Kuyini ukumiswa kwemoto okuncike futhi okuzimele?

Kuyini ukumiswa kwemoto okuncike futhi okuzimele?

I-suspension uhlelo oluxhuma umzimba wemoto namasondo. Iklanyelwe ukudambisa ukushaqeka nokuzamazama ngenxa yemigwaqo engalingani futhi iqinisekise ukuzinza komshini ezimeni ezihlukahlukene.

Izingxenye eziyinhloko zokumiswa ziyizinto ezinwebekayo nezimanzi (iziphethu, iziphethu, izithombo zokushaqeka kanye nezingxenye zenjoloba), iziqondiso (ama-levers nemishayo exhuma umzimba namasondo), izakhi zokusekela, izinza kanye nezingxenye ezihlukahlukene zokuxhuma.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokumiswa - okuncike kanye nokuzimela. Lokhu kusho ukuncika noma ukuzimela kwamasondo e-ekseli efanayo ngenkathi ushayela endaweni egandayiwe engalingani.

ukumiswa okuncikile. Amasondo e-axle eyodwa axhumene ngokuqinile komunye nomunye futhi ukunyakaza kwelinye lawo kuholela ekushintsheni kokuma kwenye. Esimweni esilula, siqukethe ibhuloho kanye nemithombo emibili yobude. Okuhlukile kuma-lever omhlahlandlela nakho kungenzeka.

Ukumiswa okuzimele. Amasondo aku-axle efanayo awaxhumekile komunye nomunye, futhi ukususwa kwenye akuthinti isikhundla somunye.

Umgomo wokusebenza kokumiswa okuncikile

Uma ubheka uhlelo lokumiswa oluncike, ungabona ukuthi uxhumano luthinta ukunyakaza okuqondile kwamasondo kanye nesimo sawo se-angular esihlobene nendiza yomgwaqo.

Lapho elinye lamasondo liya phezulu, elesibili lizokwehla, njengoba izakhi ezinwebekayo kanye nayo yonke i-vane yomhlahlandlela itholakala ngaphakathi kwethrekhi yemoto. Ukucindezela intwasahlobo noma intwasahlobo ngakwesobunxele semoto kuthulula umzimba, ngokulandelana, intwasahlobo elungile iqondiswe ngokwengxenye, ibanga phakathi komzimba nomgwaqo kwesokudla liyakhula. Akuyona into engaqondakali ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngoba isithombe sizohlanekezelwa yimigqa yomzimba ephumela futhi okuningi kuncike ekuphakameni kwesikhungo sobuningi bemoto kanye nebanga elihambisana ne-axis kusukela entwasahlobo noma izintambo kuya esondweni. Imiphumela enjalo, edala ukuthi imoto igingqike futhi ijwayele ukunyakaza, iyabhekwa lapho kubalwa ukumiswa.

Njengoba womabili amasondo ezindiza ezihambisanayo, uma singakunaki ama-engeli e-camber adalwe ngokwenziwa, khona-ke ukutsheka kwelinye lawo, ngokwesibonelo, kwesokunxele kuzokwenza ukuthi owesibili abe ne-engeli efanayo ohlangothini olufanayo. Kodwa maqondana nomzimba, i-angle ye-camber esheshayo izoshintsha ngendlela efanayo, kodwa ngesibonakaliso esiphambene. I-camber eshintshayo esondweni ihlale yenza ukudonsa kubi, futhi ngalolu hlelo, lokhu kwenzeka ngokushesha ngawo womabili amasondo ku-axle. Ngakho-ke ukusebenza okungagculisi kokumiswa okuncikile ngesivinini esikhulu ngemithwalo esemaceleni emakhoneni. Futhi okubi kokumiswa okunjalo akugcini kulokhu.

Indima yesiphethu ngomqondo ojwayelekile wegama ingaba yizakhiwo ezijwayelekile zasentwasahlobo ezenziwe ngezinto ezahlukene kanye nenani elihlukile lamashidi kusethi, okuhlanganisa ukuqina okuguquguqukayo (ngemithombo), kanye neziphethu noma iziphethu zomoya ezifana ne zibe ngohlelo.

