I-Biodiesel. Isinyathelo esidingekayo esikhathini esizayo

I-biodiesel yenziwe ngani?

I-Biodiesel iwuhlobo olunobungani lwemvelo, uphethiloli ohlukile ongakhiqizwa ezindaweni ezifuywayo, ezivuselelekayo ezifana nobhontshisi wesoya, amafutha okudlwengula noma emifino, kanye namafutha ezilwane. I-Biodiesel ayinawo uphethiloli, kodwa ingaxutshwa nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwamafutha edizili. Ingxube ka-20% ye-biodiesel kanye no-80% kaphethiloli wedizili ingasetshenziswa cishe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokufakwa kukadizili. Lezi zingxube ezisezingeni eliphansi ngokuvamile azidingi ukuguqulwa enjinini (ngaphandle kwezihlungi zikaphethiloli, amapayipi kaphethiloli kanye nama-seal kwezinye izinjini ezindala zikadizili), kodwa izingxube eziqukethe amaphesenti aphezulu ama-biofuels (kuhlanganise ne- pure biodiesel) zizovele zidinga okuncane. ukuguqulwa.

I-Biodiesel kulula ukuyisebenzisa, iyabola, ayihambisani nemvelo futhi ayiqukethe nhlobo isibabule noma ama-aromatics.

Izinga le-EN 14214 laseYurophu lithathwa njengendinganiso yangempela yomhlaba yohlobo lukaphethiloli okukhulunywa ngalo. Ngokusho kwakhe, ukwakheka kwe-biodiesel kuhlanganisa:

1. Imifino (ummbila, ubhontshisi wesoya, i-rapeseed, ubhekilanga) noma amafutha ezilwane. Ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha esundu kanye ne-peanut akwamukelekile, ngoba i-biodiesel etholakala kubo ayifaneleki njengophethiloli we-diesel ebusika.
2. Ama-Triglycerides.
3. I-Monoalkyl esters noma i-methyl esters yama-fatty acids.
4. Utshwala (i-ethanol noma i-isopropanol; ngenani elilinganiselwe, ngenxa yobuthi bayo, i-methanol nayo iyasetshenziswa).
5. Izithasiselo ezingenakugwemeka ngendlela yokulondolozwa - i- butylhydroquinone ephakeme, i-dimethylpolysiloxane noma i-citric acid, ehlala itholakala emafutheni ezilwane. Azithinti izinga le-biodiesel.

Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza

I-Biodiesel ingenziwa ngamafutha emifino amasha noma asetshenzisiwe kanye namafutha ezilwane. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza i-Biodiesel buhlukile. Amafutha namafutha ayahlungwa futhi afakwe ngaphambili ukuze kukhishwe amanzi kanye nokungcola. Ngemuva kokuthi amafutha agayiwe kanye namafutha ahlanganiswe notshwala kanye ne-catalyst. Amangqamuzana kawoyela ayabhidlika bese ephenduka abe i-methyl esters ne-glycerol, abese ehlukaniswa omunye komunye bese ehlanzwa.

Isinyathelo esinzima kakhulu sokuthola ama-biofuels ukuhlukaniswa kwama-molecule e-fatty acid enochungechunge olude axhunywe i-molecule ye-glycerol. Phakathi nale nqubo, i-catalyst (alkali) isetshenziswa, ephula ama-molecule e-glycerol futhi ihlanganise amaketanga e-fatty acid ngayinye ne-molecule yotshwala. Umphumela uwukudalwa kwe-monoalkyl noma i-ethyl esters, noma i-esters yama-fatty acids. Phakathi nale nqubo - i-interesterification - i-glycerol ishona phansi futhi isusiwe.

Cishe ingxenye yokukhiqizwa kukaphethiloli we-biodiesel ingasebenzisa noma iyiphi i-hydrocarbon feedstock equkethe amafutha, ngisho nezinto zokugcoba ezigayiwe ngemifino noma izinto eziphilayo. Enye ingxenye ikhiqiza i-biodiesel kuphela emafutheni emifino. Uwoyela kabhontshisi wesoya udlangile kulolu chungechunge: kukhona ukukhiqizwa kwawo ngokweqile emhlabeni, futhi ukukhiqizwa ngokweqile kunomthelela ekwehleni kwentengo yaleli phethiloli. Intengo ye-biodiesel ilitha ngalinye - kusuka kuma-ruble angama-50 kuye kwayi-100.

Indlela yokwenza i-biodiesel ekhaya?

Inketho elula ukuxuba amafutha emifino nodizili ojwayelekile, omncane noma uphethiloli. Kusetshenziswa izingxube ezihlukene, kusukela ku-10% wamafutha emifino kanye nama-90% emikhiqizo kaphethiloli kuya kuzilinganiso eziphambene kakhulu. Amafutha emifino kufanele ashiswe ngaphambi kokuxuba, khona-ke i-viscosity yayo izokwehla, futhi ukuxuba kuyoba ngokushesha.

Emaphephandabeni nasezingosini ezikhethekile, ungafunda izeluleko "zezingcweti" ekungezeni izinto ezifana ne-turpentine, i-naphthalene, i-xylene noma uphethiloli ongafakwanga. Kuncane okwaziwayo ngomphumela walezi zithako ezicini zokusha zikaphethiloli noma imiphumela yazo yesikhathi eside enjinini.

Inketho eyamukelekayo ukukhiqizwa kwe-biodiesel ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okudingekayo, ikakhulukazi njengoba izingxenye eziyinhloko - utshwala, i-alkali, i-glycerin - zingathengwa kalula ezitolo.

Inqubo yokukhiqiza i-biodiesel ekhaya imi kanje:

1. Lungiselela isitsha esisobala esinomthamo wamalitha angu-2 wepulasitiki engazweli ngamakhemikhali nesivalo esibamba kahle.
2. Ilitha lamafutha emifino amasha, ashiswe abe ngama-55⁰C, uthele esitsheni bese uxuba ne-200 ml yotshwala usebenzisa i-blender. Ukuxuba kufanele kwenziwe phakathi nemizuzu engu-20.
3. Thela ngokucophelela ku-catalyst - i-potassium hydroxide (engcono) noma i-sodium, ngenani lama-5 g. (ye-KOH) noma 3,5 g (ye-NaOH) ilitha elingu-1. Udinga ukungeza utshwala kanye ne-catalyst usebenzisa amafaneli ahlukene.
4. Vala isitsha ngokuqinile bese uskrola endizeni evundlile izikhathi ezi-5-6 ukuze usheshise inqubo yokusabela. Ukuncibilika kwe-alkali kungathatha imizuzu eyi-15 (ye-KOH) ukuya emahoreni angu-8 (ku-NaOH).
5. Ngemuva kokuphela kokusabela, kufanele ulinde amanye amahora angu-12-20 kuze kube yilapho inhlabathi iqoqana phansi kwesitsha. Kufanele isuswe ngokucophelela.

Iphekwe ngamafutha amasha i-biodiesel inombala ophuzi okhanyayo. Inani elithile le-turbidity ngeke lithinte ikakhulukazi izinga likaphethiloli.

I-Biodiesel