Imoto esebenzisa amandla elanga. Ukubukwa nemibono
Ekufuneni eminye imithombo yamandla, izinkampani zezimoto zitshala kakhulu imali emisha. Ngenxa yalokhu, umhlaba wezimoto uthole izimoto zikagesi ezisebenza kahle, kanye namayunithi kagesi aphehlwa yi-hydrogen.
Mayelana ne-hydrogen motors, sesivele okusanda kukhulunywa... Ake sigxile kancane ezimotweni zikagesi. Kuhlobo lwakudala, lena yimoto enebhethri elikhulu (yize sekukhona vele amamodeli we-supercapacitor), ekhokhiswa kumandla kagesi asekhaya, kanye nasegaraji lokuphethiloli.
Ngokubheka ukuthi ukukhokhiswa okukodwa, ikakhulukazi lapho kubanda, akwanele isikhathi eside, onjiniyela bazama ukuhlomisa imoto ngezinhlelo ezengeziwe zokuqoqa amandla awusizo, ekhishwa lapho kuhamba imoto. Ngakho-ke, uhlelo lokululama luqoqa amandla e-kinetic ohlelweni lwamabhuleki, futhi lapho imoto igudla, i-chassis isebenza njenge-generator.
Amanye amamodeli anenjini yangaphakathi yomlilo, esebenza kuphela njenge-generator, kungakhathalekile ukuthi imoto iyahamba noma cha. Isibonelo sezimoto ezinjalo yiChevrolet Volt.
Kukhona olunye uhlelo olukuvumela ukuthi uthole amandla adingekayo ngaphandle kokukhishwa okuyingozi. Lawa ngamapaneli elanga. Kumele kuvunyelwe ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe kudala busetshenziswa, ngokwesibonelo, ezimotweni zasemkhathini, kanye nokunikeza izikhungo zokuphehla ugesi ngamandla azo.
Yini ongayisho ngamathuba wokusebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe ezimotweni zikagesi?
Izici ezijwayelekile
Iphaneli yelanga isebenza kumgomo wokuguqula amandla esikhanyiso sethu sibe ugesi. Ukuze imoto ikwazi ukuhamba nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sosuku, amandla kufanele aqoqwe ebhethri. Lo mthombo wamandla kufanele futhi unikeze ugesi odingekayo kwabanye abathengi abadingekayo ukuze bakwazi ukushayela ngokuphepha (ngokwesibonelo, ama-wiper namalambu angaphambili) kanye nenduduzo (isibonelo, ukufudumeza igumbi labagibeli).
Izinkampani eziningana e-United States zaphayona lobu buchwepheshe ngawo-1950. Noma kunjalo, lesi sinyathelo esiwusizo asiphumelelanga. Isizathu bekungukushoda kwamabhethri anomthamo ophezulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, imoto kagesi yayinamandla amancane kagesi, ikakhulukazi ebumnyameni. Iphrojekthi yahlehliswa kwaze kwaba nezikhathi ezingcono.
Ngama-90s baphinde baba nesithakazelo kwezobuchwepheshe, njengoba kwenzeka ukudala amabhethri ngokusebenza kahle okwandisiwe. Ngenxa yalokhu, imodeli ingaqoqa amandla amaningi, angasetshenziswa lapho kuhamba.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezokuthutha kagesi kwenza kube lula ukusebenzisa ukukhokhiswa kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yonke inkampani yezimoto inentshisekelo ekwehliseni ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngokunciphisa ukudonsa kusuka ekudlulisweni, ukugeleza komoya okuzayo, nezinye izinto. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ukhuphule amandla kagesi ngokukhokhiswa okukodwa ngamakhilomitha angaphezu kwelilodwa. Manje lesi sikhathi silinganiswa ngamakhilomitha angamakhulu amaningana.
Futhi, ukuthuthukiswa kokuguqulwa okulula kwemizimba namayunithi ahlukahlukene kudlale usizo oluhle kulokhu. Lokhu kwehlisa isisindo semoto, kuthinte isivinini semoto. Yonke le ntuthuko iyasetshenziswa ezimotweni zelanga.
Izinjini ezifakwe ezimotweni ezinjalo zifanelwe ukunakwa okukhethekile. Lawa amamodeli angenamabhulashi. Ekuguqulweni okunjalo, kusetshenziswa izakhi ezikhethekile ezingavamile zikazibuthe, ezinciphisa ukumelana okugoqekayo futhi zikhulise namandla esitshalo samandla.
Enye inketho enamandla amakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwamasondo ahamba ngezimoto. Ngakho-ke isitshalo samandla ngeke sichithe amandla ukunqoba ukumelana okuvela ezintweni ezahlukahlukene zokudlulisa. Lesi sixazululo sizosebenza ikakhulukazi emotweni enohlobo lwe-hybrid lwesikhungo samandla.
Ukuthuthuka kwakamuva kuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwesikhungo samandla kagesi cishe kunoma iyiphi imoto enamasondo amane. Lokhu kuguqulwa ibhethri eliguquguqukayo. Iyakwazi ukukhiqiza kahle ugesi futhi ithathe izinhlobo eziningi. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukufakwa kwamandla kungafakwa eminyangweni ehlukene yemoto.
