Imfumbe yesikhathi

Isikhathi besilokhu siyinkinga. Okokuqala, kwakunzima ngisho nangezingqondo ezihlakaniphe kakhulu ukuqonda ukuthi sasiyini ngempela isikhathi. Namuhla, lapho kubonakala ngathi siyakuqonda lokhu ngezinga elithile, abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ngaphandle kwalo, okungenani ngomqondo wendabuko, kuyoba lula kakhulu.

"" Ibhalwe ngu-Isaac Newton. Wayekholelwa ukuthi isikhathi singaqondwa ngokwezibalo kuphela. Kuye, isikhathi esiphelele esinohlangothi olulodwa kanye nejiyomethri enezinhlangothi ezintathu zoMkhathi kwakuyizici ezizimele nezihlukene zeqiniso eliwumgomo, futhi emzuzwini ngamunye wesikhathi esiphelele, zonke izenzakalo eMkhathini zenzeka kanyekanye.

Ngombono wakhe okhethekile wokuhlobana, u-Einstein wasusa umqondo wesikhathi esisodwa. Ngokombono wakhe, ngesikhathi esisodwa akubona ubuhlobo obuphelele phakathi kwezenzakalo: lokho okukhona ngesikhathi esisodwa kuhlaka olulodwa lwereferensi ngeke kube kanyekanye kwenye.

Isibonelo sokuqonda kuka-Einstein isikhathi yi-muon evela emisebeni ye-cosmic. Kuyizinhlayiya ze-subatomic ezingazinzile ezinesilinganiso sempilo yama-microseconds angu-2,2. Yakha emkhathini ongaphezulu, futhi nakuba silindele ukuthi ihambe amamitha angu-660 kuphela (ngejubane lokukhanya elingu-300 km/s) ngaphambi kokuhlakazeka, imiphumela yokunwetshwa kwesikhathi ivumela ama-cosmic muon ukuthi ahambe ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayi-000 ukuya emhlabeni. nokunye. . Ohlakeni lwereferensi noMhlaba, ama-muon aphila isikhathi eside ngenxa yejubane lawo eliphezulu.

Ngo-1907, uthisha wangaphambili ka-Einstein uHermann Minkowski wethula indawo nesikhathi njenge. Isikhathi somkhathi siziphatha njengesigcawu lapho izinhlayiya ezihamba endaweni yonke zihlobene. Nokho, le nguqulo yesikhathi sasemkhathini yayingaphelele (bona futhi: ). Ayizange ihlanganise amandla adonsela phansi kuze kube yilapho u-Einstein ethula ukuhlobana okujwayelekile ngo-1916. Indwangu yesikhathi sasemkhathini iyaqhubeka, iyashelela, isontekile futhi ikhubazekile ngenxa yokuba khona kwezinto namandla (2). Amandla adonsela phansi ukugoba kwendawo yonke, okubangelwa imizimba emikhulu nezinye izinhlobo zamandla, okunquma indlela izinto ezihamba ngayo. Lokhu kugoba kuyashintshashintsha, kuhamba njengoba izinto zihamba. Njengoba isazi sesayensi yemvelo uJohn Wheeler sisho, "Isikhathi sendawo sithatha isisindo ngokusitshela ukuthi sinyakaze kanjani, futhi isisindo sithatha isikhathi sasemkhathini ngokusitshela indlela yokujika."

2. Isikhathi sesikhala sika-Einstein

Isikhathi kanye nomhlaba we-quantum

Ithiyori evamile yokuhlobana ibheka ukuhamba kwesikhathi njengokuqhubekayo futhi okuhlobene, futhi ibheka ukuhamba kwesikhathi njengento yonke futhi ephelele ocezwini olukhethiwe. Ngawo-60, umzamo ophumelelayo wokuhlanganisa imibono eyayingahambelani ngaphambili, i-quantum mechanics kanye nokuhlobana okujwayelekile kwaholela kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi i-Wheeler-DeWitt equation, isinyathelo esibheke embonweni. amandla adonsela phansi e-quantum. Le zibalo ixazulule inkinga eyodwa kodwa yadala enye. Isikhathi asidlali kule zibalo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela engxabanweni enkulu phakathi kwezazi zefiziksi, eziyibiza ngokuthi inkinga yesikhathi.