Ukumiswa kwentwasahlobo. Iziphethu zingatholakala ngobude noma ngokuphambanayo, zakha ama-arcs ahlukene, kusukela kukota ye-ellipse ukuya kwegcwele. Ukumiswa eziphethwini ezimbili ze-semi-elliptical ezitholakala eduze komzimba sekuyisikhathi eside kwaba yinto yakudala. Eminye imiklamo yasetshenziswa engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu leminyaka elidlule.

Izakhiwo zentwasahlobo yeqabunga zifana nokuqina okujwayelekile endizeni eqondile, futhi kuzo zonke ezinye, ukuguqulwa kwayo kunganganakwa, ngakho-ke lo mklamo awuqukethe i-vane yomhlahlandlela ehlukile. Ibhuloho lonke lixhunywe kuhlaka noma emzimbeni kuphela ngemithombo.

Le pendant ihlanganisa:

• iziphethu eziqukethe amashidi ensimbi eyodwa noma ngaphezulu, ngezinye izikhathi kusetshenziswa izinto eziyinhlanganisela;
• ama-clamps ahlanganisa ndawonye amashidi entwasahlobo ezakhiwo ze-typesetting;
• ama-anti-creak washers, anciphisa ukungqubuzana futhi athuthukise induduzo ye-acoustic, atholakala phakathi kwamashidi;
• ama-suspension springs, okuyimithombo emincane eyengeziwe engena esenzweni lapho ingxenye yohambo lokumiswa ikhethwa futhi ishintsha ukuqina kwayo;
• izitebhisi eziqinisa isiphethu ensikeni yebhuloho;
• amabakaki angaphambili naphansi afaka ama-bushings noma amabhulokhi athule, avumela ukunxephezela ushintsho ubude bentwasahlobo ngesikhathi sokucindezela, ngezinye izikhathi abizwa ngokuthi amacici;
• ama-cushions-chippers avikela amashidi ekuguquguqukeni okungenakuhlehliswa ngokugoba okuphezulu ekugcineni kwe-stroke yokusebenza.

Konke ukumiswa okuncikile kufakwe ama-absorber afakwe ngokwehlukana, uhlobo nendawo akuxhomekile ohlotsheni lwento enwebekayo.

Iziphethu ziyakwazi ukudlulisa amandla okudonsa kanye namabhuleki ukusuka ku-axle ugongolo ukuya emzimbeni ngokushintshashintsha okuncane, kuvimbele i-axle ukuthi ingajiki mayelana ne-eksisi yayo futhi imelane namandla angemuva emakhoneni. Kodwa ngenxa yokungaguquki kwezidingo zokuqina ngezindlela ezihlukene, bakwenza konke ngokulinganayo. Kodwa lokhu akubalulekile yonke indawo.

Ezimotweni ezisindayo ezinama-axle amaningi, ukumiswa kohlobo lwebhalansi kungasetshenziswa, lapho ipheya eyodwa yeziphethu isebenzisa ama-ekseli amabili ancikene, ihlezi emaphethelweni awo, futhi igxilile ohlakeni oluphakathi nendawo. Lokhu ukumiswa kweloli okujwayelekile ngezinzuzo zayo kanye nokubi.

Ukumiswa okuncike entwasahlobo. Indima ye-elastic element yenziwa yiziphethu ze-cylindrical noma iziphethu zomoya, ngakho lolu hlobo ludinga i-vane ehlukile yomhlahlandlela. Kungaba ngemiklamo ehlukene, imvamisa kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwama-jet rod amahlanu, amabili aphezulu, amabili aphansi kanye ne-transverse eyodwa (i-Panhard rod).

Kunezinye izixazululo, isibonelo, ezisuka ku-longitudinal rod eyodwa ene-transverse eyodwa, noma ngokushintshwa kwe-Panhard rod ngomshini we-Watt parallelogram, okuqinisa kangcono ibhuloho ohlangothini oluphambene. Kunoma yikuphi, iziphethu zisebenza kuphela ngokucindezelwa, futhi zonke izikhathi ezivela ebhulohweni zidluliselwa ngokusebenzisa ama-jet thrust anezivimbi ezithule ekugcineni.

