Ingabe sifuna ngempela ukugqashula kuma-monopoli futhi sibuyise inethiwekhi? I-Quo Vadis, i-inthanethi

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-intanethi icindezelwa yi-monopolies ye-Silicon Valley (1), enamandla kakhulu futhi eye yaba nokucabangela ngokweqile, ukuncintisana ngamandla kanye nezwi lokugcina ngisho nohulumeni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuya ngokuya kulawulwa, kuqashwe futhi kuvikelwe amanethiwekhi avaliwe yiziphathimandla zikahulumeni nezinkampani ezinkulu.

Owine uMklomelo kaPulitzer uGlenn Greenwald waxoxa naye Edward Snowden (2). Bakhuluma ngesimo se-inthanethi namuhla. U-Snowden ukhulume ngezinsuku zakudala lapho ecabanga ukuthi i-inthanethi iyadala futhi iyasebenzisana. Iphinde yahlukaniswa ngenxa yokuthi amawebhusayithi amaningi adalwe abantu benyama. Nakuba bezingeyona inkimbinkimbi kakhulu, inani lazo lalahleka njengoba i-inthanethi yaba yindawo eyodwa nokuthutheleka kwabadlali abakhulu bezinkampani nabezentengiselwano. U-Snowden uphinde washo ikhono labantu lokuvikela ubunikazi babo nokuhlala kude nesistimu ephelele yokulandelela, kuhlanganiswe nokuqoqwa okugcwele kolwazi lomuntu siqu.

“Kudala, i-inthanethi yayingeyona indawo yezohwebo,” kusho u-Snowden, “kodwa yabe isiqala ukuphenduka enye ngokuvela kwezinkampani, ohulumeni nezikhungo ezazakhela zona ngokuyinhloko i-inthanethi, hhayi abantu.” "Bazi konke ngathi, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo benza ngendlela engaqondakali futhi engabonakali ngokuphelele kithi, futhi asikwazi ukulawula lokhu," engeza. Uphinde waphawula ukuthi lokhu kuya ngokuya kujwayeleka. i-censorship ihlasela abantu ukuthi bangobani nokuthi ziyini izinkolelo zabo, hhayi ngalokho abakushoyo ngempela. Futhi labo abafuna ukuthulisa abanye namuhla abayi ezinkantolo, kodwa baya ezinkampanini zobuchwepheshe futhi bacindezele ukuba bavale umlomo abantu abangakhululekile egameni labo.

Umhlaba usesimweni somfudlana

Ukugadwa, ukuvimbela nokuvimbela ukufinyelela ku-inthanethi kuyizinto ezivamile namuhla. Abantu abaningi abavumelani nalokhu, kodwa ngokuvamile abakhuthazi ngokwanele ukumelana nakho. Kunezinye izici zewebhu yesimanje ezithola ukunakwa okuncane, kodwa zinemithelela efinyelela kude.

Isibonelo, iqiniso lokuthi namuhla ulwazi luvame ukwethulwa ngesimo semifudlana lujwayelekile ekwakhiweni kwamanethiwekhi omphakathi. Le yindlela esisebenzisa ngayo okuqukethwe kwe-inthanethi. Ukusakaza ku-Facebook, Twitter, namanye amasayithi kungaphansi kwe-algorithms neminye imithetho esingazi ngayo. Kaningi kunalokho, asazi nokuthi ama-algorithms anjalo akhona. Ama-algorithms asikhethele. Ngokusekelwe kudatha mayelana nesikufundile, esikufundile nesikubonile ngaphambilini. Balindele lokho esingase sikuthande. Lawa masevisi askena ngokucophelela ukuziphatha kwethu futhi enze ngokwezifiso izifunzo zethu zezindaba ngokuthunyelwe, izithombe, namavidiyo acabanga ukuthi singathanda ukuwabona kakhulu. Isistimu ye-conformist iyavela lapho okuqukethwe okungadumile kodwa okungathakaseleki kangako kunethuba elincane kakhulu.

Kodwa kusho ukuthini lokhu ekusebenzeni? Ngokusinikeza ukusakazwa okwakheke ngokwandayo, inkundla yezokuxhumana yazi okwengeziwe ngathi kunanoma ubani omunye. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ngempela kungaphezu kwalokho esiyikho ngathi. Siyabikezela kuye. Siyibhokisi ledatha alichazayo, owazi ukusetha nokusebenzisa. Ngamanye amazwi, siwumthwalo wezimpahla ezifanele ukudayiswa futhi ezinenani, ngokwesibonelo, inani elithile lomkhangisi. Ngale mali, inethiwekhi yokuxhumana nabantu ithola, futhi thina? Nokho, siyajabula ukuthi yonke into isebenza kahle kangangokuthi singabona futhi sifunde esikuthandayo.