UCarlo Rovelli (3), isazi sefiziksi yesimanje sase-Italy sinombono oqondile ngale ndaba. ", wabhala encwadini ethi "Imfihlo Yesikhathi".

3. UCarlo Rovelli nencwadi yakhe

Labo abavumelana nencazelo ye-Copenhagen ye-quantum mechanics bakholelwa ukuthi izinqubo ze-quantum zithobela isibalo se-Schrödinger, esilinganayo ngesikhathi futhi esivela ekugoqeni kwegagasi komsebenzi. Kunguqulo ye-quantum mechanical ye-entropy, lapho i-entropy ishintsha, akukhona ukushisa okugelezayo, kodwa ulwazi. Ezinye izazi ze-quantum physics zithi zithole umsuka womcibisholo wesikhathi. Bathi amandla ayahlakazeka futhi izinto ziqondana ngoba izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zihlangana ndawonye njengoba zixhumana ngendlela "ye-quantum entanglement." U-Einstein, kanye nozakwabo u-Podolsky no-Rosen, bathola lokhu kuziphatha kungenakwenzeka ngoba kuphambene nombono wendawo wamaqiniso wembangela. Izinhlayiya ezikude komunye nomunye zingaxhumana kanjani ngesikhathi esisodwa, babuza.

Ngo-1964, wenza isivivinyo sokuhlola esaphika izimangalo zika-Einstein mayelana nalokho okuthiwa okuguquguqukayo okufihliwe. Ngakho, kunenkolelo evamile ukuthi ukwaziswa kuyahamba phakathi kwezinhlayiya eziboshelwe, okungenzeka zisheshe kunalokho okungahamba ukukhanya. Ngokwazi kwethu, isikhathi asikho izinhlayiya ezibambene (4).

Iqembu lezazi zesayensi ye-physics e-Hebrew University eliholwa u-Eli Megidish eJerusalema labika ngo-2013 ukuthi liye laphumelela ekubambeni ama-photon ayengahlali ndawonye ngesikhathi. Okokuqala, esinyathelweni sokuqala, bakha i-photon ebambene, 1-2. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, balinganisa ukuhlukaniswa kwe-photon 1 (indawo echaza isiqondiso lapho ukukhanya ku-oscillates) - ngaleyo ndlela "bayibulala" (isigaba II). I-Photon 2 yathunyelwa ohambweni, futhi kwakhiwe umbhangqwana omusha oboshwe 3-4 (isinyathelo III). I-Photon 3 yabe isikalwa kanye ne-photon 2 ehambayo ngendlela yokuthi i-coefficient entanglement "ishintshe" kusukela kumapheya amadala (1-2 kanye no-3-4) kuya kwentsha ehlanganisiwe engu-2-3 (isinyathelo IV). Esikhathini esithile kamuva (isigaba V) i-polarity ye-photon 4 kuphela esaphila iyalinganiswa futhi imiphumela iqhathaniswa ne-polarization ye-photon 1 efile kudala (emuva esigabeni II). Umphumela? Idatha yembule ukuba khona kokuhlobana kwe-quantum phakathi kwama-photon 1 no-4, "okungekhona okwasendaweni okwesikhashana". Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukubopha kungenzeka ezinhlelweni ezimbili ze-quantum ezingakaze zibe khona ngesikhathi.

UMegiddish nozakwabo abakwazi ukuzibamba kodwa baqagela mayelana nokuchazwa okungenzeka kwemiphumela yabo. Mhlawumbe ukulinganiswa kwe-polarization ye-photon 1 esinyathelweni II ngandlela thile siqondisa i-polarization yesikhathi esizayo yesi-4, noma ukulinganiswa kwe-polarization ye-photon 4 esinyathelweni V ngandlela thize sivala isimo sangaphambilini se-polarization se-photon 1. Kuzo zombili izikhombisi-ndlela eziya phambili nangemuva, i-quantum ukuhlobana kwanda esikhaleni esiyimbangela phakathi kokufa kwe-photon eyodwa nokuzalwa kwenye.

Kusho ukuthini lokhu esikalini esikhulu? Ososayensi, bexoxa ngemiphumela engaba khona, bakhuluma ngokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ukuqaphela kwethu ukukhanya kwenkanyezi ngandlela thile kunqume ukuhlukaniswa kwama-photon eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-9 edlule.

