I-periphery engaqondakali yesistimu sonozungezilanga

Ingxenye engaphandle yesimiso sethu sonozungezilanga ingafaniswa nezilwandle zomhlaba. Njengazo nje (ngesilinganiso se-cosmic) cishe zisesandleni sethu, kodwa kunzima ngathi ukuzihlola kahle. Sazi ezinye izifunda eziningi ezikude kakhulu zesikhala kangcono kunezifunda zebhande le-Kuiper ngaphandle kwendlela ye-Neptune kanye nefu le-Oort ngaphandle (1).

Phenya Horizons New isivele imaphakathi ne-Pluto kanye nethagethi yayo elandelayo yokuhlola, into Unyaka we-2014₆₉ w Ibhande le-Kuiper. Lesi yisifunda esingaphezu komjikelezo we-Neptune, siqala ku-30 ​​AU. e. (noma a. e., okuyibanga elimaphakathi loMhlaba ukusuka eLangeni) futhi eligcina cishe ngo-100 a. e.eLangeni.

1. Ibhande le-Kuiper kanye nefu le-Oort

Imoto yasemoyeni i-New Horizons engenamuntu, eyathatha izithombe zomlando ze-Pluto ngo-2015, isivele ingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-782 km ukusuka kuyo. Uma ifika MU₆₉ (2) izofaka njengoba kucacisiwe Alan Stern, usosayensi omkhulu wemishini, irekhodi elikude kakhulu lokuhlola ukuthula emlandweni wempucuko yabantu.

Planetoid MU₆₉ kuyinto evamile yebhande le-Kuiper, okusho ukuthi ukuzungeza kwayo kucishe kube yindilinga futhi akuhlali ku-orbital resonance ne-orbital Neptune yayo. Into yatholwa yi-Hubble Space Telescope ngoJuni 2014 futhi yakhethwa njengenye yezinhloso ezilandelayo zemishini ye-New Horizons. Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi i-MU₆₉ ngaphansi kuka-45 km ububanzi. Nokho, umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu womkhumbi-mkhathi ukutadisha ibhande le-Kuiper ngokuningiliziwe. Abacwaningi beNASA bafuna ukuhlola izinto ezingaphezu kwamashumi amabili endaweni.

2. Indlela yendiza ye-New Horizons probe

Iminyaka engu-15 yoshintsho olusheshayo

Kakade ngo-1951 Gerard Kuiper, ogama lakhe lingumngcele oseduze wesimiso sonozungezilanga (okuzobizwa kamuva ngokuthi Ifu le-Oort), wabikezela ukuthi ama-asteroid nawo azungeza ngaphandle kokuzungeza kweplanethi engaphandle kakhulu ohlelweni lwethu, okungukuthi i-Neptune, ne-Pluto engemuva kwayo. Eyokuqala, okuthiwa 1992 KV1Nokho, kwatholakala kuphela ngo-1992. Usayizi ojwayelekile wamaplanethi amancane kanye ne-Kuiper belt asteroids aweqi amakhilomitha angamakhulu ambalwa. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi inani lezinto zebhande le-Kuiper ezinobubanzi obungaphezu kuka-100 km lifinyelela ezinkulungwaneni ezingamakhulu amaningana.

Ifu le-Oort, elidlulela ngale kwe-Kuiper Belt, lakha izigidigidi zeminyaka edlule lapho ifu elibhidlikayo legesi nothuli lakha iLanga namaplanethi alizungezayo. Izinsalela zezinto ezingasetshenzisiwe zabe ziphonswa ngale kwemigudu yamaplanethi akude kakhulu. Ifu lingaba izigidigidi zemizimba emincane ehlakazeke elangeni. I-radius yayo ifinyelela ngisho namakhulu ezinkulungwane zamayunithi ezinkanyezi, futhi ubukhulu bayo buphelele bungaba izikhathi ezingaba ngu-10-40 ubukhulu boMhlaba. Ukuba khona kwefu elinjalo lezinto kwabikezelwa ngo-1950 isazi sezinkanyezi saseDashi Yang H. I-Oort. Kukhona izinsolo zokuthi amandla adonsela phansi ezinkanyezi eziseduze ngezikhathi ezithile aphushela izinto ezingazodwana zefu le-Oort endaweni yethu, zidale izinkanyezi ezinomsila eziphila isikhathi eside ezivela kuzo.

Eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu eyedlule, ngo-September 2002, umzimba omkhulu kunawo wonke ohlelweni sonozungezilanga kusukela kwatholakala i-Pluto ngo-1930, ungenisa inkathi entsha yokutholwa kanye noshintsho olusheshayo emfanekisweni wendawo ezungezile yesimiso sonozungezilanga. Kuvele ukuthi into engaziwa izungeza iLanga njalo eminyakeni engama-288 ebangeni elingama-6 billion km, okuyibanga eliphindwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kwamashumi amane phakathi koMhlaba neLanga (i-Pluto ne-Neptune iqhele ngamakhilomitha angama-4,5 kuphela). Abayitholile, izazi zezinkanyezi e-California Institute of Technology, bayiqamba ngokuthi I-Quoaara. Ngokwezibalo zakuqala, kwakufanele ibe nobubanzi obuyi-1250 km, okungaphezu kwengxenye yobubanzi bePluto (2300 km). Ama-banknote amasha ashintshe lo sayizi waba 844,4 km.

NgoNovemba 2003, into yatholakala 2003 WB 12, okuthiwa kamuva Icashazi, egameni likankulunkulukazi wama-Eskimo obhekele ukudalwa kwezilwane zasolwandle. I-essence ngokusemthethweni ayiyona eyebhande le-Kuiper, kodwa Isigaba se-ETNO - okungukuthi, okuthile phakathi kwebhande le-Kuiper ne-Oort Cloud. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ulwazi lwethu lwale ndawo lwaqala ukwanda kanye nokutholwa kwezinye izinto, esingabala ngazo, isibonelo, Makemake, Haume noma Eris. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwaqala ukuvela imibuzo emisha. Ngisho nesikhundla sePluto. Ekugcineni, njengoba wazi, wayekhishwe eqenjini elite lamaplanethi.

Izazi zezinkanyezi ziyaqhubeka nokuthola izinto ezintsha zomngcele (3). Enye yezintsha kakhulu iplanethi encane Dee Dee. Itholakala ku-137 billion km ukusuka eMhlabeni. Izungeza iLanga eminyakeni eyi-1100. Izinga lokushisa ebusweni bayo lifinyelela ku-243°C. Yatholwa ngenxa yesibonakude i-ALMA. Igama layo lifushane elithi "Distant Dwarf".

3. Izinto ze-Trans-Neptunian

I-Phantom Menace

Ekuqaleni kuka-2016, sabika ku-MT ukuthi sithole ubufakazi obucacile bokuba khona kweplanethi yesishiyagalolunye kodwa engaziwa esimisweni sonozungezilanga.4). Kamuva, ososayensi eSwedish University of Lund bathi ayizange yakhelwe ohlelweni sonozungezilanga, kodwa kwakuyi-exoplanet ethathwe yiLanga. Ukumodela kwekhompyutha U-Alexandra Mustilla kanye nozakwabo basikisela ukuthi ilanga elincane "lintshontshe" kwenye inkanyezi. Lokhu kwakungenzeka lapho izinkanyezi ezimbili zisondelana. Khona-ke iplanethi yesishiyagalolunye yakhishwa emzileni wayo ngamanye amaplanethi futhi yathola umzila omusha, kude kakhulu nenkanyezi engumzali wayo. Kamuva, lezi zinkanyezi ezimbili zaphinde zaqhelelana, kodwa into yahlala izungeza iLanga.

Ososayensi abavela eLund Observatory bakholelwa ukuthi umbono wabo kungenzeka kakhulu kunayo yonke, ngoba ayikho incazelo engcono yalokho okwenzekayo, okuhlanganisa nokungaqondakali emigudwini yezinto ezizungeza ibhande le-Kuiper. Endaweni ethile laphaya, iplanethi ecatshangelwayo engaqondakali yayicashe emehlweni ethu.

inkulumo ephezulu Konstantin Batygina i UMike Brown evela eCalifornia Institute of Technology, eyamemezela ngoJanuwari 2016 ukuthi bathole enye iplanethi ekude kakhulu nomjikelezo wePluto, yenza ososayensi bakhuluma ngayo njengokungathi babazi kakade ukuthi endaweni ethile emaphethelweni esimiso sonozungezilanga kunenye indikimba enkulu yasezulwini ezungezayo. . . Izoba ncane kancane kune-Neptune futhi izozungeza iLanga emzileni oyi-elliptical okungenani ngama-15 20-4,5. iminyaka. U-Batygin noBrown bathi le planethi yakhishelwa emaphethelweni esimiso sonozungezilanga, mhlawumbe ngesikhathi sokuqala kokuthuthuka kwayo, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-XNUMX edlule.

Ithimba likaBrown liphakamise udaba lobunzima ekuchazeni ukuba khona kwalabo okuthiwa Kuiper Cliff, okungukuthi, uhlobo lwegebe ebhandeni le-trans-Neptunian asteroid. Lokhu kuchazwa kalula amandla adonsela phansi ento enkulu engaziwa. Ososayensi baphinde bakhomba izibalo ezijwayelekile zokuthi ezinkulungwaneni zezingcezu zamatshe e-Oort Cloud kanye nebhande le-Kuiper kufanele kube namakhulu ama-asteroid amakhilomitha amaningana ubude futhi mhlawumbe neplanethi eyodwa noma ngaphezulu.

