Test drive iminyaka engu-80 yokukhiqiza izimoto BMW

Ukulandelana kwesikhathi kwesimiso sokusungulwa kwenkampani yaseBavaria iBMW Efficient Dynamics.

Ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto zakwa-BMW kwaqala eminyakeni engama-80 eyedlule ngenkathi kwethulwa i-DA 3 ene-15/2 hp okokuqala, okwangena emlandweni njengeDixi. Noma kunjalo, umgomo oyinhloko we-BMW ekwakhiweni nasekukhiqizeni izimoto kwakuwukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kuhlanganiswe namandla amakhulu. Isimiso esikhombise ukuthi siphumelele ngokwedlulele emlandweni wenkampani futhi sisekele ubunikazi bomkhiqizo. Ngakho-ke, izisekelo ze-BMW EfficienDynamics zabekwa eminyakeni engama-80 edlule. Lelisu lonkhe lifaka tintfo letinsha letiningi lehlose kunciphisa kuphatfwa kwagesi kanye nekukhishwa lapho kugcinwa noma kukhulisa emandla kanye nemandla, lapho i-BMW idala iphindze isebentise buchwepheshe lobunyenti lobubeka emazinga lamasha embonini yetetimoto.

Начало

Izincwadi zokukhangisa emaphephandabeni mhla ziyisi-9 kuNtulikazi 1929 zazisa umphakathi ukuthi iBMW isivele ingumkhiqizi wezimoto. Ngobusuku bangaphambili, abambalwa ababenenhlanhla, ababemenyelwe embukisweni omusha wakwa-BMW enkabeni yeBerlin, babe nethuba lokuqala lokubuka imoto encane enegama elithi 3/15 PS DA 2, izinhlamvu ezimbili zokugcina kube isifinyezo esithi Deutsche Ausführung, noma "Ukuguqulwa kwesiJalimane". Ngokushesha, imoto yokuqala yohlobo lweBMW yaduma futhi kuze kube yilolu suku isalokhu idume njengeDixi.

Imoto yokuqala yaphuma kulayini womhlangano ngoMashi 22, 1929 esitshalweni seBMW eduze kwesikhumulo sezindiza saseBerlin-Johannisthol. Lokhu kungukuqala kokuthile okungaphezu kokukhiqizwa kwezimoto zeBMW. Ngenkathi iDixi isuselwa kakhulu kwimodeli ekhona enezingxenye nezakhi esezivele zisenziwa, le moto ngokungangabazeki iphethe isitayela esijwayelekile seBMW: zisuka nje, ukusebenza kahle namandla kusemqoka enkampanini futhi kungumongo wenkampani. sha. Kuze kube manje, iBMW yaziwa ngokukhiqiza imikhiqizo eminingi eyonga futhi ephezulu njengezinjini zezindiza nezithuthuthu.

Ngaphambi kokuthi abakwaBMW bafake uphawu lwalo mkhiqizo olumhlophe noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwi-grille ye-Dixi, le moto yabuyekezwa ngobuchwepheshe besimanje nge-coupe eyakhiwe ngensimbi yonke into ebaluleke kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, i-BMW 3/15 yawina i-International Alpine Rally ekungeneni kwayo kokuqala ngo-1929, iqeda ngempumelelo zonke izintaba ezinde eziNtabeni ze-Alps phakathi nohambo olwathatha izinsuku ezinhlanu ezigcwele.

Ngaphezu kokuthembeka, i-Dixi iheha abathengi ngomnotho wayo oguquguqukayo kanye nentengo ephansi: idla amalitha ayisithupha kuphela kaphethiloli, i-Dixi iyonga kakhulu kunojantshi wesitimela, futhi abathengi bangakhokha inani lama-Reichsmarks angu-2 ngemodeli eyisisekelo ngezitolimende. Ngakho, i-BMW yashibhe kakhulu kune-Hanomag efanayo futhi yaqhudelana nomthengisi wangaleso sikhathi. Ixoxo lesihlahla se-Opel.

