Uchwepheshe oqinile onamakhono athambile

Ngekhulu lokuqala, igama elithi "unjiniyela" lasetshenziswa kwamanye amazwe ukuze libhekisele kumakhi wemishini yezempi. Incazelo yaleli gama iye yashintsha phakathi namakhulu eminyaka. Namuhla, ekhulwini lesi-1, kuqondwa kunanini ngaphambili emlandweni (XNUMX).

Ngezimpumelelo zobunjiniyela, sivame ukuqonda izinhlobonhlobo zendalo yomuntu, kusukela kumaphiramidi aseGibhithe lasendulo kuya ekusungulweni kwenjini yesitimu, kuya ohambweni lomuntu oluya enyangeni.

futhi umphakathi ubuzoyeka ukusebenza uma ngesizathu esithile ungasasetshenziswa. Ngokucacile, le yindlela esivame ukuchaza ngayo ukusetshenziswa kolwazi lwesayensi, ikakhulukazi ulwazi lomzimba, amakhemikhali, nolwazi lwezibalo, ekuxazululeni izinkinga.

2. Incwadi kaFreeman Dyson ethi "Breaking the Universe".

Ngokwesiko, imikhakha emine emikhulu yobunjiniyela ubunjiniyela bemishini, ubunjiniyela bomphakathi, ubunjiniyela bukagesi, nobunjiniyela bamakhemikhali. Ngaphambilini, unjiniyela wayekhethekile emkhakheni owodwa kuphela. Wabe eseshintsha futhi elokhu eshintsha njalo. Namuhla, ngisho nonjiniyela wendabuko (okungukuthi "ongeyena "unjiniyela wesoftware" noma "i-bioengineer") uvame ukudingeka ukuthi abe nolwazi lwemishini, kagesi, nezinhlelo zikagesi, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwesoftware nobunjiniyela bokuphepha.

Onjiniyela basebenza emikhakheni eyahlukene ehlanganisa ezezimoto, ezokuvikela, ezomkhathi, amandla ahlanganisa inuzi, uwoyela negesi, namandla avuselelekayo njengomoya nelanga, kanye nezimboni zezokwelapha, zokupakisha, zamakhemikhali, ezomkhathi, zokudla, zikagesi nezensimbi. eminye imikhiqizo yensimbi.

Encwadini yaso ethi Disrupting the Universe (2), eyanyatheliswa ngo-1981, isazi sesayensi yemvelo uFreeman Dyson sabhala: “Usosayensi onekhono ngumuntu onemibono yokuqala. Unjiniyela omuhle ngumuntu owenza umklamo osebenza ngemibono embalwa yokuqala ngangokunokwenzeka.” Onjiniyela abazona izinkanyezi. Baklama, bahlole, bathuthukise, bahlole, balungise, bafake, baqinisekise futhi bagcine inhlobonhlobo yemikhiqizo namasistimu. Baphinde batuse futhi bachaze izinto zokwakha nezinqubo, baqondise ukukhiqizwa nokwakhiwa, benze ukuhlaziya ukwehluleka, ukubonisana nokuqondisa.

Kusukela kumakhenikha kuya ekuvikelweni kwemvelo

Umkhakha wobunjiniyela njengamanje uhlukaniswe waba yizinhlobo eziningi ezikhethekile. Nazi ezibaluleke kakhulu:

Ubunjiniyela bokusebenza - lokhu, isibonelo, ukuklama, ukukhiqizwa, ukulawula nokugcinwa kwemishini, amadivaysi kanye nemihlangano, kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula kanye namadivayisi okuqapha isimo nokusebenza kwawo. Isebenza, okuhlanganisa izimoto, imishini, okuhlanganisa ezokwakha nezokulima, ukufakwa kwezimboni kanye nenhlobonhlobo yamathuluzi nezinto ezilungiswayo.

ubunjiniyela bukagesi - ihlanganisa ukuklama, ukuhlola, ukukhiqizwa, ukwakhiwa, ukuhlola, ukulawula kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwezinto zikagesi neze-elekthronikhi, imishini nezinhlelo. Lezi zinhlelo ziyahlukahluka ngesilinganiso, kusukela kumasekhethi amancane kuya kumasistimu okukhiqiza ugesi kanye nokudlulisa amandla ezweni lonke.

- ukuklama, ukwakhiwa, ukugcinwa nokuphathwa kwemiklamo emikhulu yengqalasizinda efana nemigwaqo emikhulu, izitimela, amabhuloho, imigudu, amadamu nezikhumulo zezindiza.