Ukushaja ibhethri kwenziwa kusuka kuphaneli, elitholakala ngaphezulu kwemoto, ngoba uphahla lunesakhiwo esiyisicaba futhi likuvumela ukuthi ubeke izinto ezingeni elifanele emisebeni yelanga.
Ziyini izimoto zelanga
Cishe yonke inkampani ithuthukisa izimoto zelanga ezisebenza kahle. Nayi eminye yemiklamo yemoto esivele siyiphothulile:
- Imoto kagesi yaseFrance enalolu hlobo lomthombo wamandla yiVenturi Eclectic. Lo mqondo wakhiwa ngo-2006. Imoto ifakwe isitshalo samandla, amandla afinyelela ku-22 amahhashi. Ijubane elikhulu lokuthutha lingama-50 km / h, lapho ibanga lokuhamba ngezinyawo lingamakhilomitha angamashumi amahlanu. Umenzi usebenzisa i-generator yomoya njengomthombo owengeziwe wamandla.
- I-Astrolab Eclectic kungenye intuthuko yenkampani efanayo yaseFrance, enikwa amandla elanga. Okucacile ngemoto ukuthi inomzimba ovulekile, futhi iphaneli itholakala ezungeze umjikelezo ozungeze umshayeli nomgibeli wakhe. Lokhu kugcina isikhungo samandla adonsela phansi sisondele emhlabathini ngangokunokwenzeka. Le modeli igijimela ku-120 km / h. Ibhethri ngokwalo linomthamo omkhulu, futhi litholakala ngqo ngaphansi kwephaneli lelanga. Amandla wokufaka ayi-16 kW.
- Imoto yelanga yaseDashi yomndeni wonke - uStella. Imodeli yasungulwa yiqembu labafundi ngonyaka we-2013. Imoto ithole ukwakheka kwesikhathi esizayo, futhi umzimba wenziwe nge-aluminium. Ibanga elide imoto engaligubungela lingamakhilomitha angama-600.
- Ngo-2015, kwavela enye imodeli yokusebenza - i-Immortus, eyakhiwa yi-EVX Ventures yaseMelbourne, e-Australia. Le moto kagesi ehlala abantu ababili inephaneli elanga ehloniphekile, indawo engamasentimitha angama-2286. Uma isimo sezulu sibalele, izimoto zingahamba usuku lonke ngaphandle kokuzigcwalisa kabusha kunoma iyiphi ibanga. Ukuhlinzeka amandla kunethiwekhi ekubhodi, ibhethri elinamandla we-10 kW / h kuphela liyasetshenziswa. Ngosuku olunamafu, imoto iyakwazi ukumboza ibanga elingu-399 km, futhi noma kunjalo ngejubane eliphezulu lika-59 km / h. Inkampani ihlela ukwethula imodeli ochungechungeni, kepha ilinganiselwe - amakhophi angaba yikhulu kuphela. Izindleko zemoto enjalo zizoba cishe ama-dollar ayizinkulungwane ezingama-370.
- Enye imoto esebenzisa lolu hlobo lwamandla ikhombisa imiphumela emihle, noma njengemoto yezemidlalo. Imodeli yeSolar World GT's Green GT inamandla amahhashi angama-400 nomkhawulo wejubane wamakhilomitha angama-275 ngehora.
- Ngo-2011, kwaba nomncintiswano phakathi kwezimoto ezisebenza ngelanga. Iwinwe yiTokai Challenger 2, imoto kagesi yaseJapan esebenzisa amandla elanga. Imoto inesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-140 kuphela futhi ishesha iye ku-160 km / h.
Isimo namuhla
Ngo-2017, inkampani yaseJalimane iSono Motors yethule imodeli yeSion, esivele isingenile ochungechungeni. Izindleko zayo zivela ku-29 USD. le moto kagesi ithole amaphaneli elanga cishe phezu kwawo wonke umzimba womzimba.
Imoto ishesha iye ku-100 km / h. ngemizuzwana eyi-9, kanti umkhawulo wejubane ngamakhilomitha ayi-140 / ngehora. Ibhethri linamandla angama-35 kW / h namandla kagesi wamakhilomitha angama-255. Iphaneli yelanga inikezela ngokushaja okuncane (usuku lonke elangeni, ibhethri lizovuselelwa kuphela ukumboza cishe amakhilomitha angama-40), kepha imoto ayikwazi ukuqhutshwa yilo mandla kuphela.
Ku-2019, onjiniyela baseDashi abavela eNyuvesi yase-Eindhoven bamemezele ukuqala kokuqoqa ama-oda wangaphambilini wokukhiqizwa kohlelo olunomkhawulo i-Lightyear. Ngokusho konjiniyela, le modeli ibinemingcele yemoto ekahle kagesi: ibanga elikhulu ngokushaja okukodwa kanye namandla okuthola amandla anele ohambo olude.