4. Enye yemicabango ebonakalayo ngePlanethi X.

Ekuqaleni kuka-2015, i-NASA yakhipha okuphawulwe ku-Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer - WISE. Babonisa ukuthi emkhathini ebangeni elingafika izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-10 ngaphezu kokusuka eLangeni ukuya eMhlabeni, abakwazanga ukuthola iPlanethi X. Uhlakaniphe, nokho, uyakwazi ukubona izinto ezinkulu njengeSaturn, ngakho-ke umzimba wasezulwini ubukhulu beNeptune bungakwazi ukukubalekela ukunakwa. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi bayaqhubeka nokusesha nge-Keck Telescope engamamitha ayi-XNUMX eHawaii. Kuze kube manje akukho lutho.

Akunakwenzeka ukuthi singawuphathi umqondo wokubuka inkanyezi "eneshwa" engaqondakali, insundu emnyama. - okungenza isistimu yelanga ibe yisistimu kanambambili. Cishe ingxenye yezinkanyezi ezibonakalayo esibhakabhakeni izinhlelo ezihlanganisa izingxenye ezimbili noma ngaphezulu. Isistimu yethu kanambambili ingase yakhe into encane ephuzi (iLanga) kanye nencane futhi insundu epholile kakhulu. Nokho, le hypothesis ibonakala ingenakwenzeka okwamanje. Ngisho noma izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu lensundu lalingama-degree angamakhulu ambalwa kuphela, umshini wethu wawusakwazi ukukubona. I-Gemini Observatory, iSpitzer Telescope kanye ne-WISE sezivele zisungule ubukhona bezinto ezinjalo ezingaphezu kweshumi emabangeni afinyelela eminyakeni eyikhulu yokukhanya. Ngakho uma isathelayithi yelanga ikhona ngempela ndawana thize, bekufanele ngabe sayibona kudala.

Noma mhlawumbe iplanethi yayikhona, kodwa ayisekho? Isazi sezinkanyezi saseMelika eSouthwestern Research Institute eBoulder, Colorado (SwRI), UDavid Nesvorny, esihlokweni esanyatheliswa kumagazini iSayensi, kufakazela ukuthi ukuba khona kwalokhu okuthiwa ama-testis ebhande le-Kuiper izinyawo ze-gas giant yesihlanueyayikhona ekuqaleni kokubunjwa kwesimiso sonozungezilanga. Ukuba khona kwezingcezu eziningi zeqhwa kule ndawo kungabonisa ukuba khona kweplanethi elingana neNeptune.

Ososayensi babhekisela kumnyombo webhande le-Kuiper njengeqoqo lezinkulungwane zezinto ze-trans-Neptunian ezinemizila efanayo. I-Nesvorny isebenzise ukulingisa kwekhompuyutha ukumodela ukunyakaza kwalesi "core" eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezi-4 edlule. Emsebenzini wakhe, wasebenzisa okuthiwa i-Nice Model, echaza izimiso zokufuduka kwamaplanethi ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwesimiso sonozungezilanga.

Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, iNeptune, eqhele ngamakhilomitha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4,2 ukusuka eLangeni, yashintsha kungazelelwe amakhilomitha ayizigidi ezingu-7,5. Izazi zezinkanyezi azazi ukuthi kungani lokhu kwenzeka. Ithonya lamandla adonsela phansi lamanye ama-gas giants, ngokuyinhloko i-Uranus noma iSaturn, liye laphakanyiswa, kodwa akukho okwaziwayo nganoma yikuphi ukusebenzisana kwamandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwala maplanethi. NgokukaNesvorny, iNeptune kumele ngabe yahlala isebuhlotsheni bamandla adonsela phansi neplanethi eyengeziwe eneqhwa, eyaphoqeleka ukuba iphume emzileni wayo ibheke eKuiper Belt ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwayo. Phakathi nale nqubo, iplanethi yaphuka futhi yabangela izinkulungwane zezinto ezinkulu ezineqhwa manje ezaziwa ngokuthi umnyombo wawo noma ama-trans-Neptunians.

Ama-probe ochungechunge lwe-Voyager and Pioneer, eminyakeni embalwa ngemva kokwethulwa, abe izimoto zokuqala zasemhlabeni ukuwela umzila we-Neptune. Imishini iveze ukunotha kwe-Kuiper Belt ekude, ivuselela inqwaba yezingxoxo mayelana nomsuka nokwakheka kwesimiso sonozungezilanga esivele singaphezu kokuqagela kwanoma ubani. Alukho uphenyo olwafika kule planethi entsha, kodwa iPioneer 10 kanye ne-11 eyabaleka yathatha indlela yendiza eyayingalindelekile eyabonwa emuva ngeminyaka yawo-80s. yesistimu yelanga ...