Ubunjiniyela be-Aerospace - ukuklama, ukukhiqiza nokuhlola izindiza nemikhumbi-mkhathi, kanye nezingxenye nezingxenye ezifana namafreyimu ezindiza, izimboni zamandla kagesi, amasistimu okulawula nokuqondisa, amasistimu kagesi nawe-elekthronikhi, ukuxhumana namasistimu okuzulazula.

Ubunjiniyela benuzi – ukuklama, ukukhiqiza, ukwakhiwa, ukusebenza nokuhlolwa kwemishini, izinhlelo nezinqubo zokukhiqiza, ukulawulwa kanye nokutholwa kwemisebe yenuzi. Lezi zinhlelo zibandakanya ama-accelerator ezinhlayiyana kanye nama-reactors enuzi wezitshalo zamandla nemikhumbi, kanye nokukhiqizwa nocwaningo lwama-radioisotopes.

imishini yokwakha wukuklama, ukwakhiwa kanye nokugadwa kwezakhiwo ezithwala imithwalo njengezakhiwo, amabhuloho nengqalasizinda yezimboni.

 - umkhuba wokuklama amasistimu, izinto zokusebenza kanye namathuluzi azosetshenziswa emisebenzini yezokwelapha.

ubunjiniyela bamakhemikhali kuwumkhuba wokuklama amathuluzi, amasistimu nezinqubo zokuhlanza izinto ezingavuthiwe nokuxuba, ukuhlanganisa nokucubungula amakhemikhali ukuze kukhiqizwe imikhiqizo ebalulekile.

Ubunjiniyela bekhompyutha - umkhuba wokuklama izingxenye zehadiwe yekhompiyutha, izinhlelo zekhompiyutha, amanethiwekhi kanye nesoftware yekhompiyutha.

ubunjiniyela bezimboni - umkhuba wokuklama nokwenza kahle amathuluzi, okokusebenza, amasistimu nezinqubo zokukhiqiza, ukuphatha impahla kanye nanoma iyiphi enye indawo yokusebenza.

ubunjiniyela bemvelo - umkhuba wokuvimbela, ukunciphisa kanye nokuqeda imithombo yokungcola ethinta umoya, amanzi nomhlaba. Iphinde ithole futhi ilinganise amazinga okungcola, ikhombe imithombo yokungcola, ihlanze futhi ilungise izindawo ezingcolile, futhi iphoqelele imithetho yendawo nekazwelonke.

Ngokuvamile kwenzeka ukuthi amakhono angawodwana adlulela kakhulu. Ngalesi sizathu, onjiniyela kumele babe nolwazi olujwayelekile lwemikhakha eminingana yobunjiniyela ngaphezu kokukhethekile kwabo. Isibonelo, unjiniyela womphakathi kufanele aqonde imiqondo yokuklama kwesakhiwo, unjiniyela we-aerospace kufanele asebenzise imigomo yobunjiniyela bemishini, futhi unjiniyela we-nuclear kumele abe nolwazi olusebenzayo lobunjiniyela bukagesi.

Bonke onjiniyela, kungakhathalekile ukuthi bangochwepheshe bani, badinga ulwazi olunzulu lwezibalo, i-physics kanye nobuchwepheshe bekhompyutha obufana nokumodela nokuklama kwekhompyutha. Ngakho-ke, namuhla izinhlelo eziningi zocwaningo lobunjiniyela ziqukethe izinto eziqinile zolwazi ekudalweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwakho kokubili isoftware yekhompiyutha nehardware.

Unjiniyela akasebenzi yedwa

Ngaphezu kwemfundo efanele, ulwazi futhi, njengomthetho, amakhono ezobuchwepheshe, onjiniyela besimanje kufanele babe namakhono abizwa ngokuthi "athambile". Ngokuvamile, lawa makhono amayelana nokujwayela indawo yokusebenza kanye nokusebenzisana namaqembu abantu, lapho kubhekene nezinkinga ezintsha kanye nezimo "ezingezona ezobuchwepheshe" ezivelayo.

