Yini enye i-oyili yezimoto

Injini yephethiloli yomlilo yangaphakathi ivuselele ukwakhiwa kwezimoto ezizenzela zona. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izimoto zisuke esigabeni sokunethezeka zaya kwesidingo.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamanje kwemithombo yemvelo kukhule kakhulu kangangokuba izinqolobane azinaso isikhathi sokugcwalisa. Lokhu kuphoqa isintu ukuthi sithuthukise ezinye izibaseli. Kulesi sibuyekezo, sizobheka intuthuko eyenziwe ngomumo esetshenziswa ezimotweni eziningi.

Olunye uphethiloli

Ngaphezu kokuncipha kokulondolozwa kukawoyela, ukwakhiwa kwezinye izinto zokubasa kunezinye izizathu.

Enye yazo ukungcoliswa kwemvelo. Lapho kushile, uphethiloli nodizili kukhipha izinto ezinobungozi eziqeda ungqimba lwe-ozone futhi ezingadala ukugula okuphefumula. Ngalesi sizathu, ososayensi basasebenza ukudala umthombo wamandla ohlanzekile ozoba nomthelela omncane emvelweni, ngesikhathi sesigaba sokukhipha nangesikhathi sokusebenza kwenjini.

Isizathu sesibili ukuzimela kwamandla kahulumeni. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi amazwe ambalwa kuphela anezinqolobane zikawoyela ngaphansi komhlaba. Wonke umuntu kufanele abekezelele inqubomgomo yamanani ebekwe ngabazimele. Ukusetshenziswa kwamanye amafutha kuzosivumela ukuthi siphume ekucindezelweni komnotho kwalawo mandla.

Ngokuya ngomthetho i-United States Energy Policy Act, kuchazwa ezinye izinto zokubasa:

• Igesi yemvelo;
• Ama-biofuels;
• I-Ethanol;
• I-Biodiesel;
• I-Hydrogen;
• Ugesi;
• Ukufakwa kwe-Hybrid.

Vele, uhlobo ngalunye lukaphethiloli lunezici zalo ezinhle nezimbi. Ngokuya ngalolu lwazi, kuzoba lula kumthandi wemoto ukuthi azulazule kulokho akwazi ukuyekethisa ngokuthenga imoto eyingqayizivele.

Ugesi wemvelo

Ukutholakala kukaphethroli kuyo yonke indawo kushukumise onjiniyela ukuthi babheke ukuthi ingasetshenziswa yini njengophethiloli ohlukile. Kwavela ukuthi le nsiza yemvelo iyasha ngokuphelele futhi ayikhiphi izinto eziyingozi ezifanayo nophethiloli noma udizili.

Ensimini yesikhala sangemva kweSoviet, imoto eguqulwe yaba igesi yinto ejwayelekile. Abanye, ngisho bethenga imoto ebizayo, bayazibuza ukuthi kunengqondo yini ukuyishintshela kuphethiloli.

Muva nje, abanye abakhiqizi bebelokhu behlomisa izimoto ngezinto zegesi ezivela efektri. Isibonelo salokhu yiSkoda Kamiq G-Tec. Umenzi uqedela imodeli yenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi esebenza ku-methane. Ubuhle nobubi be-propane ne-methane buchazwe ku- esinye isihloko... Futhi naku- ukubuyekeza okukodwa isitshela ngokuguqulwa okuhlukile kwemishini yegesi.

Biofuel

Lesi sigaba sikaphethiloli ohlukile sivela ngenxa yokucubungulwa kwezitshalo. Ngokungafani nophethiloli, uphethiloli nodizili, ama-biofuels awakhiphi isikhutha ngesikhathi somlilo, esasitholakala phambilini emathunjini omhlaba. Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa ikhabhoni eye yamuncwa izitshalo.

Ngenxa yalokhu, amagesi abamba ukushisa aweqi enanini elikhishwayo phakathi nokuphila kwazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Izinzuzo zikaphethiloli onjalo zibandakanya ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kufakwe uphethiloli eziteshini ezijwayelekile zegesi.

