Injini ye-Hydrogen. Isebenza kanjani nokungalungi

Izinjini zangaphakathi zomlilo azibonanga njengama-powertrains ahlukene ngokuphawulekayo. Esikhundleni salokho, imoto yakudala yaba khona ngenxa yokuthuthuka nokwenza ngcono izinjini ezishisayo. Funda mayelana nokuthi le yunithi, esijwayele ukuyibona ngaphansi kwezimoto, yavela kanjani kancane kancane. esihlokweni esehlukile.

Kodwa-ke, lapho kuvela imoto yokuqala enenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi, isintu sathola imoto ezizihambelayo engadingi ukondliwa njalo, njengehhashi. Izinto eziningi zishintshile kuma-motors kusukela ngo-1885, kepha inkinga eyodwa ihlala ingashintshi. Ngesikhathi sokusha kwengxube kaphethiloli (noma amanye amafutha) nomoya, kukhishwa izinto eziningi eziyingozi ezingcolisa imvelo.

Uma ngaphambi kokufika kwezimoto ezizihambelayo, abaklami bamazwe aseYurophu besaba ukuthi amadolobha amakhulu azominza ebulongweni bamahhashi, namuhla izakhamuzi zaseMegalopolises ziphefumula umoya ongcolile.

Ukuqiniswa kwamazinga ezemvelo ezokuthutha kuphoqa abakhiqizi bezimoto ukuthi bakhe i-powertrain ehlanzekile. Ngakho-ke, izinkampani eziningi zaba nentshisekelo kubuchwepheshe obenziwe ngaphambili buka-Anjos Jedlik - inqola ezizihambelayo ngokuhamba ngogesi, eyavela emuva ngo-1828. Futhi namhlanje lobu buchwepheshe sebusungulwe ngokuqinile emhlabeni wezimoto ukuthi ngeke umangaze noma ngubani onemoto kagesi noma i-hybrid.

Kepha okukhuthaza kakhulu izitshalo zamandla, okuwukuphela kokukhishwa kwamanzi okuphuza. Kuyinjini ye-hydrogen.

Yini injini ye-hydrogen?

Lolu uhlobo lwenjini olusebenzisa i-hydrogen njengophethiloli. Ukusetshenziswa kwalesi sakhi samakhemikhali kuzonciphisa ukuncipha kwezinsizakusebenza ze-hydrocarbon. Isizathu sesibili sentshisekelo ekufakweni okunjalo ukwehliswa kokungcola kwemvelo.

Ngokuya ngohlobo luni lwemoto oluzosetshenziswa ekuthuthweni, ukusebenza kwayo kuzohluka kunjini yomlilo yangaphakathi yakudala noma kufane.

Umlando omfushane

Izinjini zomlilo zangaphakathi ze-Hydrogen zivele ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho kuthuthukiswa futhi kuthuthukiswa isimiso se-ICE. Unjiniyela waseFrance nomsunguli wakhe inguqulo yakhe yenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi. Amafutha awasebenzisile ekukhuleni kwakhe yi-hydrogen, ebonakala njengomphumela we-electrolysis kaH₂A. Ngo-1807, kwavela imoto yokuqala ye-hydrogen.

U-Isaac De Rivaz ngo-1807 wafaka ilungelo lobunikazi lokuthuthukisa ugandaganda wezinsiza zempi. uphakamise ukusebenzisa i-hydrogen njengenye yamayunithi kagesi.

Amandla unit kwaba piston, futhi ukuthungela kuwo kwaba ngenxa ukwakheka inhlansi isilinda. Kuliqiniso, ukudala kokuqala komqambi kwakudinga ukukhiqizwa kwe-spark spark. Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili nje kuphela, waphothula umsebenzi wakhe, kwazalwa imoto yokuqala ye-hydrogen eyazishayelayo.

Kodwa-ke, ngaleso sikhathi, intuthuko ayizange inikezwe ukubaluleka, ngoba igesi akulula ukuthola nokugcina njengophethiloli. Ama-hydrogen motors asetshenziswa cishe eLeningrad ngesikhathi sokuvinjelwa kusukela engxenyeni yesibili ka-1941. Noma kunjalo, kufanele sivume ukuthi la bekungewona amayunithi we-hydrogen kuphela. Lezi kwakuyizinjini ezivamile zomlilo zangaphakathi zeGaz, kuphela kwakungekho uphethiloli wazo, kepha kwakukhona igesi eningi ngaleso sikhathi, ngoba zazibhebhezelwa ngamabhaluni.

