka kusuka -40 kuya +220 degrees Celsius. Akukho nolunye uketshezi lobuchwepheshe olusetshenziswa emishinini oluzoqeda uphawu lukawoyela. Kodwa-ke, izindleko zezingxenye ezinjalo ziphakeme kakhulu uma ziqhathaniswa namanye ama-analogues, futhi phakathi nenqubo yokufaka kuyadingeka ukulandela ngqo izincomo zomkhiqizi zokushintsha. Isibonelo, ngaphambi kokufaka uphawu, kuyadingeka ukusula ishafula kanye nendawo yokuxhumana yesayithi lokufaka. Ingxenye iza nendandatho ekhuphukayo, esuswa ngemuva kokucindezela.

Ungazikhetha kanjani izimpawu zikawoyela zemoto

Inzuzo yokuguqulwa okuningi kophawu kawoyela izindleko zabo eziphansi. Kuyiqiniso, lapho umphathi enza umsebenzi wokufaka uphawu esikhundleni, intengo yenqubo enjalo ibiza kaningi kunentengo yengxenye uqobo.

Ngaphezu kwentengo yezinto, izinto eziningi zithinta ukukhetha:

• Umkhiqizo uzosetshenziselwa iyiphi i-node. Izimpawu zamandla kawoyela ezisindwayo kakhulu kumele zimelane nokushisa okungapheli ngaphezu kwama-degree ayi-100, zibe ne-coefficient encane yokushayisana, futhi zimelane namanzi asebenzayo amakhemikhali asebenzayo.
• Ingxenye kufanele icacise imvelo. Isibonelo, uma umkhiqizo wakudala usetshenziselwe ukuqukatha i-antifreeze, kufanele kwenziwe uphawu olusha lokuxhumana naleyo nto.
• Ungasebenzisi ama-analog enzelwe ukufakwa kwamanye amayunithi. Kungcono ukuthenga uphawu lwamafutha ngezinhlobo zohlobo oluthile lwemoto. Uma ungakwazi ukuthola okwangempela, khona-ke ungathatha i-analogue yomunye umkhiqizi. Ngale ndlela, ukungasebenzi kahle ngenxa yokufakwa kwezimpawu ezingafanelekile kuyakhishwa.
• Umkhiqizo. Abanye abashayeli bakholelwa ngephutha ukuthi igama elithi "okwangempela" ngaso sonke isikhathi lisho ukuthi ingxenye yenziwa ngumenzi wemoto uqobo. Kepha kaningi kunalokho, lokhu akunjalo. Iqiniso ngukuthi ukukhathazeka okuningi okuzenzakalelayo kungenzeka kube nokuhlukaniswa okwehlukile ngephrofayili encane ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwabo, noma basebenzise izinsizakalo zezinkampani ezivela eceleni, kepha bafake ilebula labo eqenjini eli-odiwe. Emakethe yezingxenye zezimoto, ungathola izingxenye ezingekho ngaphansi kokwangempela ngekhwalithi, futhi kwezinye izimo zingcono kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanye bayazibuza ukuthi kufanele yini ngempela ukukhokhela umkhiqizo uma kunethuba lokuthenga okulingana okungambi eqolo. Ngamafuphi, kunesizathu ekuthengeni okunjalo, ngoba izinkampani ezihloniphayo zizama ukukhulisa ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo yazo, futhi lokhu kuholela ekukhuleni kwentengo yomkhiqizo.

Yini ongayibona uma ukhetha

Ngaphezu kwalezi zici, lapho uthenga izimvu zamanzi ezintsha, umshayeli kufanele anake ama-nuances alandelayo:

1. Uma i-analogue ithengwa esikhundleni seyasekuqaleni, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwakheka kwayo kufana ngokuphelele nengxenye endala;
2. Ububanzi bendlala entsha bungaba buncane kunalobo besici esidala, kepha bungabi banzi, ngoba lokhu kuzodida noma kwenze kube nzima ukufaka i-gasket entsha. Ngokuqondene nobubanzi bomgodi wokuxhumana odlula kuwo shaft, kufanele uvumelane nobukhulu bophiko lokuphotha;
3. Ngabe kukhona ibhuthi engxenyeni entsha - intambo evimbela uthuli nokungcola ukungena kumshini. Imvamisa le ngxenye iqukethe izinto ezimbili. Eyokuqala ibhuthi uqobo, kanti eyesibili iyisusa uwoyela;
4. Uma ingxenye engeyona eyangempela ithengiwe, khona-ke ukukhetha kufanele kunikezwe umkhiqizo owaziwayo, futhi kungagxili kumkhiqizo oshibhile;
5. Ezimotweni ezikhiqizwa ekhaya, ungasebenzisa ama-analog enzelwe izimoto zangaphandle. Okuphambene akwamukelekile, yize muva nje ikhwalithi yezinye izingxenye zemikhiqizo yasekhaya isiba ngcono ngokusobala;
6. I-notch ingenziwa ngaphakathi kwendlala. Ngokuqondiswa kwalesi sici, zonke izingxenye zehlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu: isandla sobunxele, isandla sokudla, nendawo yonke (ekwazi ukususa uwoyela, noma ngabe ujikeleza kuphi kushaft).
7. Lapho ukhetha ingxenye entsha, kufanele unake ubukhulu bayo. Ukusheshisa ukusesha nokuqeda kungenzeka ukuthi uthenge uphawu lwamafutha olungafanele, udinga ukunaka ukumakwa kwayo. Iningi labakhiqizi lifaka lezi ziqu emzimbeni: h - ukuphakama noma ukushuba, D - ububanzi bangaphandle, d - ububanzi bangaphakathi.

Abakhiqizi abahamba phambili

Umkhiqizo wangempela ungahlukaniswa nenkohliso ngokuba khona kwegama lomenzi womshini, odinga ukushintshwa. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi akuzona zonke izinkampani ezizimele ezakha izinto ezingashintshwa ngamamodeli wazo. Amafemu amaningi asebenzisa izinsizakalo zezinkampani ezivela eceleni, ngakho "okwangempela" akuyona inketho eshibhile ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi i-analogue yesabelomali ethe xaxa ingafana nengxenye eseceleni ethengiswe ngelebuli yomenzi.

Nazi izinkampani ezidume kakhulu ezingathengisi nje kuphela izimfanelo ezifanele zikawoyela, kodwa neminye imikhiqizo:

• Phakathi kwabakhiqizi baseJalimane bezinto zezimoto namakhithi okulungisa, okulandelayo kugqama: I-AE, imikhiqizo yokukhathazeka kwe-VAG, i-Elring, iGoetze, iCorteco, i-SM ne-Victor Reinz;
• EFrance, uPayen ubandakanyeka ekwenziweni kwezimpawu zasekhwalithi;
• Kubakhiqizi base-Italy, imikhiqizo evela ku-Emmetec, Glaser ne-MSG iyathandwa;
• EJapan, izimvu zamanzi zikawoyela ezisezingeni elihle zenziwa yi-NOK neKoyo;
• Inkampani yaseNingizimu Korea iKOS;
• IsiSwidi - SRF;
• E-Taiwan - i-NAK ne-TCS.

Iningi lezinkampani ezisohlwini zingabaphakeli abasemthethweni bezingxenye ezishintshayo zokukhathazeka ngokuhlangana kwezimoto. Izinhlobo eziningi eziholayo zisebenzisa imikhiqizo evela kwezinye zalezi zinkampani, okukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthembeka kwezingxenye ezingasetshenziswa ezithengiswa emakethe.

Ungazishintsha kanjani izimvu zamanzi zika-crankshaft

Into yokuqala okufanele uyinake ngaphambi kokukhetha uphawu olusha lwamafutha ukugqoka okungaba khona endaweni yokuxhumana yengxenye endala. Lokhu kugqoka kufanele kubhekwe lapho kukhethwa i-analog. Uma ububanzi bophawu bungahambelani nosayizi weshaft, ingxenye leyo ngeke ibhekane nomsebenzi wayo, futhi uketshezi lobuchwepheshe lusazophuma.

Uma kungenakwenzeka ukuthenga i-analog yokulungisa phakathi kwemikhiqizo (okuyinto engavamile kakhulu, ngaphandle kokuthi ungasesha phakathi kwezinye izinketho zezinye izimoto), ungathenga uphawu olusha lwamafutha, vele ulifake ukuze unqenqema lungangeni endaweni yokugqoka. Lapho amabheringi esegugile emshinini, kepha awasakwazi ukuguqulwa, uphawu lwamafutha olusha ngaphakathi kufanele lube nezindawo ezikhethekile ezithwala uwoyela.

Ngaphambi kokushintsha uphawu lube olusha, kufanele kwenziwe ukuhlaziywa okuncane: kungani ingxenye yakudala ingekho esimeni. Lokhu kungaba ukuguga kwemvelo, kepha kwezinye izimo, uphawu lwamafutha luqala ukuvuza uwoyela ngenxa yokonakala kwendlela. Esimweni sesibili, ukufaka uphawu lwamafutha olusha ngeke kulusindise usuku.

Isibonelo sesimo esinjalo kungaba ukuwohloka okubangela ukuthi ishafti lihambe ngokukhululeka ohlangothini oluvundlile. Kulokhu, umuntu ngeke aneliswe ukumiselela uphawu kuphela. Kuyadingeka kuqala ukulungisa iyunithi, bese ushintsha okusetshenziswayo, ngaphandle kwalokho ngisho nento entsha isazodlula uketshezi.

Ngokuqondene nenqubo yokufaka esikhundleni sezimpawu zamandla ka-crankshaft, okokuqala-ke udinga ukwenza umsebenzi wokulungiselela. Okokuqala, nqamula ibhethri. Ngemininingwane yokuthi ungakwenza kanjani lokhu kahle, funda ukubuyekeza okuhlukile... Okwesibili, kufanele sikhiphe uwoyela emotweni. Ukuze wenze lokhu, fudumeza injini, ukhiphe ipulagi lokukhipha amanzi epanini, bese ukhipha igrisi esitsheni esilungisiwe.

Ukushintsha izimpawu zangaphambili zikawoyela nangemuva kunemininingwane yayo, ngakho-ke lezi zinqubo sizocubungula ngokwehlukana kwazo.

Esikhundleni sangaphambili sikawoyela we-crankshaft

Ukuze ufike ku-crankshaft seal langaphambili, uzodinga ukwenza umsebenzi othile wokudiliza:

• Isembozo siyasuswa ebhande lokushayela (noma eketangeni) ukuvimbela izinto zangaphandle ukuthi zingene kudrayivu yesikhathi;
• Ibhande lesikhathi noma iketanga liyasuswa (okunye okucashile kwenqubo yokususa nokufaka ibhande lesikhathi kuchaziwe lapha).
• I-pulley enamathele ku-crankshaft inqanyuliwe;
• Uphawu lukawoyela oludala luyacindezelwa, bese kufakwa olusha esikhundleni salokho;
• Isakhiwo sihlanganiswe ngokulandelana okuphindayo. Ukuphela kwento ukuthi ukuze injini isebenze ngokwanele, kuyadingeka ukusetha kahle amalebula womshini wokusabalalisa igesi. Ezinye izinjini ziyahluleka ukungena isikhathi se-valve kungalimaza ama-valve. Uma ungenalo ulwazi lokwenza izilungiselelo ezinjalo, kungcono ukulunikeze enkosini.

Lapho ufaka uphawu lwangaphambili lwe-crankshaft entsha, kunama-nuances amaningi okufanele awacabangele:

1. Indawo yokuhlala kumele ihlanzeke ngokuphelele. Ukuba khona kwezinhlayiya zangaphandle akuvunyelwe, ngoba kuzosiza ekugqokeni okusheshayo kokuthengiswayo.
2. Faka inani elincane lamafutha koxhumana nalo nge-shaft (onqenqemeni lokuhlala). Lokhu kuzosiza ukufakwa kushaft, kuvimbele ukudabuka kwengxenye enwebeka yengxenye, futhi uphawu lukawoyela ngeke lusonge (kuyafana nokufaka ezinye izimvu zamafutha).
3. Uphawu lomzimba weyunithi kufanele luphathwe nge-sealant ekhethekile emelana nokushisa.

Ukufaka okunye uphawu lwangemuva lwe-crankshaft kawoyela

Ngokuqondene nokufaka uphawu lwangemuva, kulokhu kuzodingeka ukubeka imoto ngaphezulu noma ukuyiyisa emgodini wokuhlola. Le yindlela ephephe kunazo zonke yokusebenza. Zonke ezinye izinketho (ukusebenzisa i-jack noma ama-props) akuphephile.

Nakhu ukulandelana okwenziwa kulo msebenzi:

• Okokuqala udinga ukuqaqa u-gearbox;
• Ubhasikidi oboshiwe ususwa ku-flywheel (ngasikhathi sinye, ungabheka isimo saleyunithi);
• I-flywheel uqobo iyadilizwa;
• Uphawu oludala luyasuswa, kufakwe elisha esikhundleni salokho;
• I-flywheel, i-clutch ne-gearbox zifakiwe emuva.

Kuyafaneleka ukucabangela ukuthi imodeli ngayinye yemoto inokwakheka kwayo kwenjini, okusho ukuthi inqubo yokuqaqa nokufaka izimpawu zamandla kawoyela izohluka. Ngaphambi kokuqala ukuqaqa lo mshini, kufanele uqiniseke ukuthi ayikho ingxenye eyodwa yeyunithi elimele, nokuthi izilungiselelo zayo azilahlekile.

Into ebaluleke kakhulu lapho ushintsha uphawu lwezimpawu ukuvimbela ukugoba kwemiphetho yazo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kusetshenziswa i-sealant noma i-engine engine.

Ubukhulu bendlala

Abakhiqizi abaningi bezingxenye zezimoto benza izimpawu ezijwayelekile zikawoyela ngamayunithi athile nezinqubo zemikhiqizo yezimoto ezahlukahlukene. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-crankshaft seal ye-VAZ 2101, ngaphandle komkhiqizi, izoba nobukhulu obujwayelekile. Okufanayo kusebenza nakwezinye izinhlobo zezimoto.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamazinga wabakhiqizi bezimoto kwenza kube lula ukuthola ingxenye oyifunayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umshayeli wemoto udinga kuphela ukunquma ukuthi iyiphi iyunithi akhetha ingxenye eseceleni, akhethe impahla esezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu, futhi anqume ngomkhiqizo.

Izitolo eziningi zenza kube lula ukuthola ingxenye entsha. Amathebula enziwa kuzinhlu eziku-inthanethi lapho kwanele ukufaka igama lomshini: ukwakheka kwawo nemodeli, kanye neyunithi ofuna ukukhetha kuyo uphawu lwamafutha. Ngokuya ngemiphumela yesicelo, umthengi anganikezwa ingxenye yokuqala eyisipele evela kumkhiqizi (noma umsabalalisi wayo osemthethweni) noma efanayo, kodwa evela kumkhiqizo ohlukile.

Uma uthi nhlá, ukufaka uphawu lwezimpawu emotweni kungabonakala njengenqubo elula. Eqinisweni, esimweni ngasinye, inqubo iqukethe ubuqili obuningi, ngenxa yokuthi kwesinye isikhathi umshini uqala ukusebenza kabi kakhulu ngemuva kokulungiswa. Ngalesi sizathu, inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi enjalo yenziwa kangcono ezitolo zokulungisa izimoto, ikakhulukazi uma kuyimoto yakwelinye izwe yezizukulwane zakamuva.

Ekuphetheni, sinikeza ividiyo eningiliziwe mayelana nomehluko phakathi kwezimpawu zamanzi ezifanayo ezifanayo:

WONKE AMAZIMOTO KUFANELE AKWAZI LOKHU! KONKE NGEZIMPAWU ZAMAFUTHA

Imibuzo nezimpendulo:

Iyini i-oil seal enjinini? Lokhu kuyisici senjoloba esivala uphawu esiklanyelwe ukuvala igebe phakathi kwendlu yemoto kanye ne-shaft ejikelezayo. Isigxivizo sikawoyela wenjini sivimbela ukuvuza kukawoyela wenjini.

Sikuphi uphawu emotweni? Ngaphezu kwe-motor (kukhona ezimbili zazo - ezinhlangothini zombili ze-crankshaft), izimpawu zamafutha zisetshenziswa nomaphi lapho kudingekile ukuvimbela ukuvuza kwamafutha phakathi komzimba nezingxenye ezihambayo zomshini.