Umgomo wokusebenza kokumiswa okuzimele

Ukumiswa okuzimele kusetshenziswa kabanzi kumasondo angaphambili ezimoto zabagibeli, ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwabo kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukwakheka kwegumbi lenjini noma i-trunk futhi kunciphisa ithuba lokuziphendulela kwamasondo.

Njengento enwebekayo ekumisweni okuzimele, iziphethu zivame ukusetshenziswa, kancane kancane - imigoqo ye-torsion nezinye izakhi. Lokhu kwandisa amathuba okusebenzisa izakhi zokunwebeka ze-pneumatic. I-elementi enwebekayo, ngaphandle kwasentwasahlobo, ayinawo umthelela ekusebenzeni kwensiza yomhlahlandlela.

Ngokumiswa okuzimele, kunezinhlelo eziningi zemishini yokuqondisa, ehlukaniswa ngokwenani lama-levers kanye nendawo yendiza yokujikijela yama-levers.  

Ngaphambili ezimele ukumiswa kokuxhumana, ihabhu lesondo lifakwe ama-roller amabili angama-angular tapered ku-trunnion ye-knuckle yokuqondisa, exhunywe endaweni yokubeka nge-pivot. I-thrust ball bear ifakwa phakathi kwe-strut neknuckle yokuqondisa.

I-rack ixhunywe ngokuyisisekelo ngama-threaded bushings kuma-lever anemfoloko aphezulu naphansi, wona, axhunywe kuma-ekseli agxilwe kuma-crossbar ozimele ngokusebenzisa i-rubber bushings. Isici esinwebekayo sokumiswa siwumthombo, siphumule nesiphetho saso esingaphezulu nge-gasket evimbela ukudlidliza ngokumelene nekhanda eligxiviziwe lelungu eliphambanayo, kanye nengxenye yalo engezansi ngokumelene nenkomishi yokusekela, eboshelwe ezingalweni ezingezansi. Ukunyakaza kwamasondo okuma mpo kukhawulwe ngokuma kwamabhafa enjoloba emgqeni.

I-telescopic hydraulic shock absorber esebenza kabili esebenza kabili ifakwa ngaphakathi kwentwasahlobo futhi ixhunywe nengxenye engenhla kuhlaka oluphambanayo ngokusebenzisa amakhushini erabha, kanye nendawo ephansi eya kumalever aphansi.

Muva nje, ukumiswa "kwekhandlela elijikayo" sekusabalele. McPherson. Iqukethe i-lever eyodwa kanye ne-telescopic strut, ngakolunye uhlangothi ixhunywe ngokuqinile ku-knuckle yokuqondisa, kanti ngakolunye - igxilwe esithendeni. Isithende siyi-thrust bear efakwe kubhulokhi yenjoloba ethambile ebekwe emzimbeni.

I-rack inekhono lokunyakaza ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwebhulokhi yerabha futhi ijikeleze i-eksisi edlula i-thrust bear, ihinge yangaphandle ye-lever.

Izinzuzo zalokhu kumiswa zihlanganisa inombolo encane yezingxenye, isisindo esincane nesikhala endaweni yenjini noma i-trunk. Ngokuvamile, i-strut yokumiswa ihlanganiswe ne-absorber shock, futhi isici esinwebekayo (intwasahlobo, i-pneumatic element) ifakwe ku-strut. Ukungalungi kokumiswa kwe-MacPherson kufaka phakathi ukuguga okukhuphukayo kwezakhi zomhlahlandlela we-strut ezinohambo olukhulu lokumiswa, amathuba alinganiselwe wezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene ze-kinematic kanye nezinga eliphezulu lomsindo (uma kuqhathaniswa nokumiswa kwama-wishbones amabili.

Idivayisi kanye nokusebenza kokumiswa kwe-MacPherson kuchazwe ngokuningiliziwe ngezansi.