Ubuchwepheshe beVANOS ngo-1938

Isinyathelo ngesinyathelo, onjiniyela be-BMW baphelelise ubuchwepheshe babo kule minyaka edlule ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza, behlinzeka ngenzuzo enkulu kunabancintisana nabo. Isibonelo, emuva ngo-1930 iBMW yacwaninga isikhathi se-valve eguquguqukayo futhi yathola ilungelo lobunikazi bayo bokuqala balobu buchwepheshe ngo-1938/39.

Ama-prototypes enjini ye-BMW 802 aero afakwe ubuchwepheshe okuthi, nanamuhla, ngokwemvelo, buthuthukele ezingeni eliphezulu, obugcina ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kwazo zonke izinjini zikaphethiloli ze-BMW - i-Twin VANOS. Enjinini yendiza ye-BMW yamahhashi angu-2, ama-valve okungenisa nawokukhipha alawulwa ngamadiski anamazinyo anezilungiselelo ezilungisekayo ngesikhathi sokusebenza.

Ngo-1940, abakwaBMW bethula okokuqala ngqa enye into ebalulekile kanye nokugxila okubalulekile kwe-Efficient Dynamics, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingasindi. I-BMW 328 Kamm Racing Coupé iyisibonelo esihle kakhulu sokusebenza kahle kwe-BMW 328 ku-motorsport. I-tubular frame yemoto yenziwe nge-alloy ekhanyayo futhi inesisindo esingama-32 kg kuphela. Kanye nomzimba we-aluminium kanye nenjini engamasilinda ayisithupha, isisindo sonqenqema lwemoto singama-760 kg kuphela. I-aerodynamics enhle kakhulu, njengoba kuboniswe nguWunibald Kamm, omunye wamavulandlela kulo mkhakha, inikeza imoto i-coefficient yokudonsa ecishe ibe ngu-0.27. Lokhu, kanye namandla angu-136 hp. Injini enamalitha amabili ijubane layo eliphezulu ngu-230 km/h.

I-BMW ibuyele kulo mqondo futhi ngemuva kwempi, ilandela ifilosofi efanayo ngo-1971 ku-BMW 700 RS. Le moto entsha yomjaho inokwakhiwa okulula kakhulu, ifreyimu eyizigaxa eyenziwe ngcono ne-aluminium trim engasindi.

Imoto yomjaho inesisindo sama-630 kg kufaka phakathi imishini yangaphakathi, engeyona inkinga yenjini eyenziwe ngokukhethekile kule modeli: i-cylinder emibili ene-70 hp. idolobhana nokusebenza ivolumu 0.7 l. Amandla elitha 100 HP s./l, impumelelo emangalisayo namuhla, sibonga isivinini esikhulu esifinyelela ku-160 km / h.Nomshayeli omkhulu waseJalimane uHans Stuck ngemuva kwesondo le-BMW 700 RS, unqobe ukunqoba okuningi emijahweni ehlukahlukene yezintaba.

Ngo-1968: Injini eyisi-cylinder eyisithupha ye-BMW

Ngo-1968, kulandela impumelelo emangalisayo yomugqa wayo omusha wezimoto namamodeli angama-02, iBMW yaqala kabusha isiko lama-1930 ngokwakha izinjini ezinamandla amakhulu ayisithupha. Kubuye kube ukuqala kweBMW 2500 kanye ne-2800, lapho inkampani ibuyela khona emakethe enkulu yezimoto kuma-sedan kanye nama-coupe versions.

Izinjini, ezifanayo kuzo zombili lezi zinhlobo, ziboshwe nge-30 °, amandla kagesi afinyelela ku-crankshaft, ahamba okungenani ngamabheringi ayisikhombisa, futhi afaka neziphikiso eziyishumi nambili zokuthamba okungahambi kahle, okuqhutshekelwa phambili yi-camshaft ephezulu.

