Iyini i-naphtha futhi isetshenziswa kuphi?
I-Ligroin (evame ukubizwa kancane ngokuthi i-naphtha) iwumkhiqizo oguquguqukayo kakhulu futhi ovuthayo wokushiswa kwe-distillation kawoyela ongahluziwe. Ithola ukusetshenziswa ezimbonini eziningi - kokubili njenge-solvent nanjengamafutha. INaphtha ikhona ngezindlela ezintathu - itiyela lamalahle, i-shale, noma uwoyela. Ngayinye yalezi zinhlobo zakhiwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene futhi isetshenziswa ngokuvumelana nezakhiwo zayo zamakhemikhali.
Ukwakheka nezici
Kuye ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwezinto ze-hydrocarbon, ukwakheka naphtha ezahlukene. Isibonelo, "omdala" i-ligroin, esekelwe kuwoyela, ine-flash point ephakeme, ayiguquguquki kancane futhi inokuminyana okuphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa. "Mncane" i-ligroin ihluke ngezakhiwo eziphambene, futhi isisekelo saso singama-hydrocarbon anephunga elimnandi.
Izakhiwo eziyinhloko ezibonakalayo zomkhiqizo, ngakho-ke, zinqunywa isikhathi sokubunjwa kwawo okuyinhloko. Ezibaluleke kakhulu yilezi:
- Izinga lokushisa elibilayo: 90…140ºС - nge-petroleum naphthas, kanye ne-60…80ºС - kuma-naphthas anephunga elimnandi (okugcina, ngendlela, kwenza kube nzima ukuwanquma, ngoba amanani afanayo ajwayelekile kuma-ether e-petroleum). Ngenxa yokuphansi amaphuzu abilayo I-naphthas ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi imimoya ye-petroleum.
- Ukuminyana: 750…860 kg/m3.
- I-Kinematic viscosity: 1,05…1,2 mm2/ s.
- Izinga lokushisa lokuqala kwe-gelation aliphezulu: - 60ºС.
INafetha ayincibiliki emanzini futhi ayixubani nawo. Ukwakheka kwesakhiwo se-naphthas kufaka phakathi ama-hydrocarbon ochungechunge lweparafini ne-olefinic, kanye nama-naphthenic acids, futhi isulfure ikhona enanini elincane lezinto ezingaphili.
Kusetshenziswa kuphi?
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-naphtha kuvamile ngezinjongo ezilandelayo:
- Amafutha ezinjini zikadizili.
- Ncibilikisa.
- Ophakathi embonini ye-petrochemical.
I-Naphtha isetshenziswa njengophethiloli ngenxa yokuthi umkhiqizo uyavutha futhi ubonakala ngokukhululwa kwenani elikhulu lamandla ashisayo lapho uvutha. Inani le-caloric le-naphtha lifinyelela ku-3,14 MJ / l. Ngenxa yokuthi i-naphtha ishisa cishe akukho soot, umkhiqizo uvame ukusetshenziswa kuma-heaters asekhaya kanye nezivakashi, izinto zokukhanyisa nezibani. Ngokuqondile njengophethiloli, i-naphtha ayivamile ukusetshenziswa, ngenxa yobuthi bayo obuphezulu; kaningi kunezinkomba zokuthi kungenzeka ukusetshenziswa kwayo njengesengezo.
Amabhizinisi okukhiqiza amapulasitiki avamile njenge-polypropylene ne-polyethylene asebenzisa i-naphtha njengento eluhlaza. Imikhiqizo yayo nayo isetshenziswa kabanzi ekwenzeni ibutane nophethiloli. I-Naphtha kulobu buchwepheshe ibandakanyeka ezinqubweni zokuqhekeka kwesitimu.
I-Naphtha njenge-solvent ingatholakala emikhiqizweni ehlukahlukene yokuhlanza, lapho iphuzu layo eliphansi lokuhwamuka liwusizo njengento encane yamapende, ama-varnishes ne-asphalt. Izinto ezaziwa kakhulu kulolu chungechunge ziyi-solvent ne-naphthalene. Ngenxa yobuthi bayo, i-naphtha ayisetshenziselwa izinjongo zasekhaya, kodwa emabhizinisini (isibonelo, lawo agqoka izingubo ezihlanzekile).
Ubuthi beNaphtha
Ukuphepha ekusetshenzisweni okubanzi komkhiqizo kawoyela ocatshangwayo kunqunyelwe izimo ezilandelayo:
- Ukuba nolaka okuphezulu lapho kuvezwa esikhumbeni nasokhoneni lweso lomuntu. Lapho uthintana ne-naphtha, indawo yesikhumba ivuvukala kabuhlungu. Kunconywa ukugeza indawo ethintekile ngamanzi afudumele ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka.
- Isicanucanu nokulimala emaphashini lapho ugwinya ngisho umthamo omncane wento. Lokhu kudinga ukulaliswa esibhedlela esiphuthumayo, ngaphandle kwalokho ukwehluleka ukuphefumula kwenzeka, okungaholela ekufeni.
- Iphunga elithile eliqinile (ikakhulukazi "ama-naphthas" anephunga elimnandi. Ukuhogela umhwamuko isikhathi eside kungabangela izinkinga zokuphefumula nezengqondo. Kukhona nolwazi mayelana ne-carcinogenicity yento.
Njengoba ikhemikhali inobuthi, kwenqatshelwe ngokuphelele ukukhipha izinsalela zayo ezitsheni ezingalawulwa (futhi, ngisho nangaphezulu, zibe ezivulekile). Kufanele futhi kukhunjulwe ukuthi i-ligroin iyavutha futhi ingabangela umlilo.