I-oscillating strut suspension inengalo efojiwe lapho ingalo yokuqinisa ixhunywe kuyo ngamaphedi enjoloba. Ingxenye ephambanayo ye-stabilizer inamathiselwe esiphambanweni somzimba ngamaphedi enjoloba nabakaki bensimbi. Ngakho-ke, ingalo ye-diagonal ye-stabilizer idlulisela amandla e-longitudinal ukusuka esondweni kuya emzimbeni ngakho-ke yenza ingxenye yengalo ehlanganisiwe yokuqondisa ukumiswa. Ama-cushions enjoloba akuvumela ukuthi unxephezele ukuhlanekezela okwenzeka lapho ingalo eyinhlanganisela enjalo inyakaza, futhi futhi inciphise ukudlidliza kwe-longitudinal okudluliselwa kusuka esondweni kuya emzimbeni.

Induku ye-telescopic strut igxilwe esisekelweni esiphansi se-rubber block yesithende esingaphezulu futhi ayijikelezi kanye ne-strut kanye nesiphethu esifakwe kuso. Kulesi simo, nganoma yikuphi ukujikeleza kwamasondo aphethwe, i-rack iphinde ijikeleze ngokuhlobene nenduku, isuse ukungqubuzana okumile phakathi kwenduku kanye ne-cylinder, okuthuthukisa ukuphendula kokumiswa kokungahambi kahle komgwaqo.

I-spring ayifakiwe i-coaxially ne-rack, kodwa ihloselwe isondo ukuze kuncishiswe imithwalo eguquguqukayo entweni, umhlahlandlela wayo kanye ne-piston, okwenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya lamandla aqondile esondweni.

Isici sokumiswa kwamasondo ayisiteringi ukuthi kufanele ivumele isondo ukuthi lishintshane ngaphandle kokuchezuka kwento enwebekayo. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-pivot assembly.

Ukumiswa kungaba yi-pivot futhi kungabi ne-pivot:

1. Ngokumiswa kwe-pivot, i-knuckle igxilwe ku-pivot, efakwe ngokuthambekela okuthile kokuma ku-strut yokumiswa. Ukuze kuncishiswe umzuzu wokungqubuzana kuleli lungu, ama-bearings enaliti, i-radial kanye ne-thrust ball angasetshenziswa. Iziphetho zangaphandle zezingalo ezimisiwe zixhunywe ku-rack ngamajoyini angama-cylindrical, ngokuvamile enziwe ngendlela yama-bearings athafayo agcotshiwe. Ububi obukhulu bokumiswa kwe-pivot inani elikhulu lamahinji. Lapho uguqula izinsimbi zedivayisi yomhlahlandlela endizeni eguquguqukayo, akunakwenzeka ukufeza "umphumela we-anti-dive" ngenxa yokuba khona kwesikhungo se-longitudinal roll yokumiswa, ngoba izimbazo zokujikijela ze-levers kufanele zibe ngokuqinile. ngokuhambisana.
2. Abakaki abazimele be-Besshkvornevy lapho amahinge angama-cylindrical we-rack athathelwa indawo yindilinga asesakazeke kakhulu. Idizayini yale hinge ihlanganisa iphinikhodi enekhanda le-hemispherical, ifakwe i-ceramic-metal support insert, esebenza endaweni eyindilinga yehinge yomzimba. Umunwe ubekwe phezu kokufakwa kwerabha okukhethekile okufakwe inayiloni efakwe endaweni ekhethekile. I-hinge house ixhunywe engalweni yokulenga. Lapho isondo liphendulwa, iphinikhodi lizungeza i-axis yalo kuma-liner. Lapho ukumiswa kuphambuka, iphinikhodi, kanye nokufakwayo, inyakaza ngokuhlobene nendawo ephakathi nendawo - ngenxa yalokhu, kukhona imbobo ye-oval emzimbeni. Le hinge ithwala umthwalo, ngoba ngayo amandla aqondile adluliselwa kusuka esondweni kuya kusici esinwebekayo, isiphethu, esincike engalweni ephansi yokumiswa. Izingalo ezilengayo zixhunywe emzimbeni ngokusebenzisa ama-cylindrical plain bearings, noma ngokusebenzisa amahinge ensimbi yenjoloba, asebenza ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwe-shear ye-rubber bushings. Okwakamuva kudinga ukugcotshwa futhi kunendawo ehlukanisa ukudlidliza.

