I-viscosity yamafutha

I-viscosity kawoyela ingenye yemingcele ebaluleke kakhulu kawoyela wenjini yezimoto. Iningi labanikazi bezimoto bezwe ngale parameter, babone ukuqokwa kwe-viscosity kumalebula oiler, kodwa bambalwa abantu abazi ukuthi lezi zinhlamvu nezinombolo zisho ukuthini nokuthi zithinta ini. Kulesi sihloko, sizokhuluma nge-viscosity kawoyela, amasistimu wokuqokwa kwe-viscosity, nokuthi ungakhetha kanjani i-viscosity kawoyela yenjini yemoto yakho.

Amafutha asetshenziselwa ini?

Uwoyela wezimoto uqinisekisa ukusebenza okulungile kwezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene. Isetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ukungqubuzana, ukupholisa, ukugcoba, ukudlulisa ingcindezi ezingxenyeni nasezintweni zemoto, ukususa imikhiqizo evuthayo. Izimo ezinzima kakhulu zokusebenza zamafutha emoto. Akufanele balahlekelwe izakhiwo zabo ngezinguquko ezisheshayo emithwalweni eshisayo neyemishini, ngaphansi kwethonya le-oksijini yasemkhathini kanye nezinto ezinolaka ezakhiwe ngesikhathi sokushiswa okungaphelele kukaphethiloli.

Amafutha enza ifilimu kawoyela ebusweni bezingxenye zokuhlikihla futhi anciphise ukuguga, avikele ekugqwaleni, futhi anciphisa umthelela wezingxenye ezisebenza ngamakhemikhali ezakhiwe ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwenjini. Ukujikeleza ku-crankcase, amafutha asusa ukushisa, asuse imikhiqizo yokugqoka (ama-metal chips) endaweni yokuxhumana yezingxenye zokuxubha, avale izikhala phakathi kwezindonga ze-cylinder kanye nezingxenye zeqembu le-piston.

Iyini i-viscosity yamafutha

I-viscosity iyisici esibaluleke kakhulu samafutha enjini, okuncike ekushiseni. Amafutha akufanele abe ne-viscous kakhulu esimweni sezulu esibandayo ukuze isiqalisi sikwazi ukuphendula i-crankshaft futhi iphampu yamafutha ingakwazi ukumpompa uwoyela ohlelweni lokuthambisa. Emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, amafutha akufanele abe ne-viscosity encishisiwe ukuze enze ifilimu yamafutha phakathi kwezingxenye zokuxubha futhi anikeze ingcindezi edingekayo ohlelweni.

Ukuqokwa kwamafutha enjini ngokuya ngezigaba ze-SAE

Isigaba se-SAE (American Society of Automotive Engineers) sibonisa i-viscosity futhi sinquma ukuthi iyiphi isizini uwoyela angasetshenziswa. Kupasipoti yemoto, umenzi ulawula izimpawu ezifanele.

Amafutha ngokuya ngezigaba ze-SAE ahlukaniswe yaba:

• Ebusika: kukhona uhlamvu esitembuni: W (ebusika) 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W, 20W, 25W;
• Ihlobo - 20, 30, 40, 50, 60;
• Yonke isizini: 0W-30, 5W-40, njll.

Inombolo engaphambi kohlamvu W ekuqanjweni kwamafutha enjini ikhombisa i-viscosity yayo yezinga lokushisa eliphansi, okungukuthi izinga lokushisa lapho injini yemoto egcwele la mafutha ingaqala "ukubanda", futhi iphampu kawoyela izopompa uwoyela ngaphandle kosongo lokungqubuzana okomile. kusuka ezingxenyeni zenjini. Ngokwesibonelo, uwoyela 10W40, izinga lokushisa eliphansi -10 degrees (susa 40 inombolo ngaphambi W), futhi izinga lokushisa esibucayi lapho isiqalisi ungaqala injini -25 degrees (susa 35 inombolo phambi iW). Ngakho-ke, lapho inombolo ephansi ngaphambi kuka-W ekuqanjweni kwamafutha, iyancipha izinga lokushisa lomoya eklanyelwe lona.