Enye yezinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe zalawa mamodeli amabili, afanayo ezimfanelweni zawo zokuklama, iyigumbi elivuthayo elijikelezayo eline-hemispherical elijikelezayo elihambayo elihlangana namaphistoni omklamo ohambisanayo. Ukucushwa okunembayo kuqinisekisa inqubo yokuvutha ethuthukisiwe, kulokhu iletha amandla engeziwe ngenkathi yonga uphethiloli: injini engu-2.5-litre iletha okukhipha okuphezulu okungu-150 hp. s., 2.8 l - umxhwele ngisho 170 l. Njengoba nje kwanele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-BMW 2800 izoba seqenjini elikhethekile lezimoto ezihamba ngesivinini esingu-200 km/h. Zombili izinhlobo zisalokhu zingenakunqotshwa, kanti izinjini zakwaBMW ezingamasilinda ayisithupha zabeka izinga ekuthuthukisweni kwenjini iminyaka eminingi ezayo.

Igalelo elibalulekile kulokhu kuphakama lenziwa imoto yomjaho enezinzuzo ezihlukile ze-EfficientDynamics kulesi sikhathi, i-BMW 1971 CSL eyakhiwe ngo-3.0. Nakulokhu, idizayini engasindi ehlakaniphile yenza le modeli emangalisayo isebenze nakakhulu, kuyilapho i-aerodynamics enhle kakhulu isiza ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwenjini. Izimfanelo zalolu hlobo lwe-coupe ekhanyayo, enamandla futhi esheshayo yenze ukuthi ingapheli iminyaka eminingi, futhi i-BMW yawina wonke ngaphandle komqhudelwano we-European Passenger Car Championships phakathi kuka-1973 no-1979.

Ama-Olimpiki ka-1972: Imoto kagesi ye-BMW

Ngama-70s okuqala, abaklami beBMW bagxile kokungaphezulu kokuthuthuka okubalulekile kwi-motorsport. Imidlalo yama-Olimpiki yango-1972 yaphawula ukuqala kocwaningo olunzulu ngobuchwepheshe bezimoto ezisebenza ngogesi. Imikhumbi emincane yama-sedan anemibala ewolintshi ye-BMW 1602 sedans efakwe izinjini zebhethri yaba uphawu lweMunich Games. Eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu eyalandela, iBMW ibingomunye wabaholi bomhlaba emkhakheni wezimoto zikagesi.

Ngemuva konyaka kuphela, iBMW yethule enye imodeli emisha, ifakwe ubuchwepheshe obuphambili kakhulu besikhathi sayo: iBMW 2002 Turbo yaba yimoto yokuqala yokukhiqiza eYurophu ukuba ifakwe injini ene-turbocharged. Lokhu kunika iBMW indima ephambili kwezobuchwepheshe be-turbocharging kukho konke ukukhiqizwa kochungechunge nakuma-motorsport.

Isinyathelo esilandelayo se-BMW ekusebenzeni kahle kwaba yi-BMW M1978 onyakeni 1. Le moto yezemidlalo enhle kakhulu enobuchwepheshe bama-valve amane ivula isigaba esisha ekwandiseni ukulayishwa kwamasilinda. I-BMW yaqala ukusebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe ngempumelelo kwi-motorsport ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-60 futhi yabuguqula yaba uchungechunge lokukhiqizwa eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva. Ubuchwepheshe obulungiselelwe i-cylinder load emuva kwalokho budluliselwe kwezinye izinhlobo zeBMW njengeM635CSi, M5 neM3.

Ngo-1979, ubuchwepheshe bedijithali basiza okokuqala ngqa ukufeza ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu ngenxa yohlelo lokuphathwa kwezinjini zedijithali kwi-BMW 732i. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kuqhutshekelwa phambili ukwehliswa okuzenzakalelayo kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli ngokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kuye kuzero kumodi yokusebenzisa uphethiloli. Ngakho-ke, imboni yezimoto ingena esigabeni esisha sokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe, kanti iBMW iba yiphayona emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe bezimoto.