Engxenyeni yokuqala yama-80, amazwe amaningi, hhayi awaseYurophu kuphela, kepha neMelika, iRussia neJapan bathembisa ukuzama lolu hlobo lokufakwa. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1982, ngokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela kwesitshalo seKvant kanye nebhizinisi lezimoto i-RAF, kwavela imoto ehlangene, egijimisana nenhlanganisela ye-hydrogen nomoya, nebhethri elingu-5 kW / h lasetshenziswa njengomthombo wamandla.

Kusukela lapho, kube nemizamo yamazwe ehlukene yokwethula izimoto "eziluhlaza" kolayini bazo abayimodeli, kepha ezimweni eziningi lezo zimoto zihlala emkhakheni wesibonelo noma zine-limited edition.

Isebenza kanjani

Njengoba namuhla kunezinjini eziningi ezisebenzayo zalesi sigaba, isitshalo se-hydrogen sizosebenza ngokuya ngemigomo yaso esimweni ngasinye. Cabanga ukuthi ukuguqulwa okukodwa kusebenza kanjani okungathatha indawo yenjini yomlilo yakudala yakudala.

Emotweni enjalo, nakanjani kuzosetshenziswa amaseli kaphethiloli. Luhlobo lwama-generator enza kusebenze ukusabela kwe-electrochemical. Ngaphakathi kudivayisi, i-hydrogen ifakwe i-oxidized, futhi umphumela wokuphendula ukukhishwa kukagesi, umusi wamanzi ne-nitrogen. I-Carbon dioxide ayikhishwa ekufakweni okunjalo.

Imoto esekwe kuyunithi efanayo iyimoto efanayo kagesi, kuphela ibhethri ekuyo incane kakhulu. Iseli likaphethiloli likhiqiza amandla anele ukusebenzisa zonke izinhlelo zezimoto. I-caveat kuphela ukuthi kusukela ekuqaleni kwenqubo kuya ekukhiqizeni amandla, kungathatha cishe imizuzu emibili. Kepha ukukhishwa okuphezulu kokufakwa kuqala ngemuva kokuthi uhlelo selufudumele, oluthatha kusuka kwikota yehora kuye emizuzwini engama-2.

Ukuze isitshalo samandla singasebenzi ize, futhi akudingekile ukulungiselela ukuthuthwa kohambo kusengaphambili, kufakwe ibhethri ejwayelekile kulo. Ngenkathi ushayela, ivuselelwa kabusha ngenxa yokululama, futhi iyadingeka kuphela ukuqala imoto.

Imoto enjalo ifakwe isilinda sevolumu ehlukene, lapho kufakwa khona i-hydrogen. Ngokuya ngemodi yokushayela, ubukhulu bemoto namandla okufakwa kukagesi, ikhilogremu elilodwa legesi linganela amakhilomitha ayi-100 ohambo.

Izinhlobo zenjini ye-Hydrogen

Yize kunezinguquko ezimbalwa zezinjini ze-hydrogen, zonke ziwela ezinhlotsheni ezimbili:

• Uhlobo lweyunithi neseli likaphethiloli;
• Injini yomlilo yangaphakathi eshintshiwe, eguqulwe ukuze isebenze ku-hydrogen.

Ake sicabangele uhlobo ngalunye ngokwehlukana: yiziphi izici zabo.

Izitshalo zamandla ezisuselwa kumaseli ka-hydrogen fuel

Iseli likaphethiloli lisuselwa kumgomo webhethri, lapho kwenzeka khona inqubo ye-electrochemical. Umehluko kuphela phakathi kwe-analogue ye-hydrogen ukusebenza kahle kwayo (kwezinye izimo, ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-45).

Iseli likaphethiloli ikamelo elilodwa lapho kufakwa khona izinto ezimbili: i-cathode ne-anode. Womabili la ma-electrode aboshwe ngeplatinum (noma i-palladium). Kukhona ulwelwesi phakathi kwabo. Ihlukanisa umgodi ube ngamakamelo amabili. I-oksijeni inikezwa emgodini nge-cathode, futhi i-hydrogen inikezwa okwesibili.

Ngenxa yalokho, kwenzeka ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, umphumela wawo ukuhlanganiswa kwama-molecule e-oksijeni ne-hydrogen nokukhululwa kukagesi. Umphumela oseceleni wenqubo ukukhishwa kwamanzi ne-nitrogen. Ama-electrode eseli kaphethiloli axhunywe kusekethe kagesi yemoto, kubandakanya nenjini kagesi.