Uphethiloli okukhulunywa ngawo uyisigaba kunokuba uphethiloli ohlukile. Isibonelo, ukucutshungulwa kwemfucuza yezilwane nemifino kukhiqiza i-methane ne-ethanol. Yize kubiza imali ephansi futhi kulula ukukhiqiza (ama-rigs kawoyela anezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zokucubungula awadingeki), lo mafutha unezinkinga zawo.

Okunye kokuphazamiseka okukhulu ukuthi ukuze kukhiqizwe inani elanele likaphethiloli, kudingeka amasimu amakhulu lapho kungatshalwa khona izitshalo ezikhethekile ezinamaphesenti aphezulu ezinto ezifanelekile. Izitshalo ezinjalo ziqeda inhlabathi, ziyenze ingakwazi ukukhiqiza izilimo ezisezingeni ezisezinye izitshalo.

I-Ethanol

Ngenkathi benza izinjini zangaphakathi zomlilo, abaklami bahlole izinto ezahlukahlukene ngesisekelo lapho iyunithi ingasebenza khona. Futhi utshwala abuyena owokugcina ohlwini lwezinto ezinjalo.

Ubuhle be-ethanol ukuthi ingatholakala ngaphandle kokuchitha izinsiza zemvelo zomhlaba. Isibonelo, ingatholakala ezitshalweni ezinoshukela omningi nesitashi. Lezi zilimo zifaka:

• Umoba;
• Ukolweni;
• Ukolweni;
• Amazambane (asetshenziswa kaningi kunalawo angaphambilini).

I-Ethanol ingathatha ngokufanele enye yezindawo zokuqala ezingeni lamafutha ashibhile. Isibonelo, iBrazil inolwazi lokwenziwa kwalolu hlobo lotshwala. Ngenxa yalokhu, izwe lingaba nokuzimela kwamandla emandleni akhiqizwa igesi yemvelo noma uwoyela.

Ukuqhuba uphuzo oludakayo, injini kufanele yenziwe ngezinsimbi ezingamelana nalolu ketshezi. Futhi lokhu kungenye yezinkinga ezinkulu. Ama-automaker amaningana akha izinjini ezingasebenza kuzo zombili uphethiloli kanye ne-ethanol.

Lezi zinguquko zibizwa ngeFlexFuel. Okuhlukile kwamayunithi anjalo amandla ukuthi okuqukethwe kwe-ethanol kuphethiloli kungahluka kusuka kumaphesenti ama-5 kuye kwangama-95. Ekuqokweni kwalezi zimoto, kusetshenziswa uhlamvu u-E kanye namaphesenti aphezulu kuvumelekile otshwala kuphethiloli.

Lo mafutha uthola ukuthandwa ngenxa yokuqina kwama-esters kuphethiloli. Enye yezinkinga zezinto zokwakha ukufingqa kwamanzi. Futhi, lapho zishiswa, zikhipha amandla amancane okushisa, anciphisa kakhulu amandla enjini ukube abesebenzisa uphethiloli.

I-Biodiesel

Namuhla lolu hlobo lukaphethiloli ohlukile lungenye ethembisayo. IBiodiesel yenziwa ngezitshalo. La mafutha ngezinye izikhathi abizwa ngokuthi i-methyl ether. Izinto zokusetshenziswa eziyinhloko ezisetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kukaphethiloli ziyadlwengulwa. Kodwa-ke, lesi akusona ukuphela kwesitshalo esiwumthombo we-biodiesel. Kungenziwa ngoyili wezitshalo ezilandelayo:

• Soy;
• Ubhekilanga;
• Izihlahla zesundu.

Ama-esters kawoyela, njengama-alcohol, anomthelela omubi ezintweni okwenziwa ngazo izinjini ezijwayelekile. Ngalesi sizathu, akubona bonke abakhiqizi abafuna ukuvumelanisa imikhiqizo yabo nophethiloli (inzalo ephansi ezimotweni ezinjalo, eyehlisa isizathu sokwakha inqwaba enkulu, futhi akunanzuzo ukukhiqiza izinhlobo ezikhawulelwe kwezinye izinto zokubasa).

