Ushintsho lukawoyela ekudlulisweni ngesandla
Okuqukethwe
Isisekelo samaminerali singamafutha emvelo, lapho amafutha e-fuel of viscosity ethile atholakala ngokukhipha i-distillation elula nokususwa kwamapharafini. Amafutha anjalo awahlali isikhathi eside, asabela kabi emazingeni okushisa aphezulu noma aphansi, kodwa ashibhile kakhulu.
Omunye umehluko phakathi kokudluliswa kwe-manual kanye nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokudlulisela okuzenzakalelayo lunokwethenjelwa, ngoba amabhokisi amaningi agijima ayizinkulungwane ezingu-300-700 km ngaphambi kokulungiswa okukhulu, kodwa lokhu kungenzeka kuphela uma uwoyela ku-transmission manual ushintshwa njalo nangendlela efanele.
Isebenza kanjani i-manual transmission?
Isisekelo samabhokisi alolu hlobo ukudluliselwa kwegiya le-mesh njalo, okungukuthi, amagiya okushayela nawokuqhutshwa kwejubane ngalinye ahlala exhunywe komunye nomunye. Kulesi simo, igiya eliqhutshwayo alixhunyiwe ku-shaft, kodwa lifakwe kulo ngenaliti yokuthwala, ngenxa yokuthi lijikeleza kalula. Kuye ngomklamo webhokisi, amafutha angena kuwo noma avela ngaphandle noma ngembobo engaphakathi kwe-shaft.
Amafutha emoto
Ukushintsha isivinini kwenzeka ngenxa yama-synchronizer clutches, axhunywe ku-shaft ngamazinyo, kodwa angahamba kwesokunxele noma kwesokudla. Ama-couplings amagiya axhuma igiya elilodwa noma elinye elishayelwa ku-shaft, azibandakanye nalo. Umehluko ufakwe ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwebhokisi, kuye ngokuthi umklamo wokudlulisa ngesandla.
Wenzani amafutha?
Uwoyela wokudlulisa (TM) osebhokisini wenza imisebenzi emi-2:
- gcoba izindawo zokuxubha, ukunciphisa ukugqokwa kwazo;
- ipholisa zonke izingxenye, isuse ukushisa kumagiya kuya emzimbeni kathayela weyunithi, osebenza njengerediyetha.
Amafutha adala ifilimu yamafutha endaweni yokusebenza yezingxenye zokuxubha, okunciphisa ukungqubuzana, ngenxa yokuthi ungqimba oluncane lwensimbi eqinile luhlala amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Izithasiselo kanye nama-microelements afakwe kuwoyela akhulisa ukuthambisa, futhi kwezinye izimo aze abuyisele izindawo zensimbi ezigugile. Njengoba isivinini nomthwalo kukhula, izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu kwamagiya liyakhula, ngakho-ke uketshezi lokudlulisela luyashisa kanye nawo futhi lufudumeza indlu, enekhono eliphezulu lokukhipha ukushisa. Amanye amamodeli afakwe i-radiator enciphisa izinga lokushisa likawoyela.
Lapho i-viscosity noma amanye amapharamitha oketshezi oludlulisayo engahlangabezani nezidingo ezibekwe umkhiqizi weyunithi, umphumela wamafutha kuzo zonke izingxenye zokuhlikihla uyashintsha. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ithonya likawoyela lishintsha kanjani, izinga lokuguga kwezindawo zokuhlikihla liyakhula futhi ama-shavings ensimbi noma uthuli lungena oketshezini lokudlulisela.
Lapho uwoyela eshiswe kakhulu, ama-cokes, okungukuthi, akhipha i-oxidize kancane, enze umule oqinile, onikeza uketshezi oludluliswayo umbala omnyama. I-oil soot ivame ukuvala iziteshi ngaphakathi kwe-shaft futhi iphinde inciphise ukuthambisa kokudluliselwa, ngakho-ke uma umswakama omningi oketshezini, izinga lokuguga lezingxenye zokuhlikihla liyakhuphuka. Uma amagiya noma ezinye izakhi umshini wangaphakathi we-gearbox zonakaliswe kakhulu, ukuthulula uketshezi olusha akusasizi, ngoba ungqimba oluncane lwensimbi eqinile libhujiswa, ngakho-ke i-gearbox idinga ukulungiswa okukhulu.
Kukangaki ukushintsha amafutha
Uma imoto isetshenziswa ngokucophelela, uwoyela ekudluliseni uhlala amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-50-100 ngaphambi kokushintshwa, noma kunjalo, uma imoto isetshenziselwa ukuthutha imithwalo esindayo noma ukushayela ngokushesha, kungcono ukuhhafula imayela. Lokhu kwandisa kancane izindleko zokunakekelwa kwemoto, kodwa kwandisa impilo yomshini wokuhambisa ngesandla. Uma imfucuza ekhishwe lapho kushintsha uwoyela wokuhambisa okwenziwa ngesandla inganuki ukushiswa futhi ayizange ibe mnyama, khona-ke ushintsha i-TM ngesikhathi, futhi insiza yokudlulisa isetshenziswa ngesivinini esincane.
Ukushintshwa kawoyela
Inqubo yokushintsha uwoyela ku-transmission manual ihlanganisa izigaba ezi-3:
- ukukhethwa koketshezi lokudlulisela kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswayo;
- imfucumfucu;
- ukuthulula impahla entsha.
Ukukhethwa koketshezi lokudlulisela
Imiyalo yokusebenza yezimoto eziningi ikhombisa uhlobo oluthile lwamafutha, ngokuvamile oluvela ezinkampanini ezingozakwethu zokuthuthwa kwezimoto okwenziwa ngesandla noma ezikhiqiza izimoto. Kodwa-ke, ukuguqula kahle uwoyela ekudluliselweni kwezandla, akulona uhlobo noma ibanga loketshezi olubalulekile, kodwa izici zalo zangempela, ikakhulukazi:
- i-viscosity ye-SAE;
- Isigaba se-API;
- uhlobo lwesisekelo.
Ipharamitha ye-SAE ichaza i-viscosity yoketshezi lokudlulisela kuye ngezinto ezimbili:
- izinga lokushisa langaphandle;
- izinga lokushisa ku-gearbox.
Uketshezi oludluliswayo lwasebusika lwe-SAE lubikwa ngefomethi ethi "xx W xx", lapho amadijithi amabili okuqala echaza izinga lokushisa elincane langaphandle lapho uwoyela egcina ukuthambisa kwawo, futhi amadijithi esibili achaza i-viscosity ku-100 degrees Celsius.
Isigaba se-API sichaza inhloso kawoyela, okungukuthi, hlobo luni luka-gearbox ahloselwe lona futhi luqokwa ngezinhlamvu GL elandelwa inombolo, okuyikilasi. Amafutha amakilasi GL-3 - GL-6 afanele izimoto zabagibeli. Kodwa kunemikhawulo, isibonelo, amabhokisi anama-synchronizers enziwe ngezinsimbi ezingenayo insimbi, i-GL-4 kuphela efanelekile, uma ugcwalisa i-GL-5, lezi zingxenye zizohluleka ngokushesha. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukulandela ngokuqinile imiyalelo yomkhiqizi.
Uhlobo lwesisekelo yizinto okwenziwa ngazo i-TM, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza kwayo. Kunezinhlobo ezi-3 zesisekelo:
- amaminerali;
- i-semi-synthetic;
- zokwenziwa.
Isisekelo samaminerali singamafutha emvelo, lapho amafutha e-fuel of viscosity ethile atholakala ngokukhipha i-distillation elula nokususwa kwamapharafini. Amafutha anjalo awahlali isikhathi eside, asabela kabi emazingeni okushisa aphezulu noma aphansi, kodwa ashibhile kakhulu.
Isisekelo se-semi-synthetic siyinhlanganisela yezakhi zamaminerali nezokwenziwa ngezilinganiso ezihlukahlukene; ihlanganisa imingcele yokusebenza engcono kunamanzi amaminerali kanye nezindleko eziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa.
Indlela yokukhetha uwoyela wegiya
Thola iphepha noma imiyalelo yokusebenza kwe-electronic yemoto yakho bese ubheka izidingo ze-TM lapho. Bese uthola amafutha ahlangabezana ngokugcwele nalezi zidingo bese ukhetha owuthanda kakhulu. Abanye abanikazi bezimoto bakhetha ukuthenga imikhiqizo eyenziwe kwamanye amazwe kuphela ngaphansi kwemikhiqizo eyaziwayo, besaba ukuthi amafutha aseRussia anekhwalithi embi kakhulu. Kodwa izinkathazo ezihamba phambili ezifana ne-GM, umfelandawonye we-Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi nabanye bagunyaze amafutha avela ku-Lukoil nase-Rosneft, okubonisa izinga eliphezulu lezimpawu zokuthengisa zalaba bakhiqizi.
Amafutha okuhambisa ngesandla imoto
Ngakho-ke, lapho ushintsha uwoyela ku-gearbox ye-manual, akulona uphawu lwe-TM olubalulekile, kodwa imvelaphi yalo, ngoba uma uketshezi oluthengiwe lukhiqizwa ngempela ezitshalweni ze-Rosneft noma i-Lukoil, akubi kakhulu kunoketshezi ngaphansi kwe-Shell. noma amabhrendi eMobil.
Ukukhipha imfucuza
Lo msebenzi wenziwa ngendlela efanayo kuzo zonke izimoto, kodwa izimoto ezine-low ground clearance ziqale zigingqelwe emgodini, zidlule noma zikhuphuke, kuyilapho izimoto ezine-high ground clearance azikudingi lokhu, ngoba ungakwazi ukufinyelela ipulaki yokudonsa amanzi ngenkathi elele phansi.
Ukuze ukhiphe uwoyela, qhubeka kanje:
fudumeza ibhokisi ngokushayela imoto ibanga elingu-3-5 km, noma ushiye injini ingasebenzi imizuzu emi-5-10;
- uma kunesidingo, gingqa imoto emgodini, i-overpass noma iphakamise;
- khipha ukuvikelwa kwenjini kanye nebhokisi (uma ifakiwe);
- beka isitsha esihlanzekile ukuze uthole udoti;
- vula ipulaki yokukhipha amanzi;
- linda kuze kube yilapho uketshezi olungcolile lukhishwa ngokuphelele;
- uma kunesidingo, buyisela i-O-ring noma ipulaki;
- Sula imbobo yokukhipha amafutha kanye nendawo ezungezile nge-rag ehlanzekile;
- Khipha ipulaki bese uqinisa ku-torque enconyiwe.
Lokhu kulandelana kwezenzo kusebenza kunoma yikuphi ukuthunyelwa kwemishini, kufaka phakathi lezo lapho umehluko ufakwe khona ngokwehlukana (uwoyela ukhishwa ekuhlukaniseni usebenzisa i-algorithm efanayo). Kwezinye izimoto azikho i-drain plug, ngakho-ke zisusa i-pan, futhi uma ixhunywe ebhokisini, bafaka i-gasket entsha noma basebenzise i-sealant.
Ukugcwalisa uketshezi olusha
Amafutha amasha anikezwa ngembobo yokugcwalisa, etholakala ukuze ngenani eliphelele loketshezi lizoba sezingeni lomkhawulo ophansi wale mbobo. Uma ngesizathu esithile lokhu kungenakwenzeka, isibonelo, kunzima ukuletha isirinji yokugcwalisa noma i-hose emgodini, ivuliwe ukulawula izinga, futhi i-TM inikezwa ngembobo ye-vent (ukuphefumula).
Uketshezi luhlinzekwa ekudluliselweni kusetshenziswa elinye lamathuluzi alandelayo:
- uhlelo lokugcwalisa;
- ipayipi elimelana nowoyela elinefunnel;
- isirinji yevolumu enkulu.
Uhlelo lokugcwalisa aluhambisani nakho konke ukuthunyelwa; uma ingafanele ukudluliselwa okuthile, kuzodingeka ufake i-adaptha efanele. Ipayipi elimelana nowoyela lihambisana nakho konke ukuthunyelwa, noma kunjalo lolu hlobo lokugcwalisa ludinga abantu abangu-2. Ungasebenzisa isirinji ukuze unikeze i-TM ngisho uwedwa, kodwa akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuyifaka emgodini wokugcwalisa.
isiphetho
Ukushintsha uwoyela emshinini oshintshwayo kwandisa impilo yesevisi ka-gearbox, kunciphisa ukuguga kuzo zonke izingxenye zokuhlikihla. Manje usuyazi:
- yiziphi izinyathelo okudingeka zithathwe ukuze kushintshwe uwoyela ku-transmission manual;
- indlela yokukhetha uketshezi olusha lokudlulisela;
- indlela yokukhipha udoti;
- Indlela yokugcwalisa okokugcoba okusha.
Ngokwenza lokhu, ungakwazi ngokuzimela, ngaphandle kokuxhumana nesevisi yemoto, ukushintsha i-TM kunoma yikuphi ukudluliswa kwesandla.
