Ingozi yomgwaqo: umqondo, ababambiqhaza, izinhlobo

Ingozi yomgwaqo ingozi ebandakanya imoto eyodwa noma ngaphezulu. Abantu abaningi bazonikeza impendulo efanayo, ukuthi banezimoto noma basebenzisa izithuthi zomphakathi, futhi ingxenye ethile iyobe ilungile. Ingozi umqondo osemthethweni onokuqukethwe okuthile kanye nenani lezici.

Umqondo wengozi yomgwaqo

Okuqukethwe kwegama elithi "ingozi yomgwaqo" kudalulwe ezingeni lomthetho futhi akunakucatshangwa ngenye incazelo.

Ingozi isigameko esenzeka ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwemoto emgwaqeni futhi ngokubamba iqhaza kwayo, lapho abantu bashona noma balimala, izimoto, izakhiwo, impahla yonakaliswa, noma omunye umonakalo owenziwayo.

Art. 2 Womthetho Wombuso kaDisemba 10.12.1995, 196 No. XNUMX-FZ "Ekuphepheni Emgwaqeni"

Incazelo efanayo inikezwe esigabeni 1.2 seMithetho yoMgwaqo (SDA), evunywe yiSimemezelo sikaHulumeni weRussian Federation ka-Okthoba 23.10.1993, 1090 N XNUMX. Kule ncazelo engenhla, lo mqondo usetshenziswa kwezinye iziqondiso, izinkontileka. (i-hull, i-OSAGO, ukuqasha / ukuqashisa izimoto, njll. .) kanye nesinqumo sokumangalelana.

Izimpawu zengozi

Ukuze ufanelekele ingozi njengengozi yomgwaqo, lezi zimo ezilandelayo kufanele zihlangatshezwe kanyekanye:

1. Isigameko kufanele sihambisane nezici zomcimbi. Ngomqondo ongokomthetho, isenzakalo siyisenzakalo esingokoqobo esingaxhomekile entandweni yomuntu. Kodwa uma lokho okuthiwa izenzakalo eziphelele zenzeka futhi zikhula zihlukanisiwe ngokuphelele nokuziphatha nezinhloso zombambiqhaza ebuhlotsheni (izenzakalo zemvelo, ukuhamba kwesikhathi, njll.), khona-ke izenzakalo ezihlobene, ezihlanganisa ingozi, zivela ngenxa izenzo noma ukungasebenzi komuntu futhi zenzeke esikhathini esizayo ngaphandle kokuhlanganyela kwakhe. Ukudlula irobhothi (isenzo) noma ukungasebenzisi ibhuleki eziphuthumayo (ukungasebenzi) kwenzeka ngentando futhi ngokubamba iqhaza komshayeli, bese kuba nemiphumela (ukulimala komshini nezinye izinto, ukulimala noma ukufa kwabantu) ngenxa yemithetho ye-physics kanye nezinguquko emzimbeni womuntu ohlukunyeziwe.
   

   Ukwehluleka kwe-asphalt ngaphansi kwemoto kungenye yezimo ezimbalwa lapho ingozi yenzeke ngokuphelele ngaphandle kwentando nokubamba iqhaza komshayeli.
2. Ingozi yenzeka ngenkathi imoto ihamba. Okungenani imoto eyodwa kufanele ihambe. Ukulimala kwemoto emi ngento endizayo isuka emotweni edlulayo kuzoba yingozi, ngisho noma bekungekho muntu emotweni eyonakele, futhi ukuwa kweqhwa noma igatsha emotweni eshiywe egcekeni kuthathwa njengembangela. ukulimala kwezindlu nezinsiza zomphakathi, abanikazi bezakhiwo, njll.
3. Ingozi yenzeka ngesikhathi sisendleleni. Imithetho yethrafikhi ichaza ithrafikhi yomgwaqo njengobudlelwane obukhona ohlelweni lokuthutha abantu nempahla emigwaqeni. Umgwaqo wona uyindawo eklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukuhamba kwezimoto, okuhlanganisa nemigwaqo, amathrekhi amathilamu, imizila ehlukanisayo kanye nemigwaqo yaseceleni (isigatshana 1.2 se-SDA). Indawo eseduze (amagceke, imigwaqo engadluleli egcekeni, izindawo zokupaka, iziza egalaji likaphethiloli, izindawo zokuhlala nezinye izindawo ezifanayo ezazingahloselwe ukudlula isiminyaminya) akuyona imigwaqo, kodwa ukuhamba kwezimoto kulezo zindawo kufanele kwenziwe ngokuhambisana nethrafikhi. imithetho. Ngokunjalo, izehlakalo ezenzeke kubo zithathwa njengengozi. Ukushayisana kwezimoto ezimbili endaweni evulekile noma eqhweni lomfula akuyona ingozi. Umgebengu ekudaleni umonakalo uzonqunywa ngokusekelwe ezimweni zangempela ngesisekelo sezimiso zomthetho womphakathi.
   

