Iyini i-undercariage yemoto

Ukuhamba ngaphansi kwemoto kuhlanganisa inqwaba yezingxenye nezindlela eziqinisekisa ukunyakaza kwemoto ngokuhambisana nomgwaqo futhi zinciphise izinto ezinjengokuzamazama, ukudlidliza nokuzamazama kuze kufike ezingeni elifunekayo. Kusuka ku-chassis ukuthi izinga lokunethezeka ngesikhathi sokugibela umshayeli nabagibeli lincike kakhulu.

Izingxenye ezintathu ezinkulu zemoto egijima zingahlukaniswa:

• isisekelo sokuzala (i-skeleton);
• umhambisi (akufanele kudidaniswe nenjini!);
• imihlobiso.

Ake sicabangele ngokuningiliziwe idivayisi kanye nenjongo yokusebenza ngayinye yalezi zingxenye.

Uhlaka noma umzimba ungasebenza njengento esekelayo. Ezimotweni ezithwala impahla, indima yohlaka lwamathambo ngokuvamile yenziwa uhlaka. Ezimotweni zabagibeli, umthwali ungumzimba, umklamo wawo ongaba uhlaka noma ongenasici. Ukusetshenziswa kohlaka kukuvumela ukuthi uqhubeke nokunciphisa izinga lokudlidliza ku-cabin futhi ukwandise ukunethezeka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umzimba ongenalutho unesisindo esincane, esinomthelela omuhle ekusebenzeni kokushayela kanye nomnotho wemoto.

Umzimba wemoto yomgibeli ungaba nezingxenye ezintathu zokusebenza - indawo yenjini, indawo yabagibeli kanye ne-trunk. Kumamodeli amaningi, i-trunk njengegumbi elihlukile alikho. Futhi kwenzeka ukuthi yomithathu iminyango ihlanganiswe ibe ivolumu eyodwa.

Esimweni esijwayelekile, isiguquli sohlobo oluthile lwamandla lusebenze ukuze luhambe. Uphephela kungaba useyili, izigwedlo, uphephela noma uphephela, imibhobho yenjini yejethi, indawo kazibuthe kagesi, nokunye okuningi. Ezokuthutha ezihamba phansi, amasondo noma amathrekhi ngokuvamile asetshenziswa njengesihambisi, kancane kancane - amanye amadivaysi, isibonelo, izindlela zokuhamba.

Izimoto namaloli amaningi zisebenzisa amasondo omoya, ahlanganisa rimu, idiski kanye nesondo. Amasondo e-Discless afakwa emabhasini nasezimotweni ezinzima.

Amadiski

Ezimotweni zabagibeli, amadiski angahlukaniseki ngokuvamile asetshenziswa. Kulo mklamo, i-rim ifakwe endaweni eshiselwe ku-disc. Amadiski anerimu ekhishwayo atholakala ezimotweni ezingekho emgwaqeni. Kwenzeka ukuthi ama-cutouts ayenziwa kuma-discs ukuze anciphise isisindo sabo futhi athuthukise ukupholisa kwezindlela zokubopha.

Amasondo enziwe ngama-alloys alula asuselwa ku-aluminium noma i-magnesium noma ngensimbi. Iningi lezimoto eziphuma emishinini yokuthutha efekthri zigcwaliswe ngamadiski ensimbi. Zihlukaniswa ngezindleko eziphansi kanye ne-ductility - phezu komthelela, aziqhekeki, kodwa ziwohloka futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo zidlala indima yomshini wokumisa izingxenye zokumiswa nokuqondisa, ukunciphisa amathuba okukhubazeka kwabo. Ezimweni eziningi, i-disc yensimbi ekhubazekile ingalungiswa. Ukungalungi kwama-disc ensimbi kufaka phakathi isisindo esibalulekile kanye nokuthambekela kokugqwala.

Amasondo e-alloy enziwa ngokusakazwa noma ngokwenziwa. Amasondo e-alloy anciphisa isisindo samasondo futhi ngokuvamile anciphisa isisindo esingavuthiwe, okuholela ekunciphiseni komthwalo ku-suspension futhi kuthinta kahle ukuhamba, ukuzinza nokulawula imoto. Kodwa-ke, amasondo e-alloy angaphansi kwamandla kumasondo ensimbi; anomthelela onamandla, angaqhekeka futhi adilike. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi kuma-disc e-magnesium, okuthi, ngaphezu kwalokho, awahlukanisiwe nezakhiwo eziphezulu zokulwa nokugqwala.

Amasondo akhiwe ngama-alloys alula anesisindo esincane kakhulu, ahlukaniswa ngamandla amakhulu nokumelana nokugqwala. Ukusetshenziswa kwabo okubanzi kuvinjelwa ubunkimbinkimbi bokukhiqiza kanye nezindleko eziphakeme.

Isihlalo sethaya - ishalofu lomphetho. Ngamathayi eshubhu, inomthambeka wesethi yamadigri ahlobene nendiza evundlile; ekwakhiweni kwamathayi angenamashubhu, i-engeli yeshalofu icishe ibe ngama-degree ayi-15. Ububanzi obukhulayo be-disc bunqunywa izinga lamashalofu.