Muva nje, abanye abakhiqizi bavumele ukuhlanganiswa kwemikhiqizo kaphethiloli nama-biofuels. Kukholakala ukuthi ama-esters amafutha angama-5% ngeke alimaze imoto yakho.

Intuthuko esuselwa kudoti wezolimo inenkinga enkulu. Ukuze kutholakale inzuzo yezomnotho, abalimi abaningi bangawenza kabusha umhlaba wabo wokutshala kuphela lezo zilimo okwenziwa ngazo ama-biofuel. Lokhu kungaba nomthelela ekukhuleni okukhulu kwamanani okudla.

I-Hydrogen

Kwenziwa nemizamo yokusebenzisa i-hydrogen njengophethiloli oshibhile. Yize intuthuko enjalo ibiza kakhulu kumsebenzisi ojwayelekile, kubonakala sengathi intuthuko enjalo inekusasa.

Into enjalo inesithakazelo ngoba iyinto efinyeleleka kakhulu emhlabeni. Imfucuza kuphela ngemuva komlilo ngamanzi, angaphuzwa ngisho nokuhlanzwa okulula. Ngokombono, ukushiswa kwalawo mafutha akuwenzi amagesi abamba ukushisa nezinto eziqeda ungqimba lwe-ozone.

Kodwa-ke, lokhu kusengumbono. Ukuzijwayeza kukhombisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-hydrogen kuyingozi kakhulu kunophethiloli emotweni ngaphandle kwesixhasi. Inkinga ukuthi inhlanganisela yomoya ongahlanzekile ne-hydrogen iyasha kumasilinda. Igumbi lokusebenza lesilinda liqukethe inhlanganisela yomoya ne-nitrogen. Futhi le nto, lapho ifakwe i-oxidized, yakha enye yezinto eziyingozi kakhulu - i-NOx (nitrogen oxide).

BMW X-5 enjini ye-hydrogen

Enye inkinga yokusebenzisa i-hydrogen ukugcina kwayo. Ukuze usebenzise igesi emotweni, ithangi kufanele lenziwe ngesimo segumbi le-cryogenic (-253 degrees, ukuze igesi ingashisi ngokuzenzekelayo) noma isilinda esenzelwe ingcindezi ye-350 atm.

Enye i-nuance ukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen. Ngaphandle kokuthi kunegesi eningi emvelweni, kepha ingxenye enkulu ikuhlobo oluthile lwenkompo. Ngenqubo yokukhiqiza i-hydrogen, kukhishwa inani elikhulu kakhulu lesikhutha emkhathini (lapho kuhlanganiswa amanzi ne-methane, kuyindlela elula yokuthola i-hydrogen).

Uma kubhekwa lezi zici ezibalwe ngenhla, izinjini ze-hydrogen zihlala zibiza kakhulu kunawo wonke amanye amandla okubasa.

Ugesi

Izimoto zikagesi zithandwa kakhulu. Abangcolisi imvelo njengoba imoto kagesi ingenakho nhlobo ukuqeda. Izimoto ezinjalo zithule, zikhululekile kakhulu futhi zinamandla anele (ngokwesibonelo, i-Nio EP9 isheshisa ifike kwikhulu ngemizuzwana engu-2,7, futhi ijubane elikhulu lingu-313 km / h).

Ngenxa yesici semoto kagesi, imoto kagesi ayidingi u-gearbox, owehlisa isikhathi sokusheshisa futhi wenze ukushayela kube lula. Kubonakala sengathi lezo zimoto zinenzuzo kuphela. Kepha empeleni, izimoto ezinjalo azinazo izici ezingezinhle, ngenxa yokuthi ziyisikhundla esisodwa ngaphansi kwezimoto zakudala.

Enye yezingqinamba ezinkulu umthamo webhethri. Inkokhiso eyodwa ekusebenzeni kwekhwalithi ephezulu yanele ubuningi bama-300 km. Kuthatha amahora ambalwa "ukufaka uphethiloli", ngisho nokusebenzisa ukushaja okusheshayo.

Lapho ibhethri likhulu, imoto isinda kakhulu. Uma kuqhathaniswa nemodeli ejwayelekile, i-analogue kagesi ingaba nesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-400 ngaphezulu.