   Izingozi zangaphandle komgwaqo azithathwa njengezingozi zomgwaqo.
4. Umcimbi ubandakanya okungenani imoto eyodwa - idivayisi yobuchwepheshe eklanywe njengethuluzi lokuthutha abantu kanye/noma izimpahla emigwaqweni. Imoto ingaba namandla (imoto eyimishini) noma ishayelwe ngezinye izindlela (amandla emisipha, izilwane). Ngaphezu kwemoto ngokwayo (ugandaganda, enye imoto ezishayelayo), imithetho yomgwaqo ihlanganisa amabhayisikili, ama-mopeds, izithuthuthu nama-trailer ezimotweni (isigatshana 1.2 semithetho yomgwaqo). Ugandaganda ohamba ngemva onemishini ekhethekile elandela umkhondo awuyona imoto, ngoba, ngokombono wokuqala wokuklama, awuhloselwe ukuhamba emgwaqeni, nakuba ngobuchwepheshe ukwazi ukuthutha abantu nezimpahla. Ihhashi, indlovu, imbongolo nezinye izilwane akuzona izimoto ekuqondeni imithetho yomgwaqo ngenxa yokuthi azikwazi ukubhekwa njengethuluzi lobuchwepheshe, kodwa inqola, inqola nezinye izinto ezifanayo ezitholakala emigwaqweni ngezinye izikhathi zihambisana ngokugcwele. kuzici zemoto. Izigameko ezibandakanya izimoto zakwamanye amazwe zizothathwa njengezingozi.
   

   Ingozi ye-Motoblock akuyona ingozi
5. Isigameko kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi sibe nemiphumela ebonakalayo kanye/noma ngokomzimba ngendlela yokulimala noma ukufa kwabantu, ukulimala kwezimoto, izakhiwo, impahla, nanoma yimuphi omunye umonakalo. Ukulimala kocingo lokuhlobisa, isibonelo, kuyoba yingozi ngisho noma kungekho scratch kwesokunxele emotweni. Uma imoto ishaye phansi umuntu ohamba ngezinyawo, kodwa akazange alimale, umcimbi awukwazi ukubizwa ngengozi, okungabandakanyi ukwephulwa kwemithetho yomgwaqo ngumshayeli. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uma umuntu ohamba ngezinyawo ephula ifoni yakhe noma ephuka ibhulukwe ngenxa yokushayisana, umcimbi uhambisana nezimpawu zengozi, ngoba kunemiphumela yezinto ezibonakalayo. Ukuhlukanisa umcimbi njengengozi, noma yimuphi umonakalo emzimbeni akwanele. Imithetho yokuqopha izingozi, egunyazwe yiSimemezelo Sikahulumeni We-Russian Federation ka-29.06.1995 No. 647, futhi yamukelwa ngokuvumelana nabo i-ODM 218.6.015-2015, egunyazwe yi-Order of the Federal Road Traffic Agency of 12.05.2015. 853 N XNUMX-r, maqondana nezingozi zomgwaqo kucatshangelwa:
   • olimele - umuntu othole ukulimala emzimbeni, ngenxa yalokho walaliswa esibhedlela isikhathi okungenani usuku olu-1 noma edinga ukwelashwa ngaphandle (isigatshana sesi-2 seMithetho, isigatshana 3.1.10 se-ODM);
   • ofile - umuntu oshonele ngqo endaweni yengozi noma kungakedluli izinsuku ezingama-30 ngenxa yokulimala akutholile (isigatshana sesi-2 seMithetho, isigatshana 3.1.9 se-ODM).

Ukubaluleka kokufaneleka umcimbi njengengozi

Ukufaneleka okufanele kwengozi njengengozi yomgwaqo kubalulekile ekuxazululeni izinkinga zesibopho somshayeli kanye nesinxephezelo sokulimala. Empeleni, azikho izimo eziningi lapho ukuchazwa okufanele komcimbi engozini kunquma ukuxazulula ingxabano, kodwa ziyiqiniso ngempela. Akunakwenzeka ukuzixazulula ngaphandle kokuqonda ingqikithi yengozi yomgwaqo. Ukuze kucace, ake sibheke izibonelo ezimbalwa.

Isibonelo sokuqala siphathelene nomshayeli oshiya indawo yengozi. Lapho ehlehla ngesivinini esincane, umshayeli washayisa umuntu ohamba ngezinyawo, okubangele ukuthi umuntu awe. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kokuqala, akukho kulimala okutholakele, isimo sezempilo sahlala sisihle. Izimpahla nezinye izimpahla azilimalanga. Obehamba ngezinyawo akazange asho lutho ngomshayeli, isigameko saphetha ngokuxolisa nokubuyisana. Abahlanganyeli bahlakazekile, kwakungekho sikhalazo emaphoyiseni omgwaqo ngokuvumelana. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, abahamba ngezinyawo baqala ukwenza izidingo zezinto ezibonakalayo kumshayeli mayelana nokubonakala kobuhlungu noma ukulimala kwezinto ezibonakalayo, esongela ukumletha ebulungiswa ngaphansi kweNgxenye 2 ye-Art. 12.27 we-Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation (kusuka endaweni yengozi). Isijeziso sokwephulwa kwezinsolo sibucayi - ukuphucwa amalungelo kuze kufike eminyakeni eyi-1,5 noma ukuboshwa kuze kufike ezinsukwini eziyi-15. Isixazululo esifanelekile secala singenzeka kuphela ngeziqu ezifanele zomcimbi. Uma umcimbi ungahlangabezani nezimpawu zengozi ngokwemiphumela, isikweletu asibandakanyi. Ubunzima bukhona eqinisweni lokuthi imiphumela engokomzimba ingase ivele kamuva.

