Izisekelo eziyisisekelo zamafutha emoto. Izinhlobo nabakhiqizi
Amaqembu amafutha ayisisekelo
Ngokusho kwesigaba se-API, kunamaqembu amahlanu amafutha ayisisekelo lapho kukhiqizwa khona izithambisi zezimoto:
- 1 - amaminerali;
- 2 - i-semi-synthetic;
- 3 - zokwenziwa;
- 4- amafutha asekelwe ku-polyalphaolefins;
- 5- amafutha asekelwe kumakhemikhali ahlukahlukene angafakiwe emaqenjini adlule.
Iqembu lokuqala lamafutha e-motor lubricant lihlanganisa amafutha amaminerali, enziwe ngamafutha ahlanzekile nge-distillation. Eqinisweni, zingenye yezingxenyana zamafutha, njengephethiloli, i-parafini, i-diesel fuel, njll. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwamafutha anjalo kuhluke kakhulu futhi kuyahlukahluka kumkhiqizi kuya kumkhiqizi. Amafutha anjalo aqukethe inani elikhulu lama-hydrocarbons wamazinga ahlukahlukene okugcwala, i-nitrogen, nesibabule. Ngisho nephunga lamafutha eqembu lokuqala lihlukile kwabanye - iphunga lemikhiqizo ye-petroleum lizwakala kahle. Isici esiyinhloko siwukuqukethwe okuphezulu kwesibabule kanye ne-viscosity index ephansi, yingakho amafutha kuleli qembu awafaneleki kuzo zonke izimoto.
Amafutha amanye amaqembu amabili athuthukiswa kamuva. Ukudalwa kwabo kwakungenxa yezinqubo ezintsha zobuchwepheshe zezinjini zesimanje zezimoto, lapho amafutha eqembu lokuqala engafanelekile. Amafutha eqembu lesibili, abizwa nangokuthi i-semi-synthetic, akhiqizwa ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-hydrocracking. Kusho ukwelashwa kwamafutha amaminerali eqembu 1 nge-hydrogen ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa eliphezulu. Ngenxa yokusabela okunjalo, i-hydrogen inamathela kuma-molecule e-hydrocarbon, iwacebise. Futhi i-hydrogen isusa isulfure, i-nitrogen nezinye izinto ezingadingekile. Ngenxa yalokho, kutholakala izinto zokugcoba ezinezinga eliphansi lokuqandisa kanye nokuqukethwe okuphansi kwamapharafini. Kodwa-ke, amafutha anjalo anenkomba ye-viscosity ephansi, ekhawulela kakhulu ububanzi bawo.
Iqembu lesi-3 yilona elisebenza kahle kakhulu - izithambisi zokwenziwa ngokuphelele. Ngokungafani nalezi ezimbili ezedlule, zinezinga lokushisa elibanzi kanye nezinga eliphezulu le-viscosity. Amafutha anjalo akhiqizwa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-hydroisomerization, futhi kusetshenziswa i-hydrogen. Ngezinye izikhathi isisekelo samafutha anjalo sitholakala kugesi wemvelo. Kanye nohlu olubanzi lwezithasiselo, lawa mafutha afanele ukusetshenziswa ezinjini zesimanje zanoma yiluphi uhlobo.
Amafutha ezimoto amaqembu 4 no-5 awavamile kakhulu kunamanye ngenxa yezindleko zawo eziphakeme. Uwoyela wesisekelo we-Polyalphaolefin uyisisekelo sezinto zokwenziwa zangempela, njengoba zenziwa ngokwenziwa ngokuphelele. Ngokungafani nama-lubricant eqembu le-3, lezi zingatholakala kuphela ezitolo ezikhethekile, ngoba zisetshenziselwa izimoto zezemidlalo kuphela. Iqembu lesihlanu lihlanganisa izinto zokuthambisa, okuthi, ngenxa yokwakheka kwazo, azikwazi ukufakwa phakathi kwalezo ezedlule. Ikakhulukazi, lokhu kuhlanganisa amafutha kanye namafutha ayisisekelo lapho ama-esters engeziwe. Bathuthukisa kakhulu izindawo zokuhlanza zamafutha futhi bakhulise ukuhamba kokugcoba phakathi kokugcinwa. Amafutha abalulekile akhiqizwa ngamanani alinganiselwe kakhulu, njengoba ebiza kakhulu.
Abakhiqizi bamafutha e-base motor
Ngokwezibalo zomhlaba ezisemthethweni, umholi ekukhiqizeni nasekudayiseni amafutha esisekelo sezimoto zeqembu lokuqala nelesibili yi-ExonMobil. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Chevron, i-Motiva, i-Petronas ithatha indawo kule ngxenye. Amafutha eqembu lesithathu akhiqizwa kakhulu kunamanye yinkampani yaseNingizimu Korea i-SK Ludricants, yona leyo ekhiqiza amafutha e-ZIC. Amafutha ayisisekelo aleli qembu athengwa kulo mkhiqizi ngemikhiqizo eyaziwa njengeShell, BP, Elf nabanye. Ngaphandle kwe "base", umenzi uphinde akhiqize zonke izinhlobo zezithasiselo, ezibuye zithengwe yimikhiqizo eminingi edumile emhlabeni.
Izisekelo zamaminerali zikhiqizwa yi-Lukoil, i-Total, i-Neste, kuyilapho i-giant efana ne-ExonMobil, ngokuphambene nalokho, ayikhiqizi nhlobo. Kodwa izithasiselo zawo wonke amafutha ayisisekelo akhiqizwa izinkampani zezinkampani zangaphandle, ezidume kakhulu yi-Lubrizol, i-Ethyl, i-Infineum, i-Afton ne-Chevron. Futhi zonke izinkampani ezithengisa uwoyela osewakhiwe ziwathenga kuwo. Amafutha ayisisekelo eqembu lesihlanu akhiqizwa ngokuphelele yizinkampani ezinamagama amancane awaziwa: Synester, Croda, Afton, Hatco, DOW. I-Exxon Mobil eyaziwa kakhulu nayo inesabelo esincane kuleli qembu. Inelabhorethri ebanzi ekuvumela ukuthi wenze ucwaningo ngamafutha abalulekile.