Isibonelo, izimfanelo zobuholi kanye nekhono lokwakha ubudlelwano obufanele kuba usizo lapho unjiniyela elawula amaqembu ezisebenzi. Izindlela ezisemthethweni zokufinyelela isivumelwano nabantu abanesizinda sobuchwepheshe azanele. Kaningi, kufanele futhi uxhumane nabantu abangaphandle komkhakha, njengamakhasimende, futhi ngezinye izikhathi nomphakathi jikelele, abantu abangenalo isizinda sobuchwepheshe. Kubalulekile ukuthi ukwazi ukuhumusha ulwazi lwakho lube ngamagama abantu abangaphakathi nangaphandle komnyango wakho abangawaqonda.

Ngenxa yezidingo eziphezulu zobuchwepheshe, ukuxhumana kuvame ukuba ngelinye lamakhono athambile afunwa kakhulu. Onjiniyela cishe abakaze basebenze bodwa. Basebenza nenqwaba yabasebenzi, bobabili onjiniyela abakanye nabo kanye nabantu abangaphandle komnyango wabo, ukuze baqedele amaphrojekthi abo. Futhi lawa makhono "athambile" ahlanganisa izici ezifana nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "I-Emotional Intelligence", amakhono okwethula nokufundisa, ikhono lokuchaza izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi, ikhono lokugqugquzela, ikhono lokuxoxisana, ukubekezelelana kwengcindezi, ukuphathwa kwengozi, ukuhlela amasu. kanye nolwazi lwamasu okuphatha amaphrojekthi. .

Leli iqoqo lamakhono "athambile" adlulela ngale kweminye imikhakha "eyinkimbinkimbi" yolwazi, kodwa futhi lidlulela ngale kobuchwepheshe obuqondwa kahle bonjiniyela. Lokhu kokugcina kuhlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo eziningi, kusukela ezilimini zokuhlela, ulwazi lwezibalo, ukucubungula idatha, ikhono lokuklama amamodeli, izakhiwo, amasistimu, nokulawula inqubo.

Njengabanye ochwepheshe abadinga amakhono okuphatha iphrojekthi, abanye onjiniyela bafaka isicelo sesitifiketi sokuphathwa kwephrojekthi, ngokwesibonelo, ngokwendlela eyaziwa kakhulu ye-PMI.

Namuhla, ubunjiniyela bumayelana nokuxazulula izinkinga kanye nokwenza imisebenzi eminingi.futhi lokho kusho ukuthola izindlela ezintsha zokusebenzisa ulwazi olukhona—inqubo yokudala ngempela. Ubunjiniyela bungabandakanya isici sobuciko.

Izinsuku ze-specialization emincane kade zadlula.

UDaniel Cooley (3), iphini likamongameli kanye nesikhulu samasu e-Silicon Labs, uveza esitatimendeni sabezindaba ukuthi unjiniyela ongena eshumini lesithathu lekhulu lesi-XNUMX kufanele "aqaphele" ezinye izinto ezimbalwa ezikhule ngokushesha eminyakeni yamuva.

Okokuqala ukufunda ngomshini kanye nemithelela yako emikhakheni eyahlukene yobuchwepheshe (4). Iphuzu lesibili uCooley alivezayo izinqubo zokuphepha kolwazi, onjiniyela besimanje abangeke bazithathe kalula. Ezinye izindaba okufanele uzikhumbule umongo kanye nezixhumanisi kwezinye izindawo zobuchwepheshe. Ubunjiniyela kufanele bakhohlwe ukuhlukaniswa okumnandi futhi bacabange ngobungcweti babo buhlukene nakho konke okunye.

Umbiko we-American National Academy of Engineering (NAE), onesihloko esithi "Engineer of the Year 2020" uchaza umhlaba wobunjiniyela bemishini endaweni eshintsha ngokushesha lapho intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ishesha futhi ingaguquki. Sifunda kuyo, phakathi kokunye, umcabango wokuthi imikhakha efana ne-nanotechnology, i-biotechnology kanye ne-high performance computing izofaka isandla ekukhuleni komnotho esikhathini esizayo, okusho ukuthi lizokhula iqhaza lonjiniyela abanolwazi kulezi zindawo. Njengoba umhlaba uya ngokuya uxhumeka futhi uxhumeke kuningi lokuncika, onjiniyela kuzodingeka bathathe indlela eya ngokuya ngemikhakha eminingi. Eminye imisebenzi yobunjiniyela nayo izoba nezibopho ezengeziwe. Isibonelo, onjiniyela bezakhiwo bazoba nesibopho ngokwengxenye ukudala indawo esimeme kuyilapho bethuthukisa izinga lempilo. Izinsuku zobungcweti obuncane seziphelile, futhi lo mkhuba uzojula kuphela - lokhu kubonakala embikweni.