Izimo ezinjalo zingahlelwa ngenhloso yokuqhubeka nokuqolwa kwemali. Abakhwabanisi bethula ofakazi besigameko ngisho ne-video yomcimbi. Ubhekene nezenzo ezingekho emthethweni, akufanele uthembele emandleni akho kuphela. Kunzima kakhulu ukuphuma ezimweni ezinjalo ngaphandle kosizo olufanele.

Icala lesibili, lapho ukufaneleka komcimbi njengengozi kubaluleke kakhulu, kuyisinxephezelo somonakalo. Umshwalense ungene esivumelwaneni se-CASCO ngaphansi kohlelo olukhethekile, ngokusho ukuthi ingozi yomshuwalense iyingozi kuphela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iphutha lomshwalense ekudaleni umonakalo. Lapho engena endaweni ebiyelwe ngesakhiwo sokuhlala somuntu ngamunye (indlu engaphansi kwedolobha, i-dacha, njll.), umshayeli wakhetha ngokungalungile isikhawu se-lateral futhi wenza ukungqubuzana kwamaphiko ngamaphiko, imoto yonakaliswa. Isinxephezelo sokulimala komshwalense singenzeka uma ingozi ifaneleka njengengozi yomgwaqo. Ukungena kusayithi kuvame ukuqhutshwa emgwaqeni noma endaweni eseduze, mayelana nokuthi umcimbi owenzeka ngesikhathi sokungena okunjalo, ngokubona kwami, kusobala ukuthi ingozi futhi umshwalense unesibopho sokukhokha.

Isimo siba nzima kakhulu lapho umcimbi wemoto wenzeka ngaphakathi kwendawo yendawo. Izigameko ezinjena, kubukeka zingathathwa njengezingozi. Indawo eseduze ayihloselwe ukudlula kuphela, kodwa futhi nethrafikhi ngokuvamile, ngakho-ke ayikwazi ukubhekwa njengomgwaqo noma indawo eseduze nomgwaqo.

Ividiyo: yini ingozi

Iyini ingozi?

Izigaba zabahlanganyeli bezingozi zomgwaqo

Umqondo wombambiqhaza engozini awudalulwa emthethweni, kodwa ngokusobala ulandela encazelweni yefilosofi yale nkulumo. Abantu bemvelo kuphela abangaba iqhaza. Imithetho yomgwaqo igqamisa lezi zigaba ezilandelayo (isigatshana 1.2 se-SDA):

• umshayeli - umuntu oshayela imoto, umshayeli ohola izilwane ezipakishile, ugibele izilwane noma umhlambi emgwaqweni (ukufundisa ukushayela kufaniswa nomshayeli);
• umgibeli wamabhayisikili - umuntu olawula ibhayisikili;
• umgibeli - umuntu, ngaphandle komshayeli, osemotweni (kuyo), kanye nomuntu ongena emotweni (agibele kuyo) noma ashiye imoto (ehle kuyo);
• ohamba ngezinyawo - umuntu ongaphandle kwemoto emgwaqeni noma endleleni yabahamba ngezinyawo noma yebhayisikili futhi engasebenzi kuyo (abahamba ngezinyawo bafaniswa nabantu abahamba ngezihlalo ezinamasondo ngaphandle kwenjini, abashayela ibhayisikili, i-moped, isithuthuthu, i-sledge, inqola, isihlalo sabakhubazekile sezingane noma esingavumelekile, kanye nokusebenzisa ama-roller skates, ama-scooters nezinye izindlela ezifanayo zokuhamba).

Ukushayisana kwenqola ingozi ehlanganisa izimoto ezimbili.

Ngokuphathelene nengozi futhi maqondana nayo, eminye imiqondo isetshenziswa:

• umnikazi wemoto (umnikazi wemoto) - umnikazi noma yimuphi omunye umuntu ongumnikazi wemoto ngokusemthethweni (ukuqasha, ukuphathwa kwezomnotho, njll.);
• onecala (umenzi wengozi) - umuntu okwenzeke ngenxa yephutha lakhe;
• enecala lokubangela umonakalo (umenzi womonakalo) - umuntu, ngenxa yengozi, obangele ukulimala empilweni kanye nempilo noma impahla (ngokuvamile efanayo nomenzi wengozi, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi umshayeli angatholakala enecala, isibonelo, umakhenikha odedele imoto enephutha endizeni, umnikazi wezilwane ezifuywayo, ezivumela ukuthi zingene emgwaqeni, njll.);
• isisulu - umuntu okulinyazwe impilo nempilo yakhe noma impahla (umhlukunyezwa uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi umuntu olimale kuphela, ngokungafani nesisulu);
• isisulu - umuntu ompilo nempilo yakhe ilinyazwe.