I-BMW ihlale iyinaka kakhulu indima ebalulekile yomshayeli ohlelweni lokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwemoto. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ngo-1981, kwasungulwa enye impumelelo emkhakheni we-electronics - inzwa yokuqala yezinga likaphethiloli emhlabeni, ifakwe uchungechunge lwesihlanu lwe-BMW. Lo mbukiso omusha udonsa amehlo omshayeli ekusetshenzisweni kukaphethiloli, ukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi angakwazi kanjani ukushayela ngendlela eyongayo. Njengamanje, inkomba yokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli idlala indima ebalulekile kumongo wesu le-BMW EfficientDynamics.

I-BMW 524td: itshe legumbi lobuchwepheshe bedizili

Isinqumo seBMW sokungena ezimakethe zikadizili ngesinye sezinguquko ezinkulu emlandweni wenkampani. Isizukulwane esisha ngokuphelele sezinjini sibonisa le ntuthuko emangalisayo.

I-BMW 524td, eyethulwa ngoJuni 1983, ifakwe injini kadizili ehlanganisa izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe be-diesel nezici ze-BMW - amandla avelele nokusebenza okuthuthukisiwe. Lokhu kuholele ekwakhiweni kwenjini ye-BMW turbo-diesel, eyakhiwe kusukela ku-six-cylinder in-line units esukela ku-2.0 kuya ku-2.7 litres.

Kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-turbocharging kanye ne-2.4 litre injini enkulu yokufaka nokukhipha izingxenye, onjiniyela be-BMW bakhuphule umkhiqizo wabo waba yi-115 hp emangalisayo. Ngasikhathi sinye, inqubo yokusha komlilo egumbini lomlilo we-vortex iqiniswa ize ifinyelele emazingeni aphakeme kakhulu, inikeze isisekelo esihle sokwehlisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli nomsindo womlilo. Ngokwezinga le-DIN, iBMW turbodiesel yesimanjemanje iphatha u-7.1 l / 100 km, yize ijubane lemoto lingu-180 km / h kanti ukushesha kusuka ku-0 kuye ku-100 km / h kutholakala ngemizuzwana engu-12.9.

Umqondo oyingqayizivele ngempela: injini ye-eta

Omunye umqondo omusha owethulwe ngabakwaBMW, kulokhu endaweni yezinjini zikaphethroli, i-eta. Lobu buchwepheshe busetshenziswe ngabakwaBMW kusukela ekwindla ka-1981 kuBMW 528e edayiswa emakethe yaseMelika. Entwasahlobo ka-1983, lo modeli walandelwa yi-BMW 525e eyathuthukiswa eJalimane, kwathi ngo-1985 iBMW 325e yethulwa emakethe yaseYurophu.

Uhlamvu "e" lumele lokhu, uphawu lokusebenza kahle. Ngempela, injini engu-2.7 litre eziyisithupha yamasilinda yenziwe ngaphandle kokuyekethisa ekusebenzeni nakwezomnotho. Isebenzisa kuphela u-8.4 l / 100 km, yize amandla enjini engu-122 hp. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukusetshenziswa okunjalo okuphansi kukaphethiloli ngenjini enamandla yamasilinda ayisithupha kwakubhekwa njengokuzwa kwangempela. Umqondo wenjini enamandla esebenzisa amandla aphansi uma kuqhathaniswa wawungajwayelekile ngokuphelele eYurophu ngaleso sikhathi futhi usahlukile namhlanje.

Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-80, iBMW nayo yaqala ukwakha imoto eyi-hydrogen, yahola kulo mkhakha. Ngokubambisana ne-German Institute for Space Technology Research and Testing, wakha amamodeli wokuhlola amaningana kwaze kwaba ngo-1984. Enye yezimoto ezinjalo iBMW 745i Hydrogen.

I-BMW ixhasa njalo futhi ithuthukise inqubo yokuthuthuka, idala izinhlobo zokuhlola ze-BMW 7 ye-hydrogen yazo zonke izizukulwane zezimoto.