Izinjini zomlilo zangaphakathi ze-Hydrogen

Kulokhu, yize injini ibizwa nge-hydrogen, inesakhiwo esifana ne-ICE ejwayelekile. Umehluko kuphela ukuthi akusiwo uphethiloli noma i-propane oshisayo, kodwa i-hydrogen. Uma ugcwalisa isilinda nge-hydrogen, khona-ke kunenkinga eyodwa - le gesi izonciphisa ukusebenza kahle kweyunithi ejwayelekile cishe ngamaphesenti angama-60.

Nazi ezinye izinkinga ezimbalwa ngokushintshela ku-hydrogen ngaphandle kokuthuthukisa injini:

• Lapho i-HTS icindezelwe, igesi izongena ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali nensimbi okwenziwa kuyo ikamelo lomlilo ne-piston, futhi kaningi lokhu kungenzeka nangoyela wenjini. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwakhiwa esinye isakhi egumbini lomlilo, elingahlukaniswa nekhono elikhethekile lokushisa kahle;
• Izikhala ezisegumbini lomlilo kufanele ziphelele. Uma kwenye indawo uhlelo lukaphethiloli lunokuvuza okungenani okuncane, igesi izokhela kalula lapho ihlangana nezinto ezishisayo.

Injini ye-Honda Clarity

Ngalezi zizathu, kuyasebenziseka ukusebenzisa i-hydrogen njengophethiloli kuma-rotary motors (siyini isici sabo, funda lapha). Izilinganiso eziningi zokungenisa nezokukhipha zamayunithi anjalo zitholakala ngokwehlukana, ngakho-ke igesi elisendaweni yokungena ayishisi. Yiba noma kanjani, ngenkathi izinjini zenziwa zanamuhla ukuze kunqandwe izinkinga zokusebenzisa uphethiloli oshibhile futhi onobungozi kakhulu emvelweni.

Yinde kangakanani impilo yesevisi yamaseli kaphethiloli?

Emhlabeni wonke namuhla, izimoto ezinjalo azivamile, futhi azikabi ochungechungeni, kunzima ukusho ukuthi lo mthombo wamandla unayiphi insiza. Izingcweti azinakho okuhlangenwe nakho kulokhu.

Ukuphela kwento engashiwo ukuthi ngokusho kwabamele abakwaToyota, iseli likaphethiloli lemoto yabo yokukhiqiza iMirai ikwazi ukukhiqiza amandla ngokungaphazamiseki afike kumakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-250. Ngemuva kwalengqophamlando, udinga ukuqapha ukusebenza kahle kwensiza. Uma ukusebenza kwawo kwehle ngokuphawulekayo, iseli likaphethiloli liyashintshwa esikhungweni sesevisi esigunyaziwe. Kuliqiniso, umuntu kufanele alindele ukuthi inkampani izothatha inani elifanele lenqubo.

Yiziphi izinkampani esezivele zenza noma zizokwenza izimoto ze-hydrogen?

Izinkampani eziningi zibandakanyeka ekwakhiweni kophiko lwamandla alungele imvelo. Nayi imikhiqizo ezenzakalelayo, ehhovisi lokuklama lapho kunezinketho ezivele zisebenza, ezilungele ukuya ochungechungeni:

• IMercedes-Benz iyi-GLC F-Cell crossover, ukuqala kokuthengisa okwamenyezelwa ngonyaka we-2018, kepha kuze kube manje isitholwe ngamabhizinisi ambalwa kanye nezinkonzo zaseJalimane kuphela. Kuvele kwethulwe uhlobo oluthile logandaganda weseli ongu-hydrogen fuel cell, uGenH2;
• Uhlobo lwakwaHyundai - Nexo olwethulwe eminyakeni emibili edlule;
• I-BMW iyisibonelo se-hydrogen Hydrogen 7, ekhishwe kulayini womhlangano. Iqoqo lamakhophi ayi-100 lahlala esigabeni sokuhlola, kepha lokhu sekuvele kuyinto.

Phakathi kwezimoto zamasheya ezingathengwa eMelika nase-Europe kukhona ezikaMirai neClarity ezivela kwaToyota nakwaHonda, ngokulandelana. Kwezinye izinkampani, lokhu kuthuthukiswa kusenguqulweni yokudweba, noma njengohlobo olungasebenzi.

IToyota Mirai

Ukucaca kweHonda

Ibiza malini imoto ene-hydrogen?

Izindleko zemoto ye-hydrogen zihloniphekile. Isizathu salokhu yizinsimbi eziyigugu ezakha ama-electrode amangqamuzana kaphethiloli (i-palladium noma i-platinum). Futhi, imoto yanamuhla ifakwe amasistimu amaningi okuphepha nokuqina kokusebenza kwezinto zikagesi, ezidinga nezinsizakusebenza.

Yize ukugcinwa kwemoto enjalo (kuze kushintshwe amangqamuzana kaphethiloli) akubizi kakhulu kunemoto ejwayelekile yezizukulwane zakamuva. Kunamazwe axhasa ukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen, kepha noma ubheka lokhu, kuzodingeka ukhokhe isilinganiso samadola ayi-11 nohhafu ngekhilogremu kagesi. Ngokuya ngohlobo lwenjini, lokhu kunganela ibanga elingamakhilomitha ayikhulu.

Kungani izimoto ze-hydrogen zingcono kunezimoto ezisebenza ngogesi?

Uma uthatha isitshalo se-hydrogen esinamaseli kaphethiloli, imoto enjalo izofana nemoto kagesi esijwayele ukuyibona emigwaqeni. Umehluko kuphela ukuthi imoto kagesi ikhokhiswa kusuka kunethiwekhi noma kusuka esigungwini segalaji. Ukuthuthwa kwe-hydrogen uqobo kukhiqiza ugesi.

Ngokuqondene nezindleko zezimoto ezinjalo, ziyabiza kakhulu. Isibonelo, amamodeli we-Tesla ekucushweni okuyisisekelo azobiza kusuka kuma-dollar ayizinkulungwane ezingama-45. Ama-analogues e-Hydrogen avela eJapane angathengwa ngama-57 cu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi abaseBavaria bathengisa izimoto zabo ngophethiloli "oluhlaza" ngentengo yama-dollar ayizinkulungwane ezingama-50.

Uma kubhekwa ukusebenza, kulula ukugcwalisa imoto ngegesi (kuzothatha cishe imizuzu emihlanu) kunokulinda isigamu sehora (ngokushaja okusheshayo, okungavumelekile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zamabhethri) endaweni yokupaka. Lokhu ukuhlanganiswa kwezitshalo ze-hydrogen.

Okunye ukuhlanganisa ukuthi amaseli kaphethiloli awadingi ukugcinwa, futhi impilo yawo yokusebenza yinkulu impela. Ngokuqondene nezimoto ezisebenza ngogesi, ibhethri labo elikhulu lizodinga ukushintshwa cishe eminyakeni emihlanu ngenxa yokuthi linemijikelezo eminingi yokukhipha imali. Kumakhaza, ibhethri ezimotweni zikagesi likhishwa ngokushesha okukhulu kunasehlobo. Kepha isici ekuphenduleni kwe-hydrogen oxidation asiphethwe yilokhu futhi sikhiqiza ugesi ngokuzinzile.

Ayini amathemba ezimoto ze-hydrogen futhi azobonakala nini emgwaqeni?

EYurophu nase-United States, imoto ye-hydrogen isivele itholakele. Kodwa-ke, basesesigabeni sokufuna ukwazi. Futhi namuhla awekho amathemba amaningi.

Isizathu esikhulu sokuthi lolu hlobo lwezokuthutha kungekudala luzogcwalisa imigwaqo yawo wonke amazwe ukungabi namandla okukhiqiza. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukusungula ukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyadingeka ukufinyelela ezingeni lokuthi, ngaphezu kobungani bemvelo, liphinde libe uphethiloli otholakala kubashayeli abaningi. Ngaphezu kokukhiqizwa kwaleli gesi, kuyadingeka ukuhlela ukuthuthwa kwayo (yize ungasebenzisa ngokuphepha imigwaqo emikhulu ehanjiswa yi-methane), futhi uhlomise neziteshi eziningi zokugcwalisa ngamatheminali afanele.

Okwesibili, umenzi wemoto ngamunye kuzofanele enze imishini yokukhiqiza ibe yesimanje kakhulu, edinga utshalomali oluningi. Emnothweni ongazinzile ngenxa yokuqubuka komqedazwe wembulunga yonke, bambalwa abazothatha izingozi ezinjalo.