Izimbangela ezinkulu zezingozi zomgwaqo

Izingozi eziningi zenzeka ngenxa yezizathu eziqondile, ngokuphelele noma ingxenye. Ngandlela thize, iphutha lomhlanganyeli kulesi sigameko cishe lihlala likhona. Okuhlukile kungase kube izimo lapho izingozi zenzeka ngenxa yenhloso ethile futhi ezizimele ngokuphelele ezenzakalweni zentando yomuntu: ukucekelwa phansi kwetiyela ngaphansi kwemoto edlulayo, umbani ushaya imoto, njll. Isilwane esigijime sangena emgwaqeni, imigodi nemigodi, kanye ezinye izici zangaphandle, umuntu abengazilindela futhi azigweme, azibhekwa njengezimbangela kuphela zezingozi. Esimweni esihle kakhulu, ngaphezu kokwephulwa komgwaqo okwenziwa umshayeli, isibonelo, ukwephulwa kwezinsizakalo zomgwaqo zemithetho nemithethonqubo yokugcinwa komgwaqo kusungulwa. Ukungasebenzi kahle kwemoto nakho akuyona imbangela yokuzimela yengozi, njengoba umshayeli ephoqelekile ukuthi ahlole futhi aqinisekise ukuthi imoto isesimweni esihle endleleni ngaphambi kokuba ihambe (isigatshana 2.3.1 se-SDA).

Kunemithetho eminingana yendawo yonke emithethweni yomgwaqo evumela ukuthi ukwazi ukusungula iphutha lomshayeli cishe kunoma iyiphi ingozi. Isibonelo, isigatshana somthetho 10.1 se-SDA - umshayeli kufanele akhethe isivinini ngaphakathi kwaleyo mikhawulo ukuze aqinisekise ukulawula okuqhubekayo kokunyakaza, isigatshana somthetho 9.10 se-SDA - umshayeli kufanele abheke isikhawu semoto engaphambili kanye nesikhawu eseceleni, njll. Izingozi kuphela ngenxa yephutha labahamba ngezinyawo zenzeka ezimweni ezingavamile futhi zingenzeka, mhlawumbe, kuphela ngokuphuma okungalindelekile emgwaqweni endaweni engafanele noma erobhothini elingavunyelwe.

Kwesinye isigameko, inkantolo ithole umshayeli enecala lokwephula isigatshana 10.1 semithetho yomgwaqo, lapho ehamba emgwaqeni oneqhwa ngesivinini esingu-5-10 km/h, wahluleka ukuyilawula futhi wavumela imoto ukuba idlubulundele, ilandelwe ukushayisana. Icala lezinsizakalo zomgwaqo ekulungisweni ngendlela engafanele komgwaqo alizange lisungulwe. Inkantolo ibheke ukuthi kulesi simo umshayeli ukhethe isivinini esingafanele. Izingxabano ukuthi imoto (GAZ 53) ayikwazanga ukuhamba ngesivinini esiphansi ngenxa yezici zokuklama, inkantolo ayizange ibheke njengokufanelekile ukunakwa - uma kwenzeka isimo esiyingozi, umshayeli kufanele asebenzise zonke izinyathelo zokunciphisa isivinini kuze kube sekupheleni. ukuma okuphelele kwemoto.

Cishe zonke izingozi zenzeka ngenxa yokwephulwa kwemithetho yomgwaqo ngumshayeli.

Ngakho-ke, imbangela eyinhloko neyinhloko yengozi ukuphulwa komshayeli weMithetho Yomgwaqo. Ukuhlukaniswa okunemininingwane eyengeziwe kungenzeka ngokusekelwe emithethweni ethile yethrafikhi. Izizathu eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

1. Ukwephulwa komkhawulo wesivinini (isigatshana 10.1 se-SDA). Ngokuvamile, abashayeli badida ukukhetha okungalungile kwesivinini ngokweqa inani eliphakeme elivumelekile lendawo enikeziwe (izigaba 10.2 - 10.4 ze-SDA) noma ezinqunywe yizimpawu zomgwaqo ezifanele. Eqinisweni, ukukhetha okulungile kwemodi yesivinini akuxhomekile ezinkomba zomkhawulo futhi kunqunywa ngokusekelwe esimweni samanje. Ngokwayo, ukweqa isivinini esiphezulu esivumelekile akukwazi ukuholela engozini, ingozi ivela ngenxa yokungakwazi ukuma kumodi yokushayela ekhethiwe. Umshayeli wemoto ehamba ngesivinini esingu-100 km/h edolobheni angaba nesikhathi sokubhuleka noma ukuhamba ngokubonakala okwanele nomgwaqo okhululekile, kuyilapho ehamba ngesivinini esingama-30 km/h ku-asphalt eqhwa, lapho ubhuleka, imoto izoba. ahluleke ukuzilawula ashayisane nenye imoto. Ibanga lokubhuleka ku-asphalt emanzi likhuphuka lize lifike enkathini eyodwa nengxenye, futhi emgwaqeni oneqhwa - izikhathi ezingu-4-5 uma kuqhathaniswa ne-asphalt eyomile.
2. Ukuya erobhothini elivimbelayo noma isilawuli sethrafikhi. Izimo nemiphumela yokwephulwa okunjalo kusobala.
3. Ukukhetha okungalungile kwesikhawu emotweni engaphambili noma eseceleni. Ukubhuleka kungazelelwe imoto engaphambili ngokuvamile akuyona imbangela yengozi. Umshayeli ongemuva kufanele akhethe ibanga eliphephile elimvumela ukuba ame esimweni esiphuthumayo. Ngokuvamile, abashayeli bazama ukugwema ukushayisana nemoto engaphambili ngokuyiqondisa nokushayisana nemoto ehamba komunye umzila ohlangothini olufanayo, noma bashayele emzileni ozayo. Imithetho yethrafikhi ayinikezi ithuba lokuhamba uma kunengozi. Izenzo zomshayeli kufanele ziqondiswe kuphela ekwehliseni ijubane liyokuma.
4. Ukusukela emzileni ozayo (isigatshana 9.1 se-SDA). Izizathu zokushiya zingase zidlule ngokuphulwa kwemithetho, umzamo wokugwema ukungqubuzana nesithiyo esivele ngaphambili, ukukhetha okungalungile kwendawo yemoto emgwaqeni ngaphandle kokumaka, izenzo zamabomu, njll.
5. Ukwephulwa kwemithetho yokuguqulwa (isigatshana 8.6 se-SDA). Inani elikhulu labashayeli liphula imithetho yokujika ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo. Ekupheleni kokuqondisa, imoto kufanele ibe semzileni wayo, kodwa empeleni, ingxenye encane yenziwa emzileni ozayo, okuholela ekushayiseni imoto ezayo.
6. Okunye ukwephulwa komgwaqo.

Ezinye izimo ezivame ukushiwo njengezimbangela zezingozi zomgwaqo empeleni ziyizici ezandisa amathuba okuba kube khona umcimbi noma ezinye izizathu. Lokhu kubandakanya:

1. Isimo somzimba somshayeli. Ukukhathala, impilo engeyinhle kunciphisa ukulalelisisa futhi kubambezele ukusabela. Kubashayeli bamabhasi, okuhlanganisa abasemadolobheni, abashayeli bamaloli nezinye izigaba, kuhlinzekwa indlela ekhethekile yokusebenza, okusho ukuphumula okuyisibopho phakathi kwezindiza naphakathi nohambo. Ukwephulwa kwemithetho ebekiwe kungenye yezinto ezithinta izinga lezingozi. Ukuvinjelwa okuqondile kokushayela esimweni sokugula noma sokukhathala, kanye nokudakwa, kuqukethwe kwisigatshana sesi-2.7 se-SDA.
2. izici eziphazamisayo. Umculo onomsindo, ikakhulukazi ukulalela ama-headphone, umsindo ongaphandle nezingxoxo ekamelweni, ukunaka abagibeli (isibonelo, izingane ezincane) noma izilwane ezingaphakathi emotweni ziphazamisa umshayeli ekulawuleni izimoto. Lokhu akuvumeli ukusabela okufika ngesikhathi ezimweni ezishintshayo.
   

   Ukuzibandakanya ezindabeni ezingaphandle komgwaqo ngenkathi ushayela kuyindlela ethembekile yokuthola ingozi
3. Isimo sezulu. Zinomthelela oguquguqukayo futhi onezici eziningi kuthrafikhi. Imvula neqhwa kunciphisa kokubili ukubonakala nokudonsa kwetiyela, inkungu ingakhawulela ukubonakala komgwaqo kumashumi amamitha uma kuqhathaniswa namakhilomitha amaningana esimweni sezulu esicwathile, ilanga elikhanyayo liphuphuthekisa umshayeli, njll. Izimo zezulu ezimbi zibangela ukucindezeleka okwengeziwe komshayeli, okuholela ukukhathala okusheshayo.
4. Isimo somgwaqo siyisihloko esiyintandokazi kubashayeli. Ngokungakhethi, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi eminyakeni yamuva ubude obubalulekile bayo bobabili imigwaqo emikhulu kanye nemigwaqo yasemadolobheni iye yalungiswa futhi yabuyiselwa, kodwa inkinga ibaluleke kakhulu kangangokuthi akukakadingeki ukukhuluma ngekhwalithi egculisayo ngokuvamile. Kuyasiza ukuthi umshayeli akhumbule izinkomba ezithile eziphezulu ezivumelekile zamaphutha omgwaqo (GOST R 50597–93), uma kwenzeka kuchezuka lapho akwazi khona ukuletha umgwaqo nezinye izinsiza ezifanele ekubhekaneni nezingozi zomgwaqo:
   • ububanzi be-pothole ehlukile - 60 cm;
   • ubude bomgodi owodwa buyi-15 cm;
   • ukujula komgodi owodwa kungu-5 cm;
   • ukuphambuka kwe-grate yokungena kwamanzi esiphepho kusuka ezingeni lethreyi - 3 cm;
   • ukuphambuka kwesembozo somgodi kusuka ezingeni lokumboza - 2 cm;
   • ukuchezuka kwekhanda lesitimela kusuka enamathela - 2 cm.
5. Utshwala, izidakamizwa noma ukudakwa okunobuthi. Ukwephulwa kwesigatshana sesi-2.7 semithetho yomgwaqo ngokwayo akukwazi ukuholela engozini, kodwa isimo sokudakwa sinomthelela oyinhlekelele ekuphenduleni nasekuxhumaneni komuntu, futhi kuvimbela ukuhlolwa okwanele kwesimo somgwaqo. Ngenxa yesimo sengqondo esivamile somthetho nezenhlalo, umshayeli odakiwe kungenzeka “alethwe” esibophezelweni ngengozi nomonakalo odaliwe, noma ngabe empeleni akenzi okunye ukwephulwa kwemithetho yomgwaqo futhi ingozi yenzeka ngenxa yezenzo. komunye umhlanganyeli.
   

