Umlede omhlophe kuma-spark plug
Okuqukethwe
- Kungani kuvela umule omhlophe emakhandleleni
- Yini ebangela umule omhlophe?
- Izizathu zokwakheka kwensimu emhlophe kuma-spark plug
- Kungani kuvela umule omhlophe ocwebezelayo emakhandleleni?
- I-coating ecwebezelayo emhlophe ivelaphi emakhandleleni: itafula lezizathu
- I-velvet soot emakhandleleni - kwenzekani?
- Izimbangela zokumboza i-velvet emhlophe emakhandleleni
- Ungawabheka kanjani kahle ama-spark plugs for soot emhlophe
- Indlela yokuhlanza ama-spark plugs kusuka ku-white soot
- Ungawuvikela kanjani umsizi omhlophe kuma-spark plugs
Ama-Spark plug asebenza endaweni enolaka enezinga eliphezulu lokushisa. Lokhu kuholela ekwakhekeni komlotha okhanyayo ompunga, o-beige, ophuzi noma onsundu kuwo. Umbala unikezwa ukungcola kukaphethiloli kanye ne-iron oxide, eyenziwa lapho umoya-mpilo uvezwa ekesini lensimbi. Umbala nokuthungwa kwamadiphozithi kuyashintsha uma kwenzeka ukungasebenzi kahle. Uma kukhona amadiphozithi ekhabhoni emhlophe kuma-spark plug, kungenzeka ukuthi kukhona ukungasebenzi kahle kwamandla noma kusistimu yokuthungela, noma kusetshenziswa uphethiloli ongalungile. Ukuthola ukuthi kungani kunomsizi omhlophe emakhandleleni, ukucacisa ngokunembile imbangela yempande futhi uyiqede, umhlahlandlela wethu uzosiza.
Kungani kuvela umule omhlophe emakhandleleni
Isizathu sokwakheka kwamakhabhoni amhlophe emakhandleleni kuyashisa ngenxa yokwephulwa kwenqubo yokushisa ngenxa yesilinganiso esincane kakhulu sikaphethiloli emoyeni noma ukuthungela okungabanjwanga. Ngenxa yomphumela wamazinga okushisa aphakeme, amadiphozi amnyama aqukethe ikhabhoni ayasha, kuyilapho okukhanya okuqhubekayo okuqhubekayo kusala.
Ukutadisha ukwakheka kuzokuvumela ukuthi uqonde ukuthi kusho ukuthini insipho emhlophe ku-electrode ye-spark plug. I-Heterogeneous, i-plaque ecwebezelayo nenkulu kakhulu ihlukile ngemvelo.
Yini ebangela umule omhlophe?
I-soot emhlophe ebuthakathaka ku-spark plug - kungase kube i-alamu engamanga. Isenzakalo esivamile umsizi omhlophe omncane emakhandleleni ngemva kokufaka igesi.
Umsizi omhlophe okhanyayo wamakhandlela awulona uphawu lwenkinga ngaso sonke isikhathi
Igesi ayinazo izithasiselo ezikhethekile ezithuthukisa izakhiwo zayo, ngamanani afana nophethiloli. Izinga lokushisa lomlilo liphakeme kancane, futhi umule awukakheki. Ngakho-ke, umsizi omncane omhlophe emakhandleleni emotweni ene-LPG uvamile.
Ukugqoka okumhlophe okumaphakathi ezimotweni ngaphandle kokufaka igesi kubonisa ingxube engazinzile noma ukusetshenziswa kwezithasiselo zikaphethiloli ezingafuneki. Isibonelo, uphethiloli onomthofu oqukethe isithasiselo somthofu ungashiya idiphozithi emhlophe esiliva. Ukwehluleka kwe-carburetor noma izinzwa ze-injector nakho kungabangela ukunamathela okumhlophe.
Izizathu zokwakheka kwensimu emhlophe kuma-spark plug
| Imbangela yomsizi omhlophe omncane | Kuthinta ini lokhu? | Yini okudingeka ikhiqizwe? |
|---|---|---|
| Amapulaki e-spark agugile nophethiloli wekhwalithi ephansi | Umjikelezo wokusebenza kwenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi uyaphazamiseka, imithwalo ku-CPG, KShM, njll. | Gcoba uphethiloli wekhwalithi ephezulu, uthungele futhi uhlanze, noma shintsha amakhandlela |
| Uphethiloli wekhwalithi ephansi (uphethiloli omdala olungisiwe, uphethiloli ohlanjululwe, uphethiloli womgunyathi ovela ezimbonini zamandla ashisayo, njll.) | Ukuzinza kwe-motor kuyaphazamiseka, ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye kuyashesha, futhi ingozi yokuwohloka iyanda. Lapho usebenzisa uphethiloli womgunyathi onesengezo se-TES (i-tetraethyl lead), i-lambda probe kanye ne-catalyst yenjini yomjovo ayahluleka | Khipha uphethiloli wekhwalithi ephansi, gcwalisa uphethiloli ojwayelekile egalaji eliqinisekisiwe. Okhela futhi uhlanze noma ubuyisele ama-spark plug |
| amafutha e-octane aphansi | Ingozi yokuqhunyiswa kwengxube iyanda, ukuguga kwenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi kuyashesha izikhathi eziningi. Ama-pistons, izinduku zokuxhuma, izikhonkwane, ama-valve nezinye izingxenye zihlushwa imithwalo yokushaqeka | Uphethiloli onophethiloli wekhwalithi ephezulu one-OC, ohlinzekwa ngumkhiqizi wezimoto. Hlanza noma ushintshe ama-spark plug |
| Ingxube ye-fuel-air engazinzile | Injini evuthayo yangaphakathi ayikwazi ukufinyelela isigqi esijwayelekile sokusebenza, izingxenye zingaphansi kokushintshashintsha kokulayisha futhi ziguge ngokushesha. | Hlola ukusebenza kwe-carburetor noma izinzwa zokujova (i-DMRV, i-DTV ne-DBP), imibhobho, ukuqina kokudonsa. |
Kungani kuvela umule omhlophe ocwebezelayo emakhandleleni?
Ngokwayo, umsizi omncane omhlophe ocwebezelayo kuma-spark plugs awuthinti kabi ukusebenza kwenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi, kodwa ukhombisa ukuba khona kwenani lezinkinga. Emotweni endala, ama-spark plugs amhlophe - i-carburetor, okungenzeka kakhulu, yakha ingxube ngokungalungile. Izizathu ezingaba khona zalokhu yilezi:
- ukungcoliswa kwe-valve mpintsha;
- ukuvala noma ububanzi be-jet obukhethwe ngokungalungile;
- isikhathi sokushisa esingalungile;
- ukuvuza komoya phakathi kwe-carburetor kanye nokudla okuningana.
Ezimotweni zesimanje, ezinye izizathu zokwakheka kwensimu emhlophe kuma-spark plugs zivame kakhulu: i-injector imithamo kaphethiloli futhi isetha i-UOZ ngokusekelwe kuma-algorithms e-firmware e-ECU. Okokuqala, kufanelekile ukuhlola injini ukuze idonse, isibonelo, usebenzisa i-generator yentuthu. Uma kungaziwa ukuthi uyini umoya udlula inzwa yokugeleza komoya omkhulu (DMRV) noma inzwa yokucindezela okuphelele (i-MAP), i-ECU ayikwazi ukulinganisa kahle uphethiloli futhi ilungise i-UOZ ekubunjweni kwangempela kwengxube. Uma kungekho ukuvuza, kuyadingeka ukuxilonga i-DMRV, DBP kanye nenzwa yokushisa komoya (DTV). Ingxube ezonda ngokweqile iboniswa amaphutha e-ECU P0171, P1124, P1135 kanye ne-P1137.
I-coating ecwebezelayo emhlophe ivelaphi emakhandleleni: itafula lezizathu
| Imbangela yomsizi omhlophe ocwebezelayo | Kuthinta ini lokhu? | Yini okudingeka ikhiqizwe? |
|---|---|---|
| ingxube kaphethiloli engenamafutha | Ukushisa ngokweqile kwamasilinda nama-valve, ukuguga okukhulayo kwamapiston, izindandatho nezindonga zamasilinda, ukuwohloka okusheshayo kwamafutha enjini, ukuncipha kwamandla e-ICE nokuphonseka. | Lungisa i-UOZ futhi uhlole izinzwa ze-carburetor / injector, thola ukuthi yini oyithathayo ukuvuza komoya. |
| Ukuvuza komoya | Ingxube iba buthakathaka, imiphumela ebona isigaba sangaphambilini | Hlola isistimu yokuthatha (amapayipi, indawo yokugcina amanzi kanye nama-gaskets amaningi, ama-injector seal) ukuze avuze, isibonelo, ukusebenzisa intuthu, ukubuyisela ukuqina. |
| Imibhobho yokujova evalekile | I-motor empeleni ithola uphethiloli omncane kune-ECU "icabanga", ngenxa yalokho, ingxube iba buthakathaka, imiphumela yalokho, bheka ngenhla. | Thola ama-injection esistimu yomjovo, uwahlanze futhi uwashaye, futhi, uma kunesidingo, faka amasha. |
| Izinhlansi ezingalindelekile ngenxa yokushisa okulungiselelwe ngokungalungile | Injini yomlilo yangaphakathi ilahlekelwa ukudonsa, ishisa ngokweqile, isheshisa ukuguga kwayo, yandisa ingozi yokushiswa kwama-valve nezinye izakhi zokuqeda, ukubhujiswa kwe-catalyst. | Hlola amamaki enzwa, ukufakwa kwebhande lesikhathi, lungisa uhlelo lokuthungela. Ezimotweni ezine-LPG, kuyatuseka ukuthi ufake i-UOZ variator noma i-firmware ye-ECU enemodi ekabili ukuze igesi ilungise ama-engeli |
| ipulaki yenhlansi engalungile | Ukuwohloka kwenhlansi, ukushisa kwamakhandlela nokugqoka kwawo ngokushesha, ukulahlekelwa ukudonsa | Shintshanisa ama-spark plug ngokukhetha ingxenye enesilinganiso sokushisa esinikezwe umkhiqizi |
| Inombolo ye-octane kaphethiloli iphansi noma ingaphezulu kwaleyo oyifunayo | Ukuwohloka komlilo, ukulahlekelwa ukudonsa. Ukuqhunyiswa nokuguga okusheshisiwe kwenduku yokuxhuma neqembu le-piston, uma i-OCH iphansi kakhulu. Ukushisa ngokweqile kwezakhi zokukhipha amandla, ukushisa kwama-valve, ukwehluleka kwe-catalyst uma i-RH iphezulu kakhulu. | Khipha uphethiloli wekhwalithi ephansi bese ugcwalisa ngokujwayelekile. Emotweni endala eklanyelwe uphethiloli we-octane ephansi, kanye nalapho usebenzisa i-LPG (ikakhulukazi i-methane, i-octane yayo engaba ngu-110) - lungisa ukuthungela kukaphethiloli omusha, sebenzisa okuhlukile kwe-UOZ ukulungisa lapho usebenzisa igesi. |
I-velvet soot emakhandleleni - kwenzekani?
Umsizi owugqinsi, omangelengele emakhandleleni amhlophe ubonisa ukuthi izinto zangaphandle, njenge-antifreeze noma uwoyela, zingenile ekamelweni elivuthayo.
Ukutholwa kwe-coating emhlophe ewugqinsi kukhombisa isidingo sokuxilongwa kwemoto okuphuthumayo. Ngakho ukushintshwa okufika ngesikhathi kwama-valve seal noma ama-cylinder head gaskets kuzosiza ukugwema ukulungiswa okumba eqolo.
I-velvety emhlophe enamathelayo ku-spark plug ingase ibe ngenxa ye-antifreeze noma uwoyela oweqile.
futhi isibonelo esisodwa somsizi omhlophe owugqinsi futhi ovelayo ngenxa yamafutha amaningi
Umsizi omhlophe ozacile, onokwakheka kwevelvethi, njengoba kwenzeka ngamadiphozithi acwebezelayo (acwebezela kancane), ngokuvamile abonisa ukwakheka kwengxube okungalungile noma ukunikezwa kwenhlansi okufika ngesikhathi. Izimbangela zayo zincike ohlotsheni lwesistimu yokunikezwa kwamandla.
Idiphozithi yekhabhoni ye-matte emihle ngokushisa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi
Uma emotweni endala ubona idiphozithi emhlophe e-velvety ezacile kuma-spark plug, i-carburetor idinga ukuhlolwa. Ijethi kungenzeka ivalekile noma izilungiselelo zivaliwe. Kubuye kucebise ukuthi uhlole umsabalalisi nezinye izakhi zesistimu yokuthungela, ngoba ukuthungela kusenesikhathi kungase kube yimbangela.
Amadiphozithi akhanyayo nawo akhiwa ngenxa yezithako nokungcola kuphethiloli. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kufanelekile ukuhlola uma kukhona ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwamafutha, uma i-antifreeze ihamba.
Ezimotweni eziningi zesimanje, uma ubona umule omhlophe kuma-spark plug, umjovo udinga ukuhlonzwa ukuthi usebenzisa i-OBD-2. kukhona necala lomjovo elilodwa - imibhobho okuthi uma ivalekile noma igugile, ingawaniki uphethiloli ngendlela efanele.
Izimbangela zokumboza i-velvet emhlophe emakhandleleni
| Imbangela yomsizi omhlophe we-velvety | Kuthinta ini lokhu? | Yini okudingeka ikhiqizwe? |
|---|---|---|
| Ukusebenza kwe-spark plug okungalungile, ukungabi namandla kwenhlansi | i-spark plug ekhethwe ngokungalungile ayikwazi ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuvamile kwenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi, yingakho ingazinzi futhi iguga ngokushesha. | Shintsha amakhandlela ngokukhetha afanelekile ngokwekhathalogi yomkhiqizi |
| Izinkinga ngesistimu yokushisa | Hlola amakhoyili, izintambo ezinamandla kagesi, umsabalalisi (wemishini enesabalalisi), shintsha izingxenye ezinephutha | |
| Ukulungiswa okungalungile kwesistimu yomjovo kaphethiloli | Ikhwalithi yenani elingalungile likaphethiloli ngenxa yokumiswa okungalungile noma ukuvaleka kwe-carburetor | Hlola ukulungiswa kwe-carburetor, ukuhlanza noma ukubuyisela |
| Ku-injector, i-ECU imithamo yengxube ngokungalungile ngenxa yokufundwa kwenzwa okungalungile noma ukungasebenzi kahle kwama-injection. | Yenza ukuxilongwa kwe-OBD-2, hlola ukunemba kokufundwa kwe-MAF noma i-DBP ne-DTV, i-lambda probe, hlola ama-injection. Izingxenye ezinesici - buyisela | |
| Ukuvuza komoya kuvela ohlelweni lokungenisa umoya ngenxa yokuvuza, ingxube iba ncane futhi injini ishise ngokweqile, ama-valve angasha futhi aguge asheshise. | Hlola uhlelo lokuthathayo ukuthi aluvuzi yini usebenzisa ijeneretha yentuthu | |
| Isihlungi sikaphethiloli esivalekile | Ukugeleza kukaphethiloli kuyancipha, ingxube iyancipha. Ukudonsa kulahlekile, ukugqoka kwenjini kuyashesha | Shintsha isihlungi sikaphethiloli |
| I-gasket yekhanda le-cylinder evuzayo noma ukwephulwa kobuqotho beziteshi | Ukwephulwa kobuqotho be-cylinder head gasket noma iziteshi kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi i-coolant ingena ekamelweni elivuthayo. Kulokhu, uwoyela ungangena ku-antifreeze noma ngokuphambene nalokho. Injini yomlilo yangaphakathi ayikwazi ukusebenza ngokujwayelekile, i-emulsion yakha ku-crankcase, kukhona ukushoda kokugcotshwa nokushisa ngokweqile, injini yomlilo yangaphakathi ihluleka ngokushesha. | Bheka amabhamuza ethangini lokunweba elipholile ngesikhathi injini isebenza. Hlola izinguquko ezingeni le-antifreeze. Hlola amafutha ukuze uthole i-emulsion elula. Uma kunezinkinga, susa ikhanda le-cylinder, lilungise, uma kunesidingo, lilungise bese ubuyisela i-gasket |
| Amafutha amaningi kakhulu angena ekamelweni elivuthayo | Ukucindezela kwamagesi e-crankcase ngenxa yokwehla kokucindezelwa kushayela uwoyela ekuthatheni. Izinhlansi ziba zimbi, ukuguga kwenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi kuyashesha, kuphuma intuthu kumbhobho | Hlola isihlukanisi samafutha ekhanda le-cylinder, uma liphuka (isibonelo, liwa), lilungise. Uma isizathu siwukugqokwa kwezindandatho namapiston, qaqa futhi ulimaze injini, yenza ukulungiswa okuyingxenye noma okuphelele. |
| Izindandatho zepiston ye-oil scraper azikwazi ukubhekana nokususwa kwe-lubricant eyeqile ezindongeni ze-cylinder, i-exhaust intuthu, ukushiswa kwamafutha kubonakala. | Yenza i-decarbonization yenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi, uma ingasizi, qaqa futhi uphazamise injini evuthayo yangaphakathi, lungisa i-CPG, shintsha izindandatho (okungenani) futhi uhlanze amaphiston. | |
| Ama-valve seal alahlekelwe ukunwebeka. Ukusetshenziswa kukawoyela kuyenyuka, kuvela intuthu, ukuqina kokusebenza kulahleka futhi ukuguga kwenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi kuyashesha | Shintsha izimvu zamanzi |
Ungawabheka kanjani kahle ama-spark plugs for soot emhlophe
Umbala we-soot kumakhandlela ikuvumela ukuthi uvikele izinkinga ezinkulu ngesikhathi, ngakho-ke udinga ukuhlola isimo sabo ngezikhathi ezithile. Ukuze uhlole ama-spark plugs for soot emhlophe, uzodinga:
- ukhiye wekhandlela (ngokuvamile inhloko ejulile ye-16 noma 21 mm);
- i-flashlight (ukuze uhlolisise i-soot uma kungabikho ukukhanya);
- ama-rags (ukuze asule imithombo yamakhandlela ngaphambi kokuwasusa, futhi futhi ukuwavala isikhathi sokuhlola).
Inqubo ilula futhi izothatha cishe imizuzu eyi-10. Lokhu kwanele ukubona umule omhlophe kuma-spark plugs: i-injector, i-HBO noma i-carburetor - akunandaba, ngoba ukukhwabanisa kuyafana. Umehluko kuphela ukuthi kwamanye amamodeli kuzodingeka ukuthi kuqala kukhishwe izintambo ezinamandla kagesi emakhandleleni, kanti kwezinye amakhoyili ngamanye ahlanganiswe ngezikulufo azodinga futhi isikrufu sendandatho esifanelekile noma ikhanda elinefindo.
Indlela yokuhlanza ama-spark plugs kusuka ku-white soot
Uma kukhona ama-deposits amancane, ukuhlanza amakhandlela kusuka ku-soot emhlophe kuzowavumela ukuthi aqhubeke nokusebenza kwawo futhi agweme ukushintshwa ngokushesha. Kunezindlela ezimbili eziphumelelayo zokususa i-plaque: imishini namakhemikhali, sizoxoxa ngayinye yazo ngokuningiliziwe ngezansi.
Sikhipha umule omhlophe ngomshini
Ngaphambi kokuhlanza amadiphozi e-carbon ku-spark plug, kufanele ukhethe i-abrasive efanele. Ukususa ama-deposit amancane kuma-electrode, okulandelayo kufanelekile:
Ukuhlanza amadiphozithi ekhabhoni nge-sandpaper enezinhlamvu ezinhle
- ibhulashi lensimbi eliwugqinsi ukuze ususe ukugqwala (ibhulashi noma umlomo wombhobho ku-drill);
- i-fine-grained (P240 nangaphezulu) isikhumba se-emery.
Isinyathelo sokuqala ukususa ikhandlela bese ulihlikihla ngebhulashi elinemicu yensimbi ukuze ususe amadiphozithi. I-plaque egebeni phakathi kwama-electrode ingahlanzwa ngokucophelela nge-sandpaper enhle, igoqe ngesigamu. Kulokhu, kufanele uqaphele: ngokuhlanzwa okulungile kwama-spark plugs, akufanele kube khona imihuzuko.
Uma umsizi omhlophe uvela emakhandlelani amasha, nakuba i-HBO ingafakiwe emotweni, ngaphambi kokuyihlanza, hlola ukuthi ikhandlela liyahambisana yini nenjini ngokwenombolo yokukhanya. Uma ingxenye ikhethwe ngokungalungile, akunangqondo ukuyihlanza - ukushintshwa ngokushesha kuyadingeka.
Sisusa umule omhlophe ngamakhandlela chemistry
futhi enye indlela yokukhipha i-plaque ukuhlanza ikhandlela ngamakhemikhali kumadiphozithi e-carbon. Kuyo, ungasebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene ezisebenzayo kakhulu:
- izinto eziphilayo (i-carb cleaner, i-petroli, i-parafini, i-acetone, i-peint thinners, i-dimexide);
- isiguquli sokugqwala noma isisombululo se-phosphoric acid;
- uviniga noma isixazululo ammonium acetate 20%;
- kusho ukuhlanza amapayipi kanye nokukhipha i-plaque (njenge-Cillit).
Indlela yamakhemikhali ingcono kakhulu, ngoba kungenzeka ukuhlanza ikhandlela kusuka ku-plaque nge-chemistry ngaphandle kokulimaza ama-electrode ayo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kuma-spark plugs abizayo anezinsimbi eziyigugu, ungqimba oluncane olulinyazwa kalula ngama-abrasives. Ukuhlanzwa kwamakhemikhali kwekhandlela kusuka ku-white plaque kwenziwa kanje:
Ukuhlanza amakhandlela kusuka kumsizi ngamakhemikhali
- Sicubungula ikhandlela nge-solvent ukuze sinciphise amafutha.
- Sibeka ingxenye yokusebenza ku-ejenti yokuhlanza.
- Simelana nemizuzu eyi-10 ukuya emahoreni ambalwa, silawula izinga lokukhishwa kwekhabhoni.
- Geza ikhandlela futhi nge-solvent.
Ngemva kokukhipha ama-carbon deposits, amakhandlela angomiswa futhi afakwe enjinini. Ukusheshisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, uketshezi olungashi lungashiswa, kodwa lungalethwa ngamathumba. I-Dimexide kumele ishiswe, ngoba iqala ukuqinisa kakade ekamelweni lokushisa.
Ukuhlanzwa okushisayo kwamakhandlela, okungukuthi, ukubala, akusebenzi kahle ngokwako, ngoba umsizi omhlophe awumelani nokushisa. Kodwa ingasetshenziswa ngempumelelo ngokuhambisana nokuhlanza ngomshini noma okomile, ukushisa ngezikhathi ezithile ama-electrode emlilweni imizuzu engu-1-5, kuye ngezinga lokungcola.
Ungawuvikela kanjani umsizi omhlophe kuma-spark plugs
Ukugcinwa ngesikhathi kwe-spark plugs kukuvumela ukuthi unwebe impilo yabo, kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqeda izimbangela ze-plaque:
Lapho umsizi uvela emakhandlelani amasha, ukuxilongwa okuphuthumayo kufanele kwenziwe
- Uma amakhandlela amasha embozwe ngokushesha nge-soot, udinga ukuxilonga uhlelo lwamandla, ulungise i-carburetor noma ushintshe izinzwa zokujova, hlola futhi uhlanze imibhobho.
- Uma amadiphozi efomu ngenkathi ushayela ngegesi, udinga ukusebenzisa i-UOZ variator noma ufake i-firmware enemodi ekabili yegesi nophethiloli.
- ukuze ugweme ukushisa ngokweqile, udinga ukulawula izinga le-antifreeze, uliguqule ekupheleni kokuphila kwayo kwenkonzo.
- Uma i-soot emakhandleleni amhlophe ivela ngemva kokugcwalisa i-petroli esiteshini esingabazisayo, shintsha uphethiloli futhi ungafaki amafutha lapho esikhathini esizayo.
- Sebenzisa amafutha enjini asezingeni ukuze unciphise amadiphozithi.
- ukuze kwandiswe impilo yesevisi yezingxenye zesistimu yamandla, nciphisa isikhathi sokushintsha izihlungi zikaphethiloli nezomoya izikhathi ezingu-2-3 (kufika ku-10-15 km ayizinkulungwane).
Kutholwe umule omnyama nomhlophe kumakhandlela noma amanye amadiphozithi angavamile - ungalibali ukuxilongwa. Lokhu kuzogwema imiphumela ebulalayo yemoto.