I-pair of American and Canadian physicists, Matthew S. Leifer at Chapman University in California and Matthew F. Pusey at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Ontario, yaqaphela eminyakeni embalwa edlule ukuthi uma singanamatheli eqinisweni lokuthi u-Einstein. Izilinganiso ezenziwe ngezinhlayiyana zingabonakala esikhathini esidlule nesakusasa, okuba kungenamsebenzi kulesi simo. Ngemva kokwenza kabusha imibono ethile eyisisekelo, ososayensi bakha imodeli esekelwe kumbono kaBell lapho isikhala siguqulwa sibe isikhathi. Izibalo zabo zibonisa ukuthi kungani, sicabanga ukuthi isikhathi sihlala singaphambili, sikhubeka ngokuphikisana.

NgokukaCarl Rovelli, umbono wethu womuntu wesikhathi uxhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nendlela amandla ashisayo aziphatha ngayo. Kungani sazi okwedlule kuphela hhayi ikusasa? Isihluthulelo, ngokusho kososayensi, ukugeleza kokushisa okungaqondile kusuka ezintweni ezifudumele kuya kwezibandayo. I-ice cube ephonswe enkomishini eshisayo yekhofi ipholisa ikhofi. Kodwa inqubo ayinakuhlehliswa. Umuntu, njengohlobo "lwemishini ye-thermodynamic", ulandela lo mcibisholo wesikhathi futhi akakwazi ukuqonda enye indlela. “Kodwa uma ngibona isimo se-microscopic,” kubhala uRovelli, “umehluko phakathi kwenkathi edlule nekusasa uyanyamalala…

Isikhathi sikalwa ngamafrakshini e-quantum

Noma mhlawumbe isikhathi singalinganiswa? Inkolelo-mbono entsha esanda kuvela isikisela ukuthi isikhawu sesikhathi esincane kunazo zonke ongase ucabange ngaso asinakudlula ingxenye eyisigidi yengxenye yesigidi sesigidi sengxenye yomzuzwana. Ithiyori ilandela umqondo okungenani oyingxenye eyisisekelo yewashi. Ngokusho kwama-theorists, imiphumela yalokhu kucabanga ingasiza ekwakheni "inkolelo-mbono yakho konke".

Umqondo wesikhathi se-quantum awumusha. Imodeli ye-quantum gravity iphakamisa ukuthi isikhathi silinganiswe futhi sibe nezinga elithile lomkhaza. Lo mjikelezo wokumaka uyiyunithi yobuncane bendawo yonke, futhi abukho ubukhulu besikhathi obungaba ngaphansi kwalokhu. Kungaba sengathi kunenkambu esisekelweni sendawo yonke enquma ubuncane bejubane lokuhamba kwakho konke okukuyo, inikeze ezinye izinhlayiya isisindo. Endabeni yaleli washi lendawo yonke, “esikhundleni sokunikeza insada, lizonikeza isikhathi,” kuchaza esinye isazi sefiziksi esihlongoza ukulinganisa isikhathi, uMartin Bojowald.

Ngokwenza iwashi elinjalo elisebenza emhlabeni wonke, yena nozakwabo ePennsylvania State College e-United States babonisa ukuthi kwakuyowenza umehluko emawashini e-athomu okwenziwa, asebenzisa ukundindizela kwe-athomu ukuze aveze imiphumela enembe kunayo yonke eyaziwayo. izilinganiso zesikhathi. Ngokwale modeli, iwashi le-athomu (5) ngezinye izikhathi alizange lihambisane newashi lomhlaba wonke. Lokhu kungakhawulela ukunemba kokulinganisa isikhathi ewashini le-athomu elilodwa, okusho ukuthi amawashi amabili e-athomu angase agcine engafani nobude benkathi edlule. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi amawashi ethu e-athomu angcono kakhulu ahambisana namanye futhi angakwazi ukulinganisa omaka kuze kufike kumasekhondi angu-10-19, noma ingxenye eyodwa kweshumi yengxenye yesigidigidi yengxenye yesigidi sesekhondi, iyunithi yesikhathi eyisisekelo ayikwazi ukuba ngaphezu kwamasekhondi angu-10-33. Lezi iziphetho zendatshana emayelana nalo mbono eyavela ngoJuni 2020 kumagazini wePhysical Review Letters.