   Isimo sokudakwa sithinta kabi ukusabela nokwanela komshayeli

Ezinye izici ezinomthelela ezingozini zomgwaqo zihlanganisa ukugadwa ngendlela engafanele kwezilwane zasekhaya, izenzo zezilwane zasendle, izenzakalo zemvelo, ukunakekelwa ngendlela engafanele kwezinto eziseduze nemigwaqo (isibonelo, lapho izihlahla, izigxobo, izakhiwo, njll. ziwa emgwaqweni) nokunye. izimo, ezingandisa kakhulu ingozi yengozi. Izici ezinomthelela zihlanganisa ukuqeqeshwa okunganele kwabashayeli ezikoleni zokushayela, kanye nokushoda ekwakhiweni kwezimoto. Abasekeli bezimfundiso ze-esoteric bangabona i-karma imbangela yengozi, kodwa lokhu sekuvele kuyi-amateur.

Izinhlobo zezingozi zomgwaqo

Ngombono kanye nokusebenza, kunezinketho ezimbalwa zokufaneleka ingozi. Ngokusho kobukhulu bemiphumela, izigameko zihlukaniswa:

• ngomphumela obulalayo, kucatshangelwa umqondo onikezwe ngaphambili womuntu oshone ngenxa yengozi;
• ngokulimala komzimba;
• ngomonakalo wezinto ezibonakalayo.

Ngokusho kobunzima bemiphumela, izingozi ziyahlukaniswa, ezihlanganisa:

• umonakalo wezinto ezibonakalayo;
• ukulimala komzimba okukhanyayo - ukuphazamiseka kwezempilo yesikhashana noma ukulahlekelwa unomphela kancane kwekhono elijwayelekile lokusebenza (inothi 1 kuya ku-athikili 12.24 ye-Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation);
• ukulimala komzimba okuphakathi - ukukhubazeka okungapheli okungabeki engozini impilo yesikhathi eside noma ukulahlekelwa okuphawulekayo okungapheli kwekhono elijwayelekile lokusebenza ngaphansi kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu (inothi 2 kuya ku-athikili 12.24 ye-Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation);
• ukulimala okubi kakhulu komzimba - ukulimala okusongela ukuphila, ukulahlekelwa ukubona, ukukhuluma, ukuzwa nanoma yisiphi isitho noma ukulahlekelwa yimisebenzi yayo yisitho, ukunqanyulwa kokukhulelwa, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, ukuluthwa izidakamizwa noma ukusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa, ukukhubazeka kobuso unomphela, ukulahlekelwa okukhulu unomphela. umthamo ojwayelekile wokusebenza okungenani ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu, ukulahlekelwa okuphelele kwekhono lochwepheshe lokusebenza (Isinqumo Sikahulumeni WeRussian Federation ka-August 17.08.2007, 522 No. XNUMX);
• ukufa komuntu ohlukunyeziwe;
• ikakhulukazi imiphumela emibi (ukufa kwabantu abangu-4 noma ngaphezulu, ukulimala kwabantu abayi-15 noma ngaphezulu).

Ubukhulu bokulimala komzimba kunqunywa ukuhlolwa kodokotela.

Ngokwemvelo yesigameko, bayahlukanisa (Isithasiselo G kuya ku-ODM 218.6.015–2015):

• ukushayisana kwezimoto zodwa noma nesitimela;
• ukugingqika - ukulahlekelwa ukuzinza hhayi ngenxa yokushayisana noma ukushayisana, ukuphuma emgwaqeni (isibonelo, nge-slope esibucayi yomgwaqo, ngenxa yokuphefumula komoya, njll.);
• ukushayisana nemoto emile;
• ukushayisana nesithiyo (noma iyiphi into enganyakazi, ngaphandle kwemoto);
• ukushayisana nomuntu obehamba ngezinyawo, okuhlanganisa nalapho ohamba ngezinyawo eshayisana nemoto;
• ukushayisana nomgibeli webhayisikili, okuhlanganisa nalapho umshayeli webhayisikili eshayisana nemoto;
• ukushayisana nezimoto ezidonswa amahhashi (kokubili izilwane kanye nomshini oshayelwa yizo), kuhlanganisa nalapho ezokuthutha zishayisana nemoto;
• ukuwa komgibeli ngesikhathi sokunyakaza (isibonelo, ebhasini);
  

  Umgibeli owa ebhasini nakho kuyingozi.
• ezinye izingozi:
  • ukushayisana nezinye izilwane, ngaphandle kwezimoto ezidonswa amahhashi;
  • phuma emgwaqeni;
  • ukwehla kwempahla;
  • ukulahla into;
  • ukushayisana nomuntu ongeyena umuntu ohamba ngezinyawo (iphoyisa lomgwaqo, isisebenzi somgwaqo, njll.).

Ngokujwayelekile, izingozi zingahlukaniswa zibe yi-accounting kanye ne-non-accountable. Umbandela uwukuthi, ngokwesigatshana sesi-3 seMithetho Yokuphendula Ngezingozi, zonke izingozi zingaphansi kokubhaliswa, futhi isibopho asinikezwa uMnyango Wezindaba Zangaphakathi kuphela, kodwa futhi ngqo nabanikazi bezimoto - izinhlangano zomthetho, iziphathimandla zemigwaqo kanye nabanikazi bemigwaqo. Kodwa ukubika kwezibalo zombuso kuhlanganisa ulwazi kuphela mayelana nezingozi ezibangele ukufa kanye / noma ukulimala kwabantu (isigatshana sesi-5 seMithetho), ngaphandle kokunye okuhlukile (uma ingozi yenzeke ngenxa yokuzama ukuzibulala, ukugxambukela empilweni nempilo. , ngesikhathi semiqhudelwano yezimoto nokunye).