Ezinhlangothini zomugqa kunezitobhi zobuhlalu bamathayi - okuthiwa ama-flanges, ibanga eliphakathi kwawo lihambisana nobubanzi bomugqa. Lo sayizi kufanele ube ngu-70 ... 75% wobubanzi bephrofayili yesondo. Ukuchezukela kolunye uhlangothi noma kolunye kuzokwehlisa ukusebenza kokushayela kwemoto.

Enye ipharamitha ebalulekile ye-disc i-offset - ibanga phakathi kwendiza yayo eqondile ye-symmetry kanye nendiza yokuxhumana nehabhu. Ukuhamba kufanele kube ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo etuswe umenzi wezimoto, ngaphandle kwalokho ukuphatha kuzokonakala, ikakhulukazi lapho kubhuleka.

Ngaphezu kobubanzi be-rim, ububanzi kanye ne-offset, lapho ukhetha ama-rims, udinga ukucabangela ubukhulu bomgodi ophakathi, kanye nenombolo, indawo kanye nobubanzi bezimbobo ezikhulayo.

Esitolo se-inthanethi ungakhetha amarimu ezimoto zemikhiqizo yamaShayina. Ungakwazi futhi ukuyithenga lapha.

Шины

Amathayi ahlinzeka ngokubamba kahle endaweni yomgwaqo futhi anciphisa umphumela wamabhampa omgwaqo ekumisweni nasekusebenzeni komzimba. Ukushelela komthelela kwenzeka ngenxa yokunwebeka kwerabha kanye nezakhiwo ezinwebekayo zegesi elicindezelwe ngaphakathi kwesondo. Njengomthetho, umoya ojwayelekile uphonswa ethayini, kwenzeka ukuthi i-nitrogen. Ungafunda mayelana nokuthi kufanelekile ukufaka amathayi nge-nitrogen kulelo elihambisanayo.

Ngokusho indlela yokubeka uphawu amathayi ahlukaniswe ekamelweni kanye tubeless. Ithayi leshubhu liqukethe ikamelo lenjoloba eligcwele umoya kanye nesondo. Ikamelo linevalvu ephumela ngaphandle ngembobo eserimu. Lo mklamo usatholakala ngezikhathi ezithile, kodwa usuvele uphelelwe yisikhathi futhi umiselwe ukunyamalala ngokuphelele esikhathini esizayo esibonakalayo.

Cishe zonke izimoto ezikhiqizwa esikhathini sethu zifakwe amathayi angenalutho anesendlalelo esikhethekile endaweni yawo yangaphakathi eqinisekisa ukuqina futhi ivimbele ukuvuza komoya ocindezelwe ngama-micropores wesondo. Ubuhlalu bamathayi anjalo bunezimpawu zokuvala endaweni yokuhlala emaphethelweni aso. Ama-valve afakwe emigodini ekhethekile onqenqemeni.

Amathayi angenawo amashubhu alula, anokwethenjelwa futhi ahlala isikhathi eside kunamathayi eshubhu. Nokho, kufanele zisuswe futhi zifakwe ngokucophelela. Uma udonga oluseceleni lwerimu lonakele, ukuvaleka kwesondo kungase kube sengozini. Kungcono ukusebenzisa izinsiza zesitolo samasondo, esinemishini efanele.

Ukwakhiwa kwamasondo, irabha nentambo (insimbi, i-polymer noma i-textile) isetshenziswa. Ngokuya ngendawo yezintambo zezintambo, kukhona amathayi ane-diagonal kanye nesidumbu se-radial. Ezimotweni zabagibeli, amathayi e-radial asetshenziswa kakhulu, anezinzuzo eziningi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-diagonal.

Amathayi abuye ahluke ngezimo zezulu zokusetshenziswa, iphrofayili, usayizi, iphethini yokunyathela, inkomba yesivinini, umthamo wokulayisha kanye nenani leminye imingcele. Ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nendlela yokukhetha amathayi afanele emoto yakho. Okuhlukile kunikezelwe ekukhethweni kwamathayi asebusika.

Inhloso nezinhlobonhlobo

I-suspension iyisixhumanisi esiphakathi kwamasondo nefreyimu yenkampani. Inhloso yayo eyinhloko ukunciphisa umthelela omubi wemithelela ekungalinganini komgwaqo, ukudambisa ukudlidliza okuwumphumela womzimba nokuqinisekisa ukuhamba kahle kwemoto. Ngenxa yokumiswa, ukuxhumana phakathi komzimba namasondo kuba nokunwebeka, injini evuthayo yangaphakathi, i-gearbox nezinye izinto azikwazi ukunyakaziswa, futhi abantu abasendlini bazizwa bekhululekile. Ukumiswa okunakekelwa kahle nokusebenza kahle kuthuthukisa ukuphathwa kwemoto futhi kuthuthukisa ukuzinza kokushayela.