Uma ubheka ijubane lokuthuthuka kwezinto zokuhamba ngogesi, inqubo yokwenziwa kwabantu abaningi yenzeke ngokushesha okukhulu. Kodwa-ke, isizathu sokuthandwa kwezimoto zikagesi yikhono lokonga kuphethiloli. Futhi lesi yisona sizathu sokuqala sokuthi kungani bethengwa, hhayi ngenxa yokulondolozwa kwemvelo. Endabeni ye-hydrogen, ngeke kwenzeke ukonga imali (okungenani manje), ngoba kusetshenziswa imithombo yamandla eminingi kakhulu ukuyikhiqiza.

Izinzuzo nezinkinga ezinkulu zezinjini ze-hydrogen

Ngakho-ke, ake sifingqe. Izinzuzo zezinjini ezibasazwe nge-hydrogen zifaka lezi zinto ezilandelayo:

• Ukukhishwa kwemvelo;
• Ukusebenza buthule kweyunithi yamandla (i-traction kagesi);
• Endabeni yokusebenzisa iseli likaphethiloli, ukugcinwa njalo akudingeki;
• Ukufaka uphethiloli ngokushesha;
• Uma kuqhathaniswa nezimoto ezisebenza ngogesi, uhlelo lwe-propulsion kanye nomthombo wamandla asebenza ngokuzinzile ngisho nasemazingeni okushisa afudumele.

Yize intuthuko ingenakubizwa ngokuthi iyintsha, noma kunjalo, isenamaphutha amaningi adala ukuthi umshayeli ojwayelekile ayibuke ngokuqapha. Nazi ezinye zazo:

• Ukuze i-hydrogen ivuthe, kufanele ibe sesimweni segesi. Lokhu kudala ubunzima obuthile. Isibonelo, ama-compressors akhethekile abizayo ayadingeka ukucindezela amagesi alula. Kunenkinga futhi ngokugcinwa kahle nokuhanjiswa kukaphethiloli, njengoba kuvutha kakhulu;
• Isilinda, esizofakwa emotweni, sizodinga ukuhlolwa njalo. Ngalokhu, umshayeli uzodinga ukuvakashela isikhungo esikhethekile, futhi lokhu kuyizindleko ezengeziwe;
• Emotweni ye-hydrogen, akusetshenziswa ibhethri elikhulu, kepha ukufakwa kusenesisindo esifanele, okuthinta kakhulu izici ezinamandla zemoto;
• I-Hydrogen - iyasha ngaphezudlwana kwenhlansi, ngakho-ke ingozi ehilela imoto enjalo izohambisana nokuqhuma okukhulu. Ngokunaka isimo sokungakhathali sabanye abashayeli ekuphepheni kwabo kanye nasezimpilweni zabanye abasebenzisi bomgwaqo, lezo zimoto azikadedelwa emigwaqweni.

Ngokubheka intshisekelo yesintu endaweni ehlanzekile, kulindeleke ukuthi kube nomkhankaso odabeni lokuphothulwa kokuthuthwa "okuluhlaza". Kepha lapho lokhu kwenzeka, yisikhathi kuphela esizosho.

Okwamanje, bukela ukubuyekezwa kwevidiyo kweToyota Mirai:

Ikusasa nge-hydrogen? I-Toyota Mirai - UKUBUYEKEZWA OKUGCWELE kanye Nemininingwane | I-LiveFEED®

Imibuzo nezimpendulo:

Kungani injini ye-hydrogen iyingozi? Ngesikhathi sokusha kwengxube ye-hydrogen, injini ishisa kakhulu kunangesikhathi sokusha kukaphethiloli. Ngenxa yalokhu, kunamathuba aphezulu okushisa kwama-pistons, ama-valve kanye nokugcwala ngokweqile kweyunithi.

Indlela yokugcwalisa imoto ye-hydrogen? Imoto enjalo ifakwe i-hydrogen esimweni esinegesi (igesi eliwuketshezi noma elicindezelwe). Ukugcina uphethiloli, ucindezelwa ku-350-700 emkhathini, futhi izinga lokushisa lingafinyelela -259 degrees.

Isebenza kanjani injini ye-hydrogen yangaphakathi evuthayo? Imoto ifakwe uhlobo lwebhethri. Umoya-mpilo ne-hydrogen kudlula amapuleti akhethekile. Umphumela uba ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ngokukhululwa komhwamuko wamanzi nogesi.