Ukubika kwezibalo zombuso kubheka izingozi zomgwaqo kuphela, okubangelwa ukuthi abantu bashone noma balimala

Akucaci ukuthi le mfuneko ihlanganiswe kanjani ne-Art. 11.1 ye-Federal Law ka-April 25.04.2002, 40 No. XNUMX-FZ "Ku-OSAGO" enelungelo lokubhalisa ingozi ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwamaphoyisa omgwaqo. Izibopho zabashwalensi azibandakanyi ukudluliselwa emaphoyiseni kolwazi mayelana nezigameko eziye zaziwa kubo, ezidwetshwe ngokuvumelana nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Europrotocol. Ngokusobala, inqwaba yezingozi azikaziwa ezinhlakeni zezindaba zangaphakathi futhi azinakwa ekuhlaziyeni okuphoqelekile kwezimbangela nezimo zokuvela kwezingozi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinyathelo zokuzivimbela. Lesi simo singesinye isici esibalulekile se-protocol yaseYurophu, kanye neqiniso lokuthi ukubhaliswa okuzimele kwezingozi zomgwaqo ngabahlanganyeli babo kuvumela umenzi ukuba agweme isibopho sokwephulwa kwemithetho yomgwaqo.

Ezincwadini, kunomqondo othi "ingozi engathinteki", okusho umcimbi ohlangabezana nazo zonke izimpawu zengozi, kodwa lapho kungabikho ukuxhumana phakathi kwezimoto zabahlanganyeli, futhi imiphumela ivela ngenxa yokushayisana. ngento noma ukushayisana nenye imoto. Into evamile - umshayeli "wasika" noma wabhuleka kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela edala isimo esiphuthumayo. Uma kwenzeka ingozi ngenxa yalokho, umbuzo uphakama ngokubandakanyeka komshayeli onjalo kulesi sigameko. Amacala okuletha umthwalo wemfanelo kanye nokubeka izibopho zokunxephezela umonakalo odalwe ngenxa yesenzakalo esicasulwe yilezo zenzo azivamile.

Ukusabalala kwalesi simo kwaholela ekwethulweni ngoMeyi 2016 esigatshaneni 2.7 se-SDA yomqondo wokushayela okuyingozi kanye nokusungulwa kokuvinjelwa kwabashayeli ukwenza izinto eziningi (ukwakha kabusha okuphindaphindiwe, ukwephulwa kwebanga nezikhawu, njll. ). Ngalolu hlelo olusha, sekuvele izizathu ezingokomthetho zokwethula izimangalo zempahla kubashayeli “abagijimayo,” kodwa ubunzima buse eqinisweni lokuthi abasebenzisi bomgwaqo abanjalo bakhetha ukungayinaki ingozi eyenzekile futhi baqhubeke nokuhamba ngomoya ophansi. Akwenzeki ngaso sonke isikhathi ukufakazela ukubandakanyeka komuntu othile ekudaleni umonakalo, ngisho noma kungenzeka ukulungisa inombolo yemoto kanye nezimo zesigameko.

Idatha eqoshwe amaphoyisa omgwaqo kuphela efakiwe ezibalweni

Olunye uhlobo oluthile lwengozi ingozi ecashile. Umuntu ophule umthetho womgwaqo futhi wenza ingozi yomgwaqo ucasha endaweni yesigameko. Kungenzeka ukufakazela ukubandakanyeka kwakhe ngokuqhuba ukuhlolwa kokulandelela uma inombolo yemoto yaziwa. Iphinde iphakamise umbuzo wokubandakanyeka komshayeli othile, uma abantu abambalwa bevunyelwe ukushayela imoto. Ngokwethiyori, izimo zingenzeka lapho isisulu sicasha endaweni yesigameko.

Izenzo ngemva kwengozi

Inqubo yababambe iqhaza engozini ngemuva kwengozi inqunywa izigatshana 2.6 - 2.6.1 ze-SDA. Ngokuvamile, abashayeli abathintekayo bayadingeka ukuba:

• yeka ukushayela futhi ushiye imoto esitobhini;
• vula i-alamu;
• faka uphawu lokumisa isimo esiphuthumayo;
• shiya zonke izinto ezihlobene nengozi ezindaweni zazo (gcina i-scree, izinto ezindizayo neziwayo, njll.).

Uma kukhona abahlukumezekile, kuyadingeka ukuthi ubanikeze usizo lokuqala, ushayele i-ambulensi kanye namaphoyisa ngezinombolo zamaselula u-103 no-102 noma enombolweni eyodwa engu-112, uma kunesidingo, ubathumele esikhungweni sezokwelapha esiseduze nezithuthi ezidlulayo, futhi uma ayitholakali, bathathe bona babuyele endaweni.

Ukuvula i-alamu nokufaka uphawu - izenzo zokuqala ngemva kwengozi

Abashayeli banesibopho sokusula umgwaqo ngemuva kokulungisa indawo yokuqala yezimoto (okubandakanya ukuqoshwa kwesithombe nevidiyo):

• uma kwenzeka ukulimala noma ukufa kwabantu kuphela ezimweni lapho ukudlula kwezinye izimoto kungenakwenzeka;
• uma bengekho abahlukumezekile ezimeni lapho ukudlula kwezinye izimoto kunzima.