Ukuncishiswa kokudonsa ngenkathi ushayela kungenye yezinto ezigqamile ekuthuthukisweni kwezimoto ezimbili zezemidlalo zakwaBMW ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-80s. Eyokuqala yalezi zinhlobo yiBMW Z1, okuyisibonelo sangempela sokusungula izinto ezintsha nobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, eyethulwa ngo-1988 futhi eyaziwa hhayi kuphela ngesisindo sayo esiphansi kakhulu ngenxa yomzimba wayo owenziwe ngezinto zokwenziwa ezikhethekile, kodwa futhi ne-drag coefficient yayo engu-0.36.

Esinye isibonelo samazinga amasha ku-aerodynamics i-BMW 850i Coupé eyethulwa ngemva konyaka. Ngaphandle kwama-vents anamandla enjini enamasilinda ayishumi nambili, le coupe enhle ine-coefficient yokudonsa engu-0.29 ncamashi. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yezingxenye eziningi ze-aerodynamic ekwakhiweni kwemoto, njengezibuko zangaphandle, eziklanywe ngokuqaphela okukhulu ngaphandle komphumela omncane wokumelana nomoya.

Ngo-1991, abakwa-BMW babuyela emqondweni wemoto kagesi, kukhombisa ukuthi yini esekuzuziwe kule ndawo nge-BMW E1. Ingxenye ebalulekile yezwe lesimanje, le moto yokuqala esebenza ngogesi wonke inikeza isikhala esanele sabagibeli abane nemithwalo yabo.

Ngokuhambisana nomqondo wokusebenzisa izinto ezingasindi, umzimba wenziwe ngenhlanganisela yamaphrofayili e-aluminium extruded anepulasitiki ne-aluminium cladding. Inhloso yale moto ekhethekile ukuzuza injabulo ejwayelekile yokushayela i-BMW kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe besimanje. Lokhu kuzuzwe ngendlela encomekayo njengoba kufakazela ukuthi ikhono le-BMW lokuthuthukisa ezinye izitimela ezisebenza ngogesi liyintsha futhi linamandla njengokuthuthukiswa kwezinjini okuvamile.

Ngo-1992, i-BMW yethula uhlelo lokuphatha ama-valve oluhluke ngokuphelele, i-BMW VANOS ku-M3. Amandla kanye ne-torque seyenziwe ngcono, kanjalo nokulawula ukonga kukaphethiloli kanye nokulawulwa kokungcoliswa kwegesi. Ngo-1992, i-VANOS yafakwa njengesithuthukisi ozikhethela sona ezinjinini ze-BMW ezinamasilinda ayisithupha, zathathelwa indawo ngo-1995 ngamawele e-VANOS, nawo wethulwa ezinjinini ze-BMW V1998 kusukela ku-'8.

1995: BMW XNUMX Series kanye ne-Intelligent Lightweight Design

Ngo-1995, isizukulwane esilandelayo iBMW 5 sangena emakethe njengesibonakaliso sokuqala somqondo wokwakha okulula okuhlakaniphile. Lokhu kungumkhiqizo wokuqala omkhulu wezimoto emhlabeni oqukethe i-chassis nokumiswa okwenziwe nge-alloy elula, eyehlisa isisindo sayo yonke imoto cishe ngama-30%.

Zonke izinjini ze-aluminium nazo zingama-30 kg. ilula kunakuqala, ngaleyo ndlela inciphisa isisindo somgwaqo se-BMW 523i nge-1 kg. ngo-525 kg.

Ngawo lowo nyaka, abakwaBMW baphinde wethula amamodeli angama-316g kanye nama-518g, okuyizimoto zokuqala zegesi yemvelo eYurophu ukufaka ukukhiqizwa kochungechunge. Obunye ubuchwepheshe benjini busizile ekunciphiseni ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 cishe ngama-20% nokwakhiwa kwama-hydrocarbon (ama-HCs aphelisa i-ozone) nge-80% emangalisayo. Ngasikhathi sinye, lezi zinjini ezintsha zinomthelela ekwakhiweni kwezinjini ze-hydrogen ngenxa yezici ezifanayo nekhwalithi yala mafutha amabili. Inani eliphelele lezimoto zeBMW eziphehlwa yigesi yemvelo lifinyelele kumayunithi angama-2000 ngo-842.