Ukugeleza kuphinde kusho ukuvela kwezinhlobo zokuqukethwe. Kunombhalo omncane futhi omncane kulokho okunikezwayo ngoba sigxile kakhulu ezithombeni nasezithombeni ezihambayo. Sithanda futhi sabelane ngazo kaningi. Ngakho-ke i-algorithm isinika okuningi kwalokho. Sifunda kancane kancane. Sibheke kakhulu. Facebook sekunesikhathi eside iqhathaniswa nethelevishini. Futhi njalo ngonyaka kuba uhlobo lwethelevishini olubukwayo "njengoba luhamba." Imodeli ye-Facebook yokuhlala phambi kwe-TV inakho konke okubi kokuhlala phambi kwe-TV, ungenzi lutho, ungacabangi futhi uya ngokuya uyadiyazela ezithombeni.

Ingabe i-Google iphatha injini yokusesha mathupha?

Uma sisebenzisa injini yokusesha, kubonakala sengathi sifuna imiphumela ehamba phambili nefaneleka kakhulu, ngaphandle kokuhlolwa okwengeziwe okuvela kumuntu ongafuni ukuthi sibone lokhu noma lokho okuqukethwe. Ngeshwa, njengoba kuvela, injini yokusesha ethandwa kakhulu, i-Google ayivumi futhi iphazamisa ukuhlelwa kwayo kokusesha ngokushintsha imiphumela. Isikhondlakhondla se-inthanethi kubikwa ukuthi sisebenzisa uchungechunge lwamathuluzi okucwaninga, njengohlu lwabavinjiwe, izinguquko ze-algorithm kanye nebutho labasebenzi bomongameli, ukuze balolonge lokho okubona umsebenzisi ongenalwazi. I-Wall Street Journal yabhala ngalokhu embikweni obanzi oshicilelwe ngoNovemba 2019.

Abaphathi be-Google basho ngokuphindaphindiwe emihlanganweni eyimfihlo namaqembu angaphandle nasezinkulumweni ngaphambi kwe-US Congress ukuthi ama-algorithms anenjongo futhi azimele, awangcoliswa ukuchema kwabantu noma ukucatshangelwa kwebhizinisi. Le nkampani ithi kubhulogi yayo, "Asisebenzisi ukungenelela komuntu ukuze siqoqe noma sihlele imiphumela ekhasini." Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uthi akakwazi ukuveza imininingwane yokuthi ama-algorithms asebenza kanjani, ngoba ulwa nalabo abafuna ukukopela ama-algorithms izinjini zakho.

Kodwa-ke, i-Wall Street Journal, embikweni omude, ichaze ukuthi i-Google ibilokhu iphazamisa kanjani imiphumela yosesho kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngaphezu kwalokho inkampani kanye nabaphathi bayo abazimisele ukukuvuma. Lezi zenzo, ngokusho kwalolu shicilelo, ngokuvamile ziyimpendulo yengcindezi evela ezinkampanini, amaqembu anentshisekelo yangaphandle kanye nohulumeni emhlabeni jikelele. Isibalo sabo senyuke ngemuva kokhetho lwase-US lwango-2016.

Izingxoxo ezingaphezu kwekhulu kanye nokuhlolwa kwalo magazini ngemiphumela yosesho lwe-Google kubonise, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuthi i-Google yenza izinguquko ze-algorithmic emiphumeleni yayo yosesho, ivuna izinkampani ezinkulu kunezincane, futhi okungenani esimweni esisodwa yenze izinguquko egameni lomkhangisi. .eBay. Inc. ngokuphambene nalokho akushoyo, akalokothi enze noma yisiphi isenzo salolu hlobo. Inkampani iphinde ikhulise iphrofayili yezinye izindawo ezinkulu.njenge-Amazon.com ne-Facebook. Izintatheli ziphinde zithi onjiniyela bakwa-Google bavame ukwenza ama-tweaks angemuva kwesigcawu kwenye indawo, okuhlanganisa neziphakamiso zokuqedela ngokuzenzakalela nasezindabeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nakuba ephika obala I-Google izofaka ohlwini lwabavinjelweesusa amakhasi athile noma iwavimbele ukuthi avele ezinhlotsheni ezithile zemiphumela. Esicini esijwayelekile sokuqedela ngokuzenzakalela esibikezela amagama okusesha (3) njengoba umsebenzisi ethayipha embuzweni, onjiniyela be-Google badale ama-algorithms nohlu oluvinjelwe ukuze benqabe iziphakamiso ezihlokweni eziyimpikiswano, ekugcineni bahlunge imiphumela eminingi.