Ukukhulisa ibanga lokushayela ngaphandle kokushaja kabusha, abakhiqizi benza izinhlelo zokululama eziyinkimbinkimbi eziqoqa amandla amancane (ngokwesibonelo, lapho wehla umqansa noma ngenkathi unyathela amabhuleki). Noma kunjalo, izinhlelo ezinjalo zibiza kakhulu, futhi ukusebenza kwazo akubonakali kangako.

Okuwukuphela kokukhetha okukuvumela ukuthi uvuselele ibhethri ngenkathi ushayela ukufaka i-generator enikwe amandla yi-injini efanayo kaphethiloli. Yebo, lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi wonge kakhulu kuphethiloli, kepha ukuze uhlelo lusebenze, kusamele usebenzise uphethiloli wakudala. Isibonelo semoto enjalo yiChevrolet Volt. Kubhekwa njengemoto egcwele kagesi, kodwa ene-petroli generator.

Ukufakwa kwe-Hybrid

Njengesivumelwano esinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli okudala, abakhiqizi bahlomisa iyunithi yamandla ngamayunithi we-hybrid. Kungaba uhlelo lwe-hybrid olumnene noma olugcwele.

Iyunithi yamandla amakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezinjalo injini kaphethiloli. Njengesengezo, kusetshenziswa imoto enamandla amancane (noma amaningana) nebhethri elihlukile. Isistimu ingasiza injini enkulu lapho iqala ukunciphisa umthwalo futhi, ngenxa yalokho, inani lezinto eziyingozi ekuqothulweni.

Okunye ukuguqulwa kwezimoto ezi-hybrid kungahamba ibanga elithile kuphela ekuthambekeleni kukagesi. Lokhu kungaba wusizo uma umshayeli engalilinganisanga ibanga eliya egalaji likaphethiloli.

Ububi bezinhlamvu ezihlanganisiwe buhlanganisa ukungakwazi ukuthola amandla ngenkathi imoto isiminyaminya. Ukonga ugesi, ungacima isistimu (iqala ngokushesha okukhulu), kepha lokhu kuthinta kabi abaxhasi bezimoto.

Ngaphandle kwamaphutha, izinhlobo ze-hybrid zezimoto ezidumile ziya ngokuthandwa. Isibonelo, iToyota Corolla. Uhlobo lukaphethroli emjikelezweni ohlanganisiwe lisebenzisa amalitha angu-6,6 ngebanga elingu-100 km. I-analogue eyi-hybrid iphindwe kabili kunokonga - amalitha angu-3,3. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, kubiza cishe ama-2,5 amadola ayizinkulungwane. Uma imoto enjalo ithengwa ngenhloso yokonga uphethiloli, kufanele isetshenziswe kakhulu. Futhi-ke ukuthengwa okunjalo kuzoziphendulela kuphela ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa.

Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, ukuthungathwa kwamanye amafutha kuletha imiphumela. Kepha ngenxa yezindleko eziphezulu zentuthuko noma ukukhishwa kwezinsizakusebenza, lezi zinhlobo zezinsizakusebenza zamandla ziseyizikhundla eziningana eziphansi kunophethiloli ojwayelekile.

Imibuzo nezimpendulo:

Yiziphi izibaseli ezihlukaniswa njengamanye amafutha? Amanye amafutha acatshangelwa: igesi yemvelo, ugesi, ama-biofuels, i-propane, i-hydrogen, i-ethanol, i-methanol. Konke kuncike ekutheni iyiphi imoto esetshenziswa emotweni.

Uphethiloli wavela ngamuphi unyaka? Ukukhiqizwa kukaphethiloli kwaqala ngawo-1910. Ekuqaleni, kwakuwumkhiqizo wokucwiliswa kwamafutha, lapho uphalafini udalelwa izibani zikaphalafini.

Ingabe uwoyela ungahlanganiswa? Amafutha okwenziwa angatholakala ngokungeza ama-catalyst asekelwe ku-hydrogen emalahleni kanye nangokucindezela okungaba yi-atmospheres engu-50. Izindlela zokumba amalahle ezishibhile zenza ubuchwepheshe bonga amandla.