Ngo-2001, i-BMW yathuthukisa ubuchwepheshe be-VANOS bokulinganisa isikhathi se-valve - inkathi ye-VALVETRONIC iyeza. Kulobu buchwepheshe, obusahlukile, azikho imizimba ye-carburetor. Ngenjini ye-BMW 316ti four-cylinder, lokhu kusho umsebenzi omningi ngophethiloli omncane, ikakhulukazi uma ufaka uphethiloli, ukwehlisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli ngo-12% obalulekile uma kuqhathaniswa nohlobo lwangaphambilini. Enye yezinzuzo ezinkulu zalobu buchwepheshe ukuthi bungasetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke ngaphandle kwezidingo zekhwalithi ephezulu kaphethiloli. Ngemuva kwalokho iBMW yethula iVALVETRONIC kwezinye izinjini zikaphethroli, okuhlanganisa neyohlobo lwe-four-cylinder engine. I-MINI yethulwa ngo-2006

I-BMW EfficientDynamics – impahla ebalulekile

IBMW Group ikhulisa ngempumelelo futhi ijulisa intuthuko yayo ukuze izuze ukusebenza okuphezulu okuhlangene nokulungiswa kanye nokwenza ngcono amandla okushayela ngomqondo jikelele weBMW EfficientDynamics. Ubuchwepheshe nemisebenzi efana nokuvuselelwa kwamandla wamabhuleki, ukuqala / ukonga okuzenzakalelayo, isibonisi sephoyinti lokushintsha, amasistimu osizo lwabashayeli lapho efunwa, umqondo ohlakaniphile osindayo kanye ne-aerodynamics ephezulu kuvamile kuwo wonke amamodeli amasha enhlanganisweni efanele. Ukulandela umgomo we-BMW EfficientDynamics, imodeli ngayinye entsha idlula eyandulelayo ngokuncipha kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli namandla athuthukisiwe.

Izibalo ezihlanganiswe yi-German Automobile Directorate azikhombisi nje kuphela ukuphakama okuphawulekayo kwe-BMW EfficientDynamics ngaphezu kobuchwepheshe obufana nobunye obenziwa abanye abakhiqizi bokuqala, kodwa futhi kukhombisa ukuvelela kweBMW Group emhlabeni jikelele. Izinhlobo ezintsha zeBMW neMINI ezibhaliswe eGermany zisebenzisa uphethiloli olinganiselwa ku-5.9 l / 100 km kanye ne-CO2 ekhishwa ngo-158 gram ngekhilomitha. Zombili lezi zibalo zingaphansi kakhulu kwesilinganiso sazo zonke izimoto ezintsha ezibhaliswe eGermany ngo-2008, okungamagremu ayi-165 ngekhilomitha. Ezingeni le-EU, izinhlobo zeBMW neMINI zithola umnotho kaphethiloli namazinga okukhishwa kwe-CO2 angaphansi kwesilinganiso esiphelele sabakhiqizi bezimoto baseYurophu. Phakathi kuka-1995 nokuphela kuka-2008, iBMW Group yehlise ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kwezimoto zayo ezithengiswa eYurophu ngama-25%, ngaleyo ndlela kufezekisa ukuzibophezela kweBMW Group kwi-Association of European Automobile Manufacturers (ACEA). ).

Ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo yezibalo, iBMW noma iMINI idla uphethiloli ongaphansi kakhulu kunesilinganiso sazo zonke izimoto ezisanda kubhaliswa eJalimane. Mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwemikhumbi yayo, enqunyelwe iziphathimandla zezimoto zaseJalimane, iBMW Group futhi idlula ngisho nabakhiqizi abakhulu baseYurophu futhi, ngakho-ke, ilingana ngokuphelele nenani elikhulu labakhiqizi abagxile kakhulu ezimotweni ezincane emkhakheni wabo.

Umbhalo: UVladimir Kolev