5. Iwashi le-athomu elisekelwe ku-Lutetium e-National University of Singapore.

Ukuhlola ukuthi ingabe iyunithi enjalo eyisisekelo yesikhathi ikhona yini kungaphezu kwamandla ethu wamanje wezobuchwepheshe, kodwa kusabonakala kufinyeleleka kakhudlwana kunokulinganisa isikhathi se-Planck, esingamasekhondi angu-5,4 × 10–44.

Umthelela uvemvane awusebenzi!

Ukususa isikhathi emhlabeni we-quantum noma ukusilinganisa kungaba nemiphumela ethokozisayo, kepha masikhulume iqiniso, umcabango odumile uqhutshwa enye into, okungukuthi ukuhamba kwesikhathi.

Cishe unyaka owedlule, uprofesa we-physics wase-University of Connecticut uRonald Mallett watshela i-CNN ukuthi ubhale i-equation yesayensi engasetshenziswa njengesisekelo umshini wesikhathi sangempela. Waze wakha nomshini ukuze abonise isici esibalulekile salo mbono. Ukholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ngokombono ukuguqula isikhathi sibe yiluphuokungavumela ukuhamba kwesikhathi ukuya esikhathini esedlule. Waze wakha i-prototype ebonisa ukuthi ama-laser angasiza kanjani ukufeza lo mgomo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ozakwabo bakaMallett abaqiniseki ukuthi umshini wakhe wesikhathi uyoke wenzeke. Ngisho noMallett uyavuma ukuthi umbono wakhe usethiyori ngokuphelele kuleli phuzu.

Ekupheleni konyaka ka-2019, iNew Scientist yabika ukuthi izazi zefiziksi uBarak Shoshani kanye noJacob Hauser wePerimeter Institute eCanada bachaza isisombululo lapho umuntu angakwazi ukusuka endaweni eyodwa. okuphakelayo kwezindaba kwesibili, ukudlula ngembobo isikhathi sesikhala noma umhubhe, njengoba besho, "ngokwezibalo kungenzeka". Le modeli ithatha ngokuthi kunamayunivesi ahlukene ahambisanayo esingahamba kuwo, futhi inesihibe esinzima - ukuhamba kwesikhathi akuthinti umugqa wesikhathi wabahambi. Ngale ndlela, ungathonya okunye ukuqhubeka, kodwa leyo esiqale kuyo uhambo ihlala ingashintshile.

Futhi njengoba sise-space-time continua, bese ngosizo lwe ikhompyutha ye-quantum Ukulingisa ukuhamba kwesikhathi, ososayensi basanda kufakazela ukuthi awukho "umphumela wovemvane" endaweni ye-quantum, njengoba kubonakala kumafilimu nezincwadi eziqanjiwe zesayensi. Ezivivinyweni ezingeni le-quantum, ezilimele, ezibonakala zingashintshile, njengokungathi iqiniso liyaziphilisa. Iphepha ngale ndaba livele kuleli hlobo Ezincwadini Zokubukeza Zengqondo. “Kukhompyutha ye-quantum, azikho izinkinga ngokulingisa inguquko ephambene ngesikhathi, noma ngokulingisa inqubo yokubuyisela inqubo esikhathini esedlule,” kuchaza uMikolay Sinitsyn, isazi sesayensi yefilosofi eLos Alamos National Laboratory kanye no-co- umbhali wocwaningo. Sebenza. "Singabona ngempela ukuthi kwenzekani emhlabeni oyinkimbinkimbi we-quantum uma sibuyela emuva ngesikhathi, sengeza umonakalo bese sibuyela emuva. Sithola ukuthi umhlaba wethu wasendulo usekhona, okusho ukuthi awukho umphumela we-butterfly ku-quantum mechanics. "

Lokhu kuyigalelo elikhulu kithi, kodwa futhi izindaba ezinhle kithi. Ukuqhubeka kwesikhathi sesikhala kugcina ubuqotho, kungavumeli izinguquko ezincane ukuthi zisibhubhise. Kungani? Lona umbuzo othakazelisayo, kodwa isihloko esihluke kancane kunesikhathi ngokwaso.