Uma kungekho izisulu engozini, izingxabano phakathi kwabahlanganyeli mayelana nezimo zengozi kanye nomonakalo otholiwe, abashayeli banelungelo lokungawazisi amaphoyisa. Bangase bakhethe uku:

• bhala imibhalo esikhungweni samaphoyisa omgwaqo esiseduze noma ophikweni lwamaphoyisa, eseyilungisile ngaphambilini indawo yezimoto;
• bhala imibhalo ngaphandle kokubiza amaphoyisa omgwaqo emacaleni ahlinzekwe ku-Art. 11.1 yoMthetho Wenhlangano ka-April 25.04.2002, 40 No. XNUMX-FZ “Ku-OSAGO”;
• ungafaki isigameko uma kungekho noyedwa wabahlanganyeli ophikelela kuso.

Uma kungekho ukungaboni ngaso linye, ingozi engenazo izisulu ingakhishwa esiteshini esiseduze samaphoyisa omgwaqo

Uma kungabikho izisulu, kodwa uma kunokungavumelani ezimweni zesigameko kanye nokulimala okutholiwe, abahlanganyeli banesibopho sokwazisa amaphoyisa omgwaqo futhi balinde ukufika kwengubo. Ngemva kokuthola umyalelo ovela emaphoyiseni omgwaqo, isigameko singabhaliswa endaweni yamaphoyisa omgwaqo eseduze noma ophikweni lwamaphoyisa olunokulungiswa kokuqala kwendawo okukuzo izimoto.

Isinxephezelo somonakalo kanye nomonakalo ongewona owemali

Ingozi ixhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nezindaba zesinxephezelo sokulimala. Isibopho somonakalo kanye nesinxephezelo somonakalo ongewona owemali sisemahlombe omuntu owenze ingozi. Ngokusekelwe ezimweni, iphutha elihlangene labahlanganyeli emcimbini noma iphutha labashayeli abaningana lingasungulwa uma kwenzeka ingozi enkulu. Lapho kunxeshezelwa ngomonakalo ngaphansi kwe-OSAGO, iphutha labahlanganyeli abambalwa liqashelwa njengelilingana, kuze kube yilapho kutholakala ngenye indlela, inkokhelo yenziwa ngokulinganayo.

Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi amaphoyisa omgwaqo awawabeki amacala ngokudala umonakalo ngisho necala engozini. Amaphoyisa embula futhi anqume ukwephulwa kweMithetho yomgwaqo ezenzweni zabahlanganyeli. Esimweni esivamile, umephuli wemithetho yomgwaqo unecala lokubangela umonakalo, kodwa ezimweni eziphikisanayo, ukusungulwa kwecala noma izinga lecala kungenzeka kuphela enkantolo.

Izinhlawulo nezinye izinhlawulo zezingozi zomgwaqo

Ukwephulwa kwemithetho yomgwaqo akusho neze icala lokuphatha. Umaphuli mthetho akakwazi ukulethwa esibophezelweni sokuphatha uma i-athikili ehambisanayo Kukhodi Yamacala Okuphatha inganikezwanga ngokwephula okwenziwe. Isibonelo esijwayelekile siyimbangela evamile yezingozi - ukukhetha okungalungile kwesivinini. Ngezenzo ezinjalo, umthwalo wemfanelo awusungulwa, uma ngesikhathi esifanayo isivinini esiphezulu esivunyelwe esinikezwe indawo enikeziwe noma esisungulwe izimpawu zomgwaqo singeqiwe.

Uma kungekho icala lokuphatha ezenzweni zomephuli wemithetho yomgwaqo, umthwalo wemfanelo wokuphatha awuveli.

Emkhakheni wokwephulwa kokuphepha komgwaqo, lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo zezinhlawulo zokuphatha zisetshenziswa:

• isexwayiso;
• inhlawulo (imvamisa inhlawulo isukela kuma-ruble angama-500 kuye kwangama-500);
• ukuphucwa ilungelo lokushayela izimoto isikhathi esiyizinyanga ezi-1 kuye kwezingama-24;
• ukubopha kuze kufike ezinsukwini eziyi-15;
• Umsebenzi oyimpoqo othatha amahora ayi-100 kuye kwangama-200.

Ngokushayela ephuzile ngumuntu ongaphansi kwesijeziso sokuphatha ngecala elifanayo noma ngokwenqaba ukuhlolwa kodokotela, isibopho sobugebengu singenzeka kuze kube sekuboshweni izinyanga ezingu-24.

Ukulandelwa okuqinile kweMithetho Yomgwaqo kunciphisa kube okuncane, futhi ngokunokwenzeka kuqede amathuba okuba sengozini yomgwaqo. Kunenkolelo kubashayeli abangochwepheshe abasezingeni eliphezulu yokuthi kulula ukugwema ingozi ngenxa yephutha lomuntu, kodwa umshayeli wangempela kufanele akwazi ukugwema izingozi ngenxa yamaphutha abanye abasebenzisi bomgwaqo. Ukunaka nokunemba ngemuva kwesondo kuqeda izinkinga hhayi kuphela zomshayeli ngokwakhe, kodwa nalabo abaseduze naye.