Inombolo ngemuva kohlamvu W ekuqokweni kwamafutha enjini ikhombisa i-viscosity yayo ephezulu yokushisa, okungukuthi, ubuncane be-viscosity yamafutha emazingeni okushisa okusebenza (kusuka ku-100 kuya ku-150 degrees). Uma iphezulu inombolo ngemva kuka-W, ilapho i-viscosity yalowo mafutha enjini iphakama emazingeni okushisa okusebenza.

I-viscosity yokushisa ephezulu okufanele uwoyela wenjini yemoto yakho ube nayo waziwa ngumkhiqizi wawo kuphela, ngakho-ke kutuswa ukuba ulandele ngokuqinile izimfuneko zomkhiqizi wemoto zamafutha enjini, ezikhonjiswe emiyalweni yemoto yakho.

Amafutha anamabanga ahlukene e-viscosity anconywa ukuthi asetshenziswe ezimweni ezihlukene zokushisa:

SAE 0W-30 - kusuka -30 ° kuya +20 ° C;

SAE 0W-40 - kusuka -30 ° kuya +35 ° C;

SAE 5W-30 - kusuka -25 ° kuya +20 ° C;

SAE 5W-40 - kusuka -25 ° kuya +35 ° C;

SAE 10W-30 - kusuka -20 ° kuya +30 ° C;

SAE 10W-40 - kusuka -20 ° kuya +35 ° C;

SAE 15W-40 - kusuka -15 ° kuya +45 ° C;

I-SAE 20W-40 - ukusuka ku--10° ukuya ku-45°C.

Ukuqokwa kwamafutha enjini ngokwezinga le-API

Izinga le-API (American Petroleum Institute) licacisa ukuthi uwoyela kufanele usetshenziswe kuphi. Iqukethe izinhlamvu ezimbili zesiLatini. Uhlamvu lokuqala u-S umele uphethiloli, C umelela udizili. Incwadi yesibili usuku imoto eyakhiwa ngalo.

Izinjini zikaphethiloli:

• SC - izimoto ezakhiqizwa ngaphambi kuka-1964;
• I-SD: izimoto ezikhiqizwa phakathi kuka-1964 no-1968;
• SE - amakhophi akhiqizwa ngo-1969-1972;
• SF - izimoto ezikhiqizwa ngesikhathi 1973-1988;
• I-SG - izimoto ezakhiwe ngo-1989-1994 ukuze zisebenze ezimweni ezinzima;
• Sh - izimoto ezakhiwe ngo-1995-1996 ngezimo ezinzima zokusebenza;
• I-SJ - amakhophi, anedethi yokukhululwa ye-1997-2000, enokonga okungcono kakhulu kwamandla;
• I-SL - izimoto, ekuqaleni kokukhiqizwa ngo-2001-2003, futhi nempilo ende yenkonzo;
• SM - izimoto ezikhiqizwa kusukela ngo-2004;
• I-SL+ ithuthukise ukumelana ne-oxidation.

Izinjini zikadizili:

• I-SV - izimoto ezikhiqizwa ngaphambi kuka-1961, okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwesibabule kuphethiloli;
• SS - izimoto ezikhiqizwa ngaphambi kuka-1983, ukusebenza ezimweni ezinzima;
• I-CD - izimoto ezakhiwe ngaphambi kuka-1990, okwakudingeka zisebenze ezimweni ezinzima futhi ngesamba esikhulu sesulfure kuphethiloli;
• CE - izimoto ezakhiwe ngaphambi kuka-1990 futhi zinenjini yomshini wokushisa;
• I-CF - izimoto ezikhiqizwa kusukela ngo-1990, nge-turbine;
• I-CG-4 - amakhophi akhiqizwa kusukela ngo-1994, ene-turbine;
• I-CH-4 - izimoto kusukela ngo-1998, ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso ezinobuthi ezamukelwa e-United States;
• I-KI-4 - izimoto ezine-turbocharged ezine-valve ye-EGR;
• I-CI-4 plus - efana neyangaphambili, ngaphansi kwamazinga aphezulu ase-US yobuthi.

I-kinematic kanye ne-viscosity yamafutha ashukumisayo

Ukunquma ikhwalithi yamafutha, i-viscosity yayo ye-kinematic ne-dynamic inqunywa.

I-kinematic viscosity iyinkomba yoketshezi olujwayelekile (+40°C) namazinga okushisa aphakeme (+100