3. I-Google nokukhohlisa imiphumela yosesho

Ngaphezu kwalokho, leli phephandaba libhale ukuthi i-Google isebenzisa izinkulungwane zezisebenzi ezihola kancane umsebenzi wazo ukuhlola ngokusemthethweni izinga le-algorithms yezinga. Kodwa-ke, i-Google yenze iziphakamiso kulaba basebenzi ezithatha njengezilinganiso ezifanele zemiphumela, futhi baguqule amazinga abo ngaphansi kwethonya labo. Ngakho laba basebenzi abazihluleli bona, njengoba bengosonkontileka abancane abagada ulayini wakwa-Google obekwe kusenesikhathi.

Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, i-Google ishintshile isuka ekubeni isiko eligxile kunjiniyela yaya ekubeni yinunu yokukhangisa ecishe ibe yinye yezinkampani ezinenzuzo enkulu emhlabeni. Abanye abakhangisi abakhulu kakhulu bathole iseluleko esiqondile sokuthi bangathuthukisa kanjani imiphumela yabo yosesho lwemvelo. Lolu hlobo lwesevisi alutholakali ezinkampanini ezingenabo abathintwayo be-Google, ngokusho kwabantu abajwayelene necala. Kwezinye izimo, lokhu kuye kwasho nokuthumela ochwepheshe be-Google kulezi zinkampani. Yilokho okushiwo yizazi ze-WSJ.

Ezitsheni ezivikelekile

Mhlawumbe okunamandla, ngaphandle kwempi yomhlaba wonke ye-inthanethi yamahhala nevulekile, ukumelana okukhulayo nokwebiwa kwedatha yethu yomuntu siqu yi-Google, i-Facebook, i-Amazon nezinye iziqhwaga. Lesi sizinda sangemuva asiliwa kuphela phambi kwabasebenzisi ababodwa, kodwa naphakathi kwama-giants ngokwawo, esibhala ngawo kwesinye isihloko kulolu daba lweMT.

Isu elilodwa eliphakanyisiwe umqondo wokuthi esikhundleni sokudalula idatha yakho yomuntu siqu, yigcine iphephile kuwena. Futhi zilahle njengoba uthanda. Futhi uze uzithengise ukuze nawe ube nokuthile ongahweba ngobumfihlo bakho, esikhundleni sokuvumela amapulatifomu amakhulu enze imali. Lo mbono olula (ngokomcabango) ube yisiqubulo "sewebhu ehlukaniselwe amazwe" (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-d-web) isiqubulo. Umvikeli wakhe odume kakhulu Tim Berners-U-Lee owadala i-World Wide Web ngo-1989.. Iphrojekthi yakhe entsha yezindinganiso ezivulekile, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Solid, eyakhiwe ngokubambisana e-MIT, ihlose ukuba uhlelo lokusebenza "lwenguqulo entsha nengcono ye-intanethi."

Umqondo oyinhloko we-inthanethi ehlukaniselwe ukuhlinzeka abasebenzisi ngamathuluzi okugcina nokuphatha idatha yabo ukuze basuke ekuncikeni ezinkampanini ezinkulu. Lokhu akusho inkululeko kuphela, kodwa futhi nomthwalo wemfanelo. Ukusebenzisa i-d-web kusho ukushintsha indlela osebenzisa ngayo iwebhu ukusuka ku-passive neplathifomu elawulwayo iye esebenzayo nelawulwa umsebenzisi. Kwanele ukubhalisa kule nethiwekhi usebenzisa ikheli le-imeyili, kungaba kusiphequluli noma ngokufaka uhlelo lokusebenza kudivayisi ephathwayo. Umuntu oyenzile ube esedala, abelane, futhi asebenzise okuqukethwe. njengangaphambili futhi uyakwazi ukufinyelela zonke izici ezifanayo (imiyalezo, i-imeyili, okuthunyelwe/ama-tweets, ukwabelana ngamafayela, izingcingo zezwi nevidiyo, njll.).

Uyini-ke umehluko? Uma sidala i-akhawunti yethu kule nethiwekhi, isevisi yokubamba idala isitsha esiyimfihlo, esivikeleke kakhulu ngenxa yethu, ebizwa ngokuthi "lift" (isifinyezo sesiNgisi esithi "personal data online"). Akekho ngaphandle kwethu ongabona okungaphakathi, ngisho nomhlinzeki wokusingatha. Isiqukathi sefu esiyinhloko somsebenzisi siphinde sivunyelaniswe neziqukathi ezivikelekile kumadivayisi ahlukahlukene asetshenziswa umnikazi. "I-Pod" iqukethe amathuluzi okuphatha nokwabelana ngokukhetha konke ekuqukethe. Ungakwazi ukwabelana, ukushintsha noma ukususa ukufinyelela kunoma iyiphi idatha nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Konke ukusebenzelana noma ukuxhumana kubethelwa ngokuzenzakalelayo.ngakho-ke umsebenzisi kuphela kanye nelinye iqembu (noma amaqembu) abangabona noma yikuphi okuqukethwe (4).

4. Ukubona ngeso lengqondo iziqukathi zangasese noma "ama-pods" ohlelweni oluqinile

Kule nethiwekhi esakazwayo, umuntu uzakhela futhi alawule ubuyena esebenzisa amawebhusayithi aziwayo afana noFacebook, Instagram noTwitter. Ukusebenzisana ngakunye kuqinisekiswa nge-cryptographically, ngakho ungahlala uqiniseka ukuthi iqembu ngalinye liyiqiniso. Amagama ayimfihlo ayanyamalala futhi konke ukungena ngemvume kwenzeka ngemuva kusetshenziswa izifakazelo zesiqukathi somsebenzisi.. Ukukhangisa kule nethiwekhi akusebenzi ngokuzenzakalelayo, kodwa ungakunika amandla ngokubona kwakho. Ukufinyelela kohlelo lokusebenza kudatha kunqunyelwe ngokuqinile futhi kulawulwa ngokugcwele. Umsebenzisi ungumnikazi osemthethweni wayo yonke idatha kuphodi yakhe futhi ugcina ukulawula okugcwele kokuthi isetshenziswa kanjani. Angakwazi ukulondoloza, ukushintsha noma ukususa unomphela noma yini ayifunayo.

I-Berners-Lee Vision Network ingasebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza zomphakathi nezokuthumelelana imiyalezo, kodwa hhayi ngempela ukuxhumana phakathi kwabasebenzisi. Amamojula axhumana ngqo namanye, ngakho-ke uma sifuna ukwabelana nothile noma ukuxoxa ngasese, sivele sikwenze. Kodwa-ke, noma sisebenzisa i-Facebook noma i-Twitter, amalungelo okuqukethwe ahlala esitsheni sethu futhi ukwabelana kungaphansi kwemigomo nezimvume zabasebenzisi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umlayezo wombhalo oya kudadewenu noma i-tweet, noma yikuphi ukuqinisekiswa okuphumelelayo kulesi simiso kwabelwa umsebenzisi futhi kulandelelwa ku-blockchain. Esikhathini esifushane kakhulu, kusetshenziselwa inombolo enkulu yokuqinisekisa okuphumelelayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubunikazi bomsebenzisi, okusho ukuthi abakhohlisi, ama-bot, nayo yonke imisebenzi enonya isuswa ngempumelelo ohlelweni.

Nokho, Okuqinile, njengezixazululo eziningi ezifanayo (ngemuva kwakho konke, lokhu akuwona kuphela umqondo wokunikeza abantu idatha yabo ezandleni zabo nangaphansi kokulawula kwabo), kwenza izimfuno kumsebenzisi. Akukhona ngisho namakhono ezobuchwepheshe, kodwa mayelana nokuqondaukuthi izindlela zokudluliswa kwedatha nokushintshisana zisebenza kanjani kunethiwekhi yesimanje. Ngokunikeza inkululeko, unikeza nomthwalo wemfanelo ogcwele. Futhi mayelana nokuthi yilokhu abantu abakufunayo, asikho isiqiniseko. Kunoma ikuphi, bangase bangayazi imiphumela yenkululeko yabo yokuzikhethela neyokuzikhethela.