Ngokuvamile kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokumiswa - okuncike futhi okuzimele. Kokuncikile, amasondo amabili e-ekseli eyodwa axhumene kwelinye futhi asuswa endaweni kanye ne-ekseli. Ngenxa yalokho, uma elinye lamasondo lishaya, isibonelo, i-lift futhi litshekile, elinye isondo le-ekseli efanayo lizotsheka nge-engeli efanayo. Ozimele akanakho ukuxhumana okuqinile okunjalo, amasondo angakwazi ukutsheka, ukukhuphuka nokuwa ngaphandle komunye nomunye.

Ungafunda mayelana nezinzuzo kanye nokubi kokumiswa okuncikile nokuzimela nokuthi yikuphi okungcono kulokhu.

Ezimotweni zabagibeli, ukumiswa okuncikile kutholakala kuphela ku-axle yangemuva. Ngaphambili, kufakwa ukumiswa okuzimele kuphela. Uhlelo lweMacPherson yilona olusetshenziswa kabanzi, ngenxa yobulula bokuklama kanye nezindleko eziphansi ezinezakhiwo ezinhle ze-kinematic. I-MacPherson nayo inesisindo esincane, esibaluleke kakhulu, njengoba ukumiswa kuyizixuku ezingavuthiwe, futhi isilinganiso esiphansi sesisindo esiphelele semoto esingavuthiwe nesihluma, sithuthukisa ukusebenza kwayo kokushayela - ukuphatha, ukugibela kanye nengxenye ye-dynamics.

Kumamodeli abizayo, kusetshenziswa ukumiswa kwezixhumanisi eziningi okusebenzayo.

Kunezinye izinhlobo zokumiswa okuzimele - izingalo ezilandelanayo, ama-wishbones aphindwe kabili, izingalo ezitshekile, iziphethu zamaqabunga, imigoqo ye-torsion - kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene zisetshenziswa okulinganiselwe.

Ukwakhiwa

Noma yikuphi ukumiswa kuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zezingxenye - iziqondiso, i-elastic kanye ne-damping.

Izakhi zomhlahlandlela zingama-levers, izinduku, izinduku. Inani le-levers lingahluka, futhi lingatholakala eduze, ngaphesheya noma nge-engeli kuya ku-axis longitudinal yemoto. Funda kabanzi mayelana nedivayisi nezinhlobo zezingalo ezilengisiwe.

Ngenxa yezinto ezinwebekayo - iziphethu, iziphethu, ama-torsion bars, izikhwama zomoya - ukushayela imoto kuhluke kakhulu ekushayeleni inqola. Ukusetshenziswa kwazo kukuvumela ukuthi uzizwe ukhululekile ngisho noma ushayela emgwaqeni ongeyona ikhwalithi engcono kakhulu.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izakhi ezinwebekayo zibangela ukuzamazama okuqinile kuzo zombili izindiza ezivundlile nezime mpo. Ngaphandle kokudambisa okusebenzayo kokudlidliza okunjalo, ukushayela imoto ngokuvamile cishe akunakwenzeka futhi akuphephile. I-Telescopic shock absorbers isebenza njenge-damper. Ezinsukwini zakudala, ama-lever shock absorbers ayesetshenziswa kakhulu, kodwa manje angatholakala kuphela emnyuziyamu.

Umgomo wokusebenza kwe-telescopic hydraulic shock absorber isekelwe ekuphikiseni uketshezi (amafutha) lapho iphoqelelwa ngezimbobo ezinobubanzi obuncane. Idizayini ye-two-tube shock absorber iqukethe isilinda esingaphakathi komzimba we-cylindrical, i-piston enenduku, i-valve yokucindezela kanye ne-valve yesinxephezelo. Lapho ukumiswa kuhanjiswa kuqonde phansi, i-piston iphoqa uwoyela ngepuleti elinezimbobo ukusuka kwelinye ishubhu ukuya kwelinye. I-viscosity yamafutha inquma inertia yokugeleza, ngamanye amazwi, ukucindezela kuzohamba kancane. Uketshezi oluphuma emgodini ongaphansi kwepiston luzogeleza lungene emgodini ongaphezulu kwalo. Lapho i-piston ibuyela phezulu, inqubo efanayo izokwenzeka ngakolunye uhlangothi.

Kukhona futhi ama-absorber-tube shock absorbers asebenzisa igesi empontshwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu. Ungafunda mayelana nendlela yokuxilonga impilo ye-shock absorbers.

Zonke izakhi zegiya eligijimayo zisebenza ngendlela ecindezelayo, ukumiswa ngezikhathi ezithile kuthola imithwalo esindayo. Ngakho-ke, kwenzeka ukuthi ngisho nezingxenye ezinokwethenjelwa kakhulu zingahluleka. Mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izimpawu ezibonisa izinkinga ezingase zibe khona nge-chassis, funda lokhu.

Uma kunesidingo sokuthenga izingxenye ezisele, lokhu kungenziwa esitolo se-inthanethi. Kukhona ukukhethwa okubanzi kwabakhiqizi abahlukene, nezinye izingxenye zokumiswa. Ungaphinda ukhethe izingxenye ezisele zezinye izingxenye namasistimu emoto yakho.