Yikuphi ukumiswa okungcono kakhulu?

Ngaphambi kokuphendula lo mbuzo, kufanele ucabangele izinzuzo nezingozi zazo zombili izinhlobo zamapende.

Izinzuzo ilengaиwami ukumiswa - amandla aphezulu nokuthembeka komklamo, ukubamba iyunifomu emgwaqeni kanye nokwanda kokuqina kwamakhona, kanye nokungaguquguquki kwemvume, ububanzi bethrekhi nezinye izinkomba zokuma kwesondo (eziwusizo kakhulu emgwaqeni ongekho emgwaqeni).

Phakathi kokubi kokumiswa okuncikile:

• ukuqina kokumiswa kungabangela ukungakhululeki ngenkathi ushayela emgwaqeni omubi;
• ukunciphisa ukulawulwa kwezimoto;
• ubunkimbinkimbi bokulungiswa;
• izingxenye ezisindayo zandisa kakhulu i-unsprung mass, ethinta kabi ukushelela kokugibela kanye nezici eziguqukayo zomshini, futhi kwandisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli.

Ukumiswa okuzimele kanye nezinzuzo zayo:

• ukwanda kokunethezeka kokugibela, njengoba ukushayisana kwelinye lamasondo ngokungalingani akuthinti enye;
• ingozi encane yokugingqa lapho ushaya umgodi onzima;
• ukuphatha kangcono, ikakhulukazi ngesivinini esikhulu;
• isisindo esincishisiwe sinikeza ukusebenza okunamandla okuthuthukisiwe;
• ububanzi bezinketho zokulungisa ukuze kuzuzwe amapharamitha alungile.

Okubi kufaka phakathi:

• ngenxa yomklamo oyinkimbinkimbi, isevisi izobiza;
• ukwanda kokuba sengozini lapho ushayela ngaphandle komgwaqo;
• Ububanzi bethrekhi neminye imingcele ingashintsha ngesikhathi sokusebenza.

Ngakho yikuphi okungcono? Ukumiswa kungenye yezingxenye zomshini ezikhandwa kakhulu. Lokhu kufanele kucatshangelwe lapho ukhetha imoto. Ukulungisa ukumiswa okuzimele kuzobiza ngaphezu kokuncikile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezimele, cishe, kuyodingeka zilungiswe kaningi.Ngeke kube yi-superfluous ukubuza mayelana nokutholakala kwezingxenye ezisele. Izingxenye zangempela zekhwalithi efanele zezimoto zakwamanye amazwe kungase kudingeke zi-odwe ngokwehlukana.

Ngokushayela kakhulu ku-asphalt, inketho engcono kakhulu ukumiswa okuzimele okungaphambili nokuncika ngemuva. Ku-SUV noma enye imoto okufanele isetshenziswe ngaphandle komgwaqo, ukumiswa okuncikile kuyisinqumo esingcono kakhulu - kuwo womabili ama-ekseli noma okungenani ngemuva. Ibhuloho ngeke libambe ukungcola okuningi. Futhi inhlabathi neqhwa kuzonamathela kakhulu ezingxenyeni zokumiswa okuzimele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngisho nebhuloho eligobile emgwaqweni osezintabeni, imoto izohlala ihamba. Kodwa ukuwohloka kokumiswa okuzimele ngeke kuvumele imoto ukuthi iqhubeke nokuhamba. Yiqiniso, ezimweni zasemadolobheni, ukuphatha uhlelo olunjalo ngeke kube okungcono kakhulu.

Eminyakeni yamuva, abakhiqizi sebeqalile ukuhlomisa ezinye izimoto ngokumiswa okungasebenza ngezindlela eziningi. Ama-electronics abo akuvumela ukuthi usheshe, ekuhambeni, uguqule imingcele kuye ngesimo sethrafikhi. Uma izimali zivuma, kufanelekile ukubheka amamodeli anesistimu enjalo.