Indlela uhlelo lokuzishayela olusebenza ngayo

Uhulumeni waseJalimane usanda kumemezela ukuthi ufuna ukukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe kanye nezinhlelo zokudala ingqalasizinda eyisipesheli emigwaqweni yezimoto. U-Alexander Dobrindt, uNgqongqoshe Wezokuthutha waseJalimane, umemezele ukuthi ingxenye yomgwaqo u-A9 osuka eBerlin uya eMunich izokwakhiwa ngendlela yokuthi izimoto ezizimele zikwazi ukuhamba kahle kuwo wonke umzila.

Iglosari yezifinyezo

ABS Uhlelo lwe-Anti-blocking. Uhlelo olusetshenziswa ezimotweni ukuvimbela ukukhiya kwamasondo.

ACC I-Adaptive cruise control. Idivayisi egcina ibanga eliphephile elifanelekile phakathi kwezimoto ezihambayo.

AD Ukushayela okuzenzakalelayo. Uhlelo lokushayela oluzenzakalelayo igama elisetshenziswa abakwaMercedes.

I-ADAS Uhlelo oluthuthukisiwe lokusiza umshayeli. Uhlelo olunwetshiwe lokusekela abashayeli (njengezixazululo ze-Nvidia)

BUZA Advanced intelligent cruise control. I-radar based adaptive cruise control

I-AVGS Isistimu yokulawula imoto ezenzakalelayo. Ukugada okuzenzakalelayo kanye nesistimu yokushayela (isibonelo, endaweni yokupaka izimoto)

DIV Izimoto ezihlakaniphile ezingenamuntu. Izimoto ezihlakaniphile ezingenabashayeli

ECS Izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi namasistimu. Igama elijwayelekile lezinto zikagesi

IoT I-inthanethi yezinto. I-inthanethi Yezinto

WAKHE Izinhlelo zokuthutha ezihlakaniphile. I-Intelligent Transport Systems

KULULA Ukuthola ukukhanya nokusukela. Idivayisi esebenza ngokufana ne-radar - ihlanganisa i-laser nesibonakude.

I-LKAS Uhlelo lokusiza ukugcina umzila. Usizo Lokugcina Umzila

V2 ngi Ingqalasizinda yemoto. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwemoto nengqalasizinda

I-V2V Imoto eya emotweni. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwezimoto

Lolu hlelo lubandakanya, phakathi kokunye, ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda ezokweseka ukuxhumana phakathi kwezimoto; ngalezi zinhloso, imvamisa ye-700 MHz izokwabiwa.

Lolu lwazi alubonisi nje ukuthi iJalimane izimisele ngentuthuko motorization ngaphandle abashayeli. Ngendlela, lokhu kwenza abantu baqonde ukuthi izimoto ezingenamuntu azizona nje izimoto ngokwazo, izimoto zesimanje ezigcwele izinzwa nama-radar, kodwa futhi zonke izinhlelo zokuphatha, ingqalasizinda nezokuxhumana. Awenzi mqondo ukushayela imoto eyodwa.

Idatha eminingi

Ukusebenza kwesistimu yegesi kudinga uhlelo lwezinzwa namaphrosesa (1) ukuze kutholwe, kucutshungulwe idatha kanye nokusabela ngokushesha. Konke lokhu kufanele kwenzeke ngokuhambisana ngezikhawu ze-millisecond. Esinye isidingo semishini ukwethembeka nokuzwela okuphezulu.

Amakhamera, isibonelo, adinga ukucaca okuphezulu ukuze abone imininingwane emihle. Ukwengeza, konke lokhu kufanele kuqine, kumelane nezimo ezihlukahlukene, amazinga okushisa, ukushaqeka kanye nemithelela engaba khona.

Umphumela ongenakugwemeka wesingeniso izimoto ezingenabashayeli ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-Big Data, okungukuthi, ukuthola, ukuhlunga, ukuhlola nokwabelana ngenani elikhulu ledatha ngesikhathi esifushane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo kufanele zivikeleke, zimelane nokuhlaselwa kwangaphandle kanye nokuphazamiseka okungaholela ezingozini ezinkulu.

Izimoto ezingenabashayeli bazoshayela kuphela emigwaqweni elungiselelwe ngokukhethekile. Imigqa efiphele nengabonakali emgwaqeni ayikho embuzweni. Ubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana obuhlakaniphile - imoto-to-imoto kanye nemoto-to-ingqalasizinda, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-V2V ne-V2I, yenza kube lula ukushintshana kolwazi phakathi kwezimoto ezihambayo kanye nemvelo.

Kukuzo lapho ososayensi nabaklami bebona khona amandla amakhulu uma kukhulunywa ngokuthuthukiswa kwezimoto ezizimele. I-V2V isebenzisa imvamisa engu-5,9 GHz, ephinde isetshenziswe i-Wi-Fi, kubhendi engu-75 MHz enobubanzi obungamamitha angu-1000. Ukuxhumana kwe-V2I kuyinto eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi akubandakanyi kuphela ukuxhumana okuqondile nezici zengqalasizinda yomgwaqo.

Lokhu ukuhlanganiswa okuphelele kanye nokuzivumelanisa nemoto kuthrafikhi kanye nokusebenzisana nalo lonke uhlelo lokulawulwa kwethrafikhi. Imvamisa, imoto engenamuntu ifakwe amakhamera, ama-radar nezinzwa ezikhethekile “ebona ngayo” futhi “ezwa” ngayo izwe langaphandle (2).

Amamephu anemininingwane alayishwe enkumbulweni yayo, anembe kakhulu kunokuzulazula kwemoto evamile. Amasistimu wokuzulazula we-GPS ezimotweni ezingashayeli kufanele anembile ngokwedlulele. Ukunemba kweshumi nambili noma amasentimitha abalulekile. Ngakho, umshini unamathela ebhandeni.

1. Ukwakha imoto ezimele

Umhlaba wezinzwa namamephu anembe kakhulu

Ngenxa yokuthi imoto ngokwayo inamathele emgwaqeni, uhlelo lwezinzwa lunesibopho. Ngokuvamile kuba nama-radar amabili engeziwe ezinhlangothini zikabhampa wangaphambili ukuze abone ezinye izimoto eziqhamuka nhlangothi zombili ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo. Ezinye izinzwa ezine noma ngaphezulu zifakwe emakhoneni omzimba ukuze kuqashwe izithiyo ezingaba khona.

2. Lokho imoto ezimele ekubonayo futhi ekuzwayo

Ikhamera yangaphambili enenkambu yokubuka engu-90-degree ibona imibala, ngakho-ke izofunda izimpawu zomgwaqo nezimpawu zomgwaqo. Izinzwa zebanga ezimotweni zizokusiza ukuthi ugcine ibanga elifanele ukusuka kwezinye izimoto emgwaqeni.

Futhi, ngenxa ye-radar, imoto izogcina ibanga layo kwezinye izimoto. Uma ingaziboni ezinye izimoto endaweni eyi-30m, izokwazi ukukhuphula isivinini sayo.

Ezinye izinzwa zizosiza ukuqeda okuthiwa. Izindawo eziyimpumputhe emzileni nokutholwa kwezinto ezikude eziqhathaniseka nobude bezinkundla zebhola ezimbili ohlangothini ngalunye. Ubuchwepheshe bokuphepha buzoba usizo ikakhulukazi emigwaqweni ephithizelayo nasezimpambanweni zomgwaqo. Ukuqhubeka nokuvikela imoto ukuthi ingashayisani, ijubane layo eliphezulu lizogcina ku-40 km/h.

W imoto engenamshayeli Inhliziyo ye-Google kanye nesici esibaluleke kakhulu somklamo i-laser ye-Velodyne engama-64 ebekwe ophahleni lwemoto. Idivayisi izungeza ngokushesha okukhulu, ngakho imoto "ibona" ​​isithombe esingu-360-degree nxazonke zayo.

Njalo ngomzuzwana, kubhalwa amaphuzu ayizigidi ezingu-1,3 kanye nebanga lawo nendlela yokuhamba. Lokhu kudala imodeli yomhlaba ye-3D, isistimu eqhathaniswa namamephu anokulungiswa okuphezulu. Ngenxa yalokho, imizila idalwe ngosizo lapho imoto ihamba khona izithiyo futhi ilandele imithetho yomgwaqo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo luthola ulwazi kuma-radar amane atholakala ngaphambili nangemuva kwemoto, enquma indawo yezinye izimoto nezinto ezingase zivele kungazelelwe emgwaqeni. Ikhamera eseduze nesibuko esingemuva icosha izibani nezimpawu zomgwaqo futhi igade ngokuqhubekayo indawo yemoto.

Umsebenzi wayo uhambisana nesistimu engenzi lutho ethatha indawo yokulandelela indawo nomaphi lapho isignali ye-GPS ingafinyeleli khona - emhubheni, phakathi kwezakhiwo ezinde noma ezindaweni zokupaka. Isetshenziselwa ukushayela imoto: izithombe eziqoqwe uma kwakhiwa isizindalwazi esibekwe ngendlela ye-Google Street View ziyizithombe ezinemininingwane yemigwaqo yasemadolobheni evela emazweni angu-48 emhlabeni jikelele.

Yebo, lokhu akwanele ekushayeleni okuphephile kanye nomzila osetshenziswa izimoto ze-Google (ikakhulukazi ezifundazweni zaseCalifornia naseNevada, lapho ukushayela kuvunyelwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile). izimoto ezingenamshayeli) zirekhodwa ngokunembile kusengaphambili phakathi nohambo olukhethekile. I-Google Cars isebenza ngezendlalelo ezine zedatha ebonakalayo.

Amabili awo angamamodeli anembe kakhulu endaweni lapho imoto ihamba khona. Okwesithathu kuqukethe imephu yomgwaqo enemininingwane. Eyesine idatha yokuqhathanisa izakhi zezwe ezingashintshi nezinyakazayo (3). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ama-algorithms alandela ku-psychology yethrafikhi, isibonelo, ukusayina emnyango omncane ofuna ukuwela umgwaqo.

Mhlawumbe, ohlelweni oluzenzakalelayo lomgwaqo wesikhathi esizayo ngaphandle kwabantu okudingeka benziwe ukuba baqonde okuthile, kuzovela ukuthi kungenasidingo, futhi izimoto zizohamba ngokuvumelana nemithetho eyamukelwe ngaphambilini kanye nama-algorithms achazwe ngokuqinile.

3. I-Auto Auto yakwaGoogle Iyibona Kanjani Indawo Eyizungezile

Amazinga wokuzenzakalela

Izinga lemoto ezishintshayo lihlolwa ngokwemibandela emithathu eyisisekelo. Esokuqala sihlobene nekhono lesistimu lokukwazi ukulawula imoto, kokubili lapho iya phambili nalapho ihamba. Umbandela wesibili uthinta umuntu osemotweni kanye nekhono lakhe lokwenza okuthile ngaphandle kokushayela imoto.

Umbandela wesithathu ubandakanya ukuziphatha kwemoto ngokwayo kanye nekhono layo "lokuqonda" okwenzeka emgwaqeni. I-International Association of Automotive Engineers (SAE International) ihlukanisa ezishintshayo zokuthutha emgwaqeni zibe amazinga ayisithupha.

Ngokuya okuzenzakalelayo ukusuka ku-0 kuye ku-2 isici esiyinhloko esibhekene nokushayela umshayeli ongumuntu (4). Izixazululo ezithuthuke kakhulu kulawa mazinga zihlanganisa i-Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), eyakhiwe ngabakwaBosch futhi esetshenziswa kakhulu ezimotweni zikanokusho.

Ngokungafani ne-traditional cruise control, edinga ukuthi umshayeli ahlale eqaphe ibanga lemoto engaphambili, iphinde yenze umsebenzi omncane kumshayeli. Inqwaba yezinzwa, ama-radar nokuxhumanisa kwawo namanye kanye nezinye izinhlelo zemoto (okuhlanganisa ukushayela, ukubhuleka) kwenza imoto efakwe ukulawulwa kohambo oluguquguqukayo ingagcini nje ngokugcina isivinini esimisiwe, kodwa futhi nebanga eliphephile ukusuka emotweni engaphambili.

4. Amazinga wokuzenzakalela ezimotweni ngokuya nge-SAE ne-NHTSA

Uhlelo luzobhuleka imoto njengoba kudingeka futhi yehlisa ijubane uwedwaukugwema ukushayisana nengemuva lemoto engaphambili. Lapho izimo zomgwaqo zizinza, imoto iphinde igijime ngesivinini esimisiwe.

Idivayisi iwusizo kakhulu emgwaqeni omkhulu futhi inikeza izinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokuphepha kune-traditional cruise control, okungaba yingozi kakhulu uma isetshenziswe ngokungalungile. Esinye isisombululo esithuthukisiwe esisetshenziswa kuleli zinga i-LDW (Lane Departure Warning, Lane Assist), uhlelo olusebenzayo olwakhelwe ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha kokushayela ngokukuxwayisa uma ushiya umzila wakho ungaqondile.

Isekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwesithombe - ikhamera exhunywe kumakhompiyutha aqapha izimpawu zokukhawulela umzila futhi, ngokubambisana nezinzwa ezihlukahlukene, ixwayisa umshayeli (isibonelo, ngokudlidliza kwesihlalo) mayelana nokushintsha komzila, ngaphandle kokuvula inkomba.

Emazingeni aphezulu okuzenzakalela, ukusuka ku-3 kuye ku-5, izixazululo eziningi ziyenziwa kancane kancane. Ileveli 3 yaziwa ngokuthi "i-automation enemibandela". Imoto ibe isithola ulwazi, okungukuthi, iqoqa imininingwane ngemvelo.

Isikhathi esilindelekile sokusabela somshayeli womuntu kulokhu okuhlukile sikhuphuka sibe imizuzwana embalwa, kuyilapho emazingeni aphansi bekuyisekhondi kuphela. I-on-board system ilawula imoto ngokwayo futhi kuphela uma kudingeka azise umuntu ngokungenelela okudingekayo.

Nokho, laba bamuva kungenzeka benza enye into ngokuphelele, njengokufunda noma ukubukela ibhayisikobho, balungele ukushayela kuphela lapho kudingekile. Kuleveli 4 kanye ne-5, isikhathi sokusabela komuntu esilinganiselwe sikhuphuka sibe imizuzu embalwa njengoba imoto ithola ikhono lokusabela ngokuzimela kuwo wonke umgwaqo.

Khona-ke umuntu angayeka ngokuphelele ukuba nesithakazelo ekushayeleni futhi, isibonelo, alale. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-SAE okwethulwa nakho kuwuhlobo lwepulani yemoto ezishintshayo. Akuyena yedwa. I-American Highway Traffic Safety Agency (NHTSA) isebenzisa ukuhlukaniswa ngamaleveli amahlanu, kusukela kumuntu ngokugcwele - 0 kuya kokuzenzakalelayo ngokugcwele - 4.