Amanye amalungu eqembu asebenzele iTesla nezinye izinkampani zezimoto ezaziwayo ezibambe iqhaza elikhulu ekwakhiweni kwezimoto ezisebenza ngogesi. Ngenxa yalokhu, iqembu likwazile ukudala imoto enamandla amakhulu (ngokuya ngejubane lokuhamba, le parameter iyahluka kusuka kumakhilomitha angama-400 kuye kwangama-800).
Njengoba umakhi athembisa, imoto izokwazi ukuhamba cishe amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-20 ngonyaka kuphela ngamandla elanga. Le datha inentshisekelo kubathandi abaningi bezimoto, lapho inkampani ikwazile ukuheha cishe ama-euro ayizigidi eziyi-15 ekutshalweni futhi yaqoqa ama-oda angaphambilini ayikhulu esikhathini esifushane. Kodwa-ke, izindleko zemoto enjalo zingama-euro ayizinkulungwane eziyi-119.
Ngawo lowo nyaka, umenzi wezimoto waseJapan wamemezela izivivinyo zemoto kazwelonke eyi-hybrid, i-Prius, enamaseli elanga. Njengokuthembisa kwabamele inkampani, umshini uzoba namapaneli amancane kakhulu, asetshenziswa kuma-astronautics. Lokhu kuzovumela umshini ukuthi ukwazi ukuzimela nge-plug kanye nesokhethi ngangokunokwenzeka.
Kuze kube manje, kuyaziwa ukuthi imodeli ingagcwaliswa kabusha esimweni sezulu esishisayo ngamakhilomitha angama-56 kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imoto ingama endaweni yokupaka izimoto noma ihambe emgwaqweni. Ngokusho konjiniyela ohamba phambili womnyango, uSatoshi Shizuki, imodeli ngeke ikhishwe ochungechungeni kungekudala, ngoba isithiyo esikhulu salokhu ukwehluleka ukwenza iseli elisebenza ngelanga eliphezulu litholakale kumshayeli ojwayelekile.
Ubuhle nobubi bezimoto zelanga
Ngakho-ke, imoto elanga yimoto efanayo kagesi, kuphela isebenzisa umthombo wamandla owengeziwe - iphaneli elanga. Njenganoma iyiphi imoto kagesi, lolu hlobo lwemoto lunezinzuzo ezilandelayo:
- Akukho ukukhishwa, kepha kuphela esimweni sokusebenzisa ugesi kuphela;
- Uma injini yomlilo yangaphakathi isetshenziswa kuphela njenge-generator, lokhu futhi kunomthelela omuhle kubungani bezokuthutha kwezemvelo. Iyunithi yamandla kawutholi umthwalo omningi ngokweqile, ngenxa yokuthi i-MTC ishisa kahle;
- Noma yimuphi umthamo webhethri ungasetshenziswa. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi imoto ingamsusa;
- Ukungabikho kwamayunithi ayinkimbinkimbi okuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwempilo yemoto isikhathi eside;
- Ukunethezeka okuphezulu ngenkathi ushayela. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza, isitshalo samandla asisho buzz, futhi futhi asidlidlizi;
- Asikho isidingo sokubheka uphethiloli ofanele wenjini;
- Ukuthuthuka kwesimanje kuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kahle kwamandla akhishwa kunoma yikuphi ukuthutha, kepha akusetshenziswa ezimotweni ezijwayelekile.
Kukho konke ukungalungi kwezimoto zikagesi, izimoto zelanga zinezinkinga ezilandelayo:
- Amapaneli elanga abiza kakhulu. Inketho yesabelomali idinga indawo enkulu yokuchayeka elangeni, futhi ukuguqulwa okuhlangene kusetshenziswa kumkhumbi-mkhathi, futhi kubiza kakhulu kubantu abathanda izimoto abajwayelekile;
- Izimoto ezisebenza ngelanga azinamandla futhi ziyashesha njengezimoto ezivamile zikaphethiloli noma udizili. Yize lokhu kungukuhlanganisa ukuphepha kwalezi zithuthi - bekungaba khona abashayeli bezindiza abambalwa emigwaqweni abangathathi impilo yabanye ngokungathi sína;
- Ukugcinwa kwezimoto ezinjalo akunakwenzeka, ngoba ngisho neziteshi ezisemthethweni ezisetshenziswayo azinabo ochwepheshe abakuqonda ukufakwa okunjalo.
Lezi yizizathu eziyinhloko zokuthi kungani amakhophi asebenzayo ahlala esigabeni somqondo. Ngokusobala, wonke umuntu ulinde umuntu ozochitha ngamabomu izizumbulu zemali ukwenza izinto zihambe. Kwenzeka into efanayo lapho izinkampani eziningi zinamamodeli asebenzayo ezimoto zikagesi. Kodwa-ke, kuze kube yilapho inkampani ka-Elon Musk ithatha wonke umthwalo, akekho owayefuna ukusebenzisa imali yakhe, kepha wanquma ukuhamba ngendlela esivele isishayiwe.
Nakhu ukubuka konke okusheshayo kwemoto enjalo, iToyota Prius:
