Indlela i-crank mechanism yenjini isebenza ngayo

I-crank mechanism yenjini iguqula ukunyakaza okuphindaphindayo kwamaphistoni (ngenxa yamandla okushiswa kwengxube kaphethiloli) kube ukujikeleza kwe-crankshaft futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Lena indlela yobuchwepheshe eyinkimbinkimbi eyenza isisekelo senjini evuthayo yangaphakathi. Esihlokweni sizocubungula ngokuningiliziwe idivayisi nezici zokusebenza kwe-KShM.

Umlando wendalo

Ubufakazi bokuqala bokusetshenziswa kwe-crank batholakala ngekhulu lesi-3 AD, eMbusweni WaseRoma naseByzantium ngekhulu lesi-6 AD. Isibonelo esihle kakhulu imboni yokusaha yaseHierapolis, esebenzisa umshini wokusaha amapulangwe. Kwatholakala i-crank yensimbi edolobheni laseRoma i-Augusta Raurica endaweni manje eyiSwitzerland. Kunoma ikuphi, uJames Packard othile wagunyaza ilungelo lobunikazi lokusungulwa ngo-1780, nakuba ubufakazi bokusungulwa kwakhe batholakala ezikhathini zasendulo.

Izingxenye ze-KShM

Izingxenye ze-KShM zihlukaniswa ngokujwayelekile zibe izingxenye ezihambayo nezigxilile. Izingxenye ezihambayo zihlanganisa:

• ama-piston namasongo;
• izinduku zokuxhuma;
• izikhonkwane ze-piston;
• i-crankshaft;
• i-flywheel.

Izingxenye ezingashintshi ze-KShM zisebenza njengesisekelo, izibophelelo nemihlahlandlela. Lokhu kubandakanya:

• isilinda block;
• ikhanda le-cylinder;
• i-crankcase;
• ipani lamafutha;
• ama-fasteners nama-bearings.

Izingxenye ezilungisiwe ze-KShM

I-crankcase ne-oil pan

I-crankcase ingxenye engezansi yenjini equkethe ama-bearing kanye namaphaseji kawoyela e-crankshaft. Ku-crankcase, izinti zokuxhuma ziyanyakaza futhi i-crankshaft iyajikeleza. Ipani likawoyela liyindawo yokugcina amafutha enjini.

Isisekelo se-crankcase ngesikhathi sokusebenza singaphansi kwemithwalo ehlala njalo eshisayo namandla. Ngakho-ke, le ngxenye ingaphansi kwezidingo ezikhethekile zamandla nokuqina. Ukwakhiwa kwayo, i-aluminium noma i-cast iron alloys isetshenziswa.

I-crankcase ixhunywe ku-cylinder block. Ndawonye bakha uhlaka lwenjini, ingxenye eyinhloko yomzimba wayo. Amasilinda ngokwawo aku-block. Inhloko yebhulokhi yenjini ifakwe phezulu. Eceleni kwamasilinda kunezimbotshana zokupholisa uketshezi.

Indawo kanye nenani lamasilinda

Izinhlobo ezilandelayo yizona ezivame kakhulu okwamanje:

• emgqeni wamasilinda amane noma ayisithupha;
• amasilinda ayisithupha 90° V-isikhundla;
• Ukuma okumise okwe-VR nge-engeli encane;
• isikhundla esiphambene (ama-pistons aya komunye nomunye esuka ezinhlangothini ezahlukene);
• I-W-position enamasilinda ayi-12.

Ngohlelo olulula lwe-in-line, amasilinda nama-piston ahlelwe ngomugqa oqondile ku-crankshaft. Lolu hlelo lulula futhi luthembekile kakhulu.

Ikhanda lesilinda

Ikhanda lixhunywe kubhlokhi ngezikhonkwane noma amabhawodi. Ihlanganisa amasilinda ngama-pistons avela phezulu, okwenza i-cavity evaliwe - igumbi lomlilo. Kukhona i-gasket phakathi kwebhulokhi nekhanda. Ikhanda lesilinda liphinde libe nesitimela samavalvu nama-spark plug.

Amasilinda

Ama-piston ahamba ngqo kumasilinda enjini. Ubukhulu bawo buncike ku-piston stroke kanye nobude bayo. Amasilinda asebenza ngezingcindezi ezihlukene kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza, izindonga zibhekene nokungqubuzana okuqhubekayo kanye namazinga okushisa aze afike ku-2500 ° C. Izidingo ezikhethekile nazo zibekwe ezintweni kanye nokucubungula amasilinda. Zenziwe ngensimbi eyinsimbi, insimbi noma i-aluminium alloys. Ubuso bezingxenye akumele buhlale buqinile kuphela, kodwa futhi bube lula ukucubungula.

Indawo yokusebenza yangaphandle ibizwa ngokuthi isibuko. Ine-chrome plated futhi ipholishelwe isibuko ukuze kuncishiswe ukungqubuzana ezimeni ezilinganiselwe zokugcoba. Amasilinda ajikijelwa kanye nebhulokhi noma enziwe ngendlela yemikhono ekhishwayo.

Izingxenye ezihambayo ze-KShM

Piston

Ukunyakaza kwepiston kusilinda kwenzeka ngenxa yokushiswa kwengxube yamafutha omoya. Ingcindezi iyadalwa esebenza kumqhele we-piston. Ingase yehluke ngesimo ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zezinjini. Ezinjinini zikaphethiloli, phansi ekuqaleni kwakuyisicaba, base beqala ukusebenzisa izakhiwo ze-concave ezinama-grooves ama-valve. Ezinjinini zikadizili, umoya ucindezelwa ngaphambili egunjini elivuthayo, hhayi uphethiloli. Ngakho-ke, umqhele we-piston nawo unomumo we-concave, oyingxenye yegumbi elivuthayo.

Ukuma kwephansi kubaluleke kakhulu ekudaleni ilangabi elifanele lokushiswa kwengxube yamafutha omoya.

I-piston esele ibizwa ngokuthi isiketi. Lolu wuhlobo lomhlahlandlela oluhamba ngaphakathi kusilinda. Ingxenye engezansi ye-piston noma isiketi yenziwe ngendlela yokuthi ingahlangani nenduku yokuxhuma ngesikhathi sokunyakaza kwayo.

Eceleni kwe-pistons kukhona ama-grooves noma ama-grooves amasongo e-piston. Kunamasongo okucindezela amabili noma amathathu phezulu. Ziyadingeka ukudala ukucindezelwa, okungukuthi, zivimbela ukungena kwegesi phakathi kwezindonga ze-cylinder ne-piston. Amasongo acindezelwa esibukweni, anciphisa igebe. Phansi kunomsele wendandatho ye-oil scraper. Yenzelwe ukususa amafutha amaningi ezindongeni ze-cylinder ukuze ingangeni ekamelweni elivuthayo.

Amasongo e-piston, ikakhulukazi izindandatho zokucindezela, asebenza ngaphansi kwemithwalo engapheli kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu. Ukuze kukhiqizwe, kusetshenziswa izinto ezinamandla kakhulu, njenge-alloyed cast iron coated with porous chromium.

Iphinikhodi ye-piston kanye nenduku yokuxhuma

Induku yokuxhuma ixhunywe ku-piston ngephinikhodi ye-piston. Kuyingxenye eqinile noma engenalutho yesilinda. Iphinikhodi ifakwe emgodini we-piston nasekhanda eliphezulu lenduku yokuxhuma.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokunamathiselwe:

• ukulingana okungaguquki;
• ngokuhlala okuntantayo.

Okudume kakhulu yilokhu okubizwa ngokuthi "umunwe ontantayo". Kusetshenziswa izindandatho zayo zokuvala zokuvala. I-Fixed ifakwe nokulingana kokuphazamiseka. Ukulingana kokushisa kuvame ukusetshenziswa.

Induku yokuxhuma yona, ixhuma i-crankshaft ku-piston futhi ikhiqize ukunyakaza okujikelezayo. Kulesi simo, ukunyakaza okuphindaphindiwe kwenduku yokuxhuma kuchaza inombolo yesishiyagalombili. Iqukethe izakhi eziningana:

• induku noma isisekelo;
• ikhanda le-piston (phezulu);
• crank head (phansi).

I-bronze bushing icindezelwa ekhanda le-piston ukunciphisa ukungqubuzana kanye nokugcoba izingxenye zokukhwelana. Ikhanda le-crank liyagoqeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlangana komshini. Izingxenye zihambisana ngokuphelele komunye nomunye futhi zilungiswe ngama-bolts nama-locknuts. Ama-rod bearings afakwe ukuze kuncishiswe ukungqubuzana. Zenziwe ngendlela yezinsimbi ezimbili zensimbi ezinezingidi. Amafutha atholakala ngemisele yamafutha. Ama-bearings ashintshwa ngokunembile ukuze abe nosayizi wamalunga.

Ngokuphambene nenkolelo evamile, ama-liner agcinwa ekuphendukeni hhayi ngenxa yokukhiya, kodwa ngenxa yamandla okuphikisana phakathi kwendawo yawo yangaphandle kanye nekhanda lenduku yokuxhuma. Ngakho, ingxenye yangaphandle ye-sleeve bearing ayikwazi ukugcotshwa ngesikhathi somhlangano.

I-Crankshaft

I-crankshaft iyingxenye eyinkimbinkimbi, kokubili ngokuklama nokukhiqiza. Kuthatha i-torque, ingcindezi kanye neminye imithwalo ngakho-ke yenziwe ngensimbi enamandla kakhulu noma insimbi ephonsiwe. I-crankshaft idlulisa ukuzungeza ukusuka kuma-piston kuya ku-transmission nezinye izingxenye zemoto (njenge-pulley yokushayela).

I-crankshaft iqukethe izingxenye ezimbalwa eziyinhloko:

• izintamo zabomdabu;
• ukuxhuma izinduku zezintambo;
• counterweights;
• izihlathi;
• umkhonto;
• i-flywheel flange.

Ukwakhiwa kwe-crankshaft kuncike kakhulu enanini lamasilinda enjini. Enjinini ye-four-cylinder in-line elula, kunamajenali amane enduku yokuxhuma ku-crankshaft, lapho kufakwe khona izinduku zokuxhuma namapiston. Amajenali amahlanu ayinhloko atholakala eduze kwe-axis emaphakathi ye-shaft. Zifakwe kuma-bearings we-cylinder block noma i-crankcase kuma-plain bearings (liners). Amajenali amakhulu avaliwe kusuka phezulu ngamakhava aboshwe. Ukuxhumana kwakha i-U-shape.

I-fulcrum eyenziwe ngomshini ngokukhethekile yokufaka ijenali ephethe ibizwa ngokuthi umbhede.

Izintamo zenduku eziyinhloko nezixhumayo zixhunywe yizihlathi okuthiwa izihlathi. Ama-counterweights anciphisa ukudlidliza ngokweqile futhi aqinisekise ukunyakaza okushelelayo kwe-crankshaft.

Amajenali e-crankshaft aphathwa ngokushisa futhi aphucuziwe ukuze abe namandla aphezulu kanye nokulingana okunembile. I-crankshaft nayo ibhalansile kahle kakhulu futhi igxile ekusabalaliseni ngokulinganayo wonke amandla asebenza kuyo. Esifundeni esiphakathi kwentamo yezimpande, ezinhlangothini zokusekela, izindandatho zesigamu eziqhubekayo zifakiwe. Ziyadingeka ukuze zinxephezele ukunyakaza kwe-axial.

Amagiya esikhathi kanye ne-accessory drive pulley yenjini kuxhunywe ku-crankshaft shank.

Flywheel

Ngemuva kwe-shaft kune-flange lapho i-flywheel ixhunywe khona. Lena ingxenye yensimbi eyinsimbi, eyidiski enkulu. Ngenxa yobuningi bayo, i-flywheel idala i-inertia edingekayo ekusebenzeni kwe-crankshaft, futhi inikeza ukudluliselwa okufanayo kwe-torque ekudluliseni. Onqenqemeni lwe-flywheel kunendandatho yegiya (umqhele) yokuxhuma nesiqalisi. Le flywheel ijika i-crankshaft futhi ishayela amapiston uma injini iqala.

I-crank mechanism, umklamo kanye nokuma kwe-crankshaft kuhlale kungashintshile iminyaka eminingi. Njengomthetho, izinguquko ezincane kuphela zesakhiwo zenziwa ukunciphisa isisindo, inertia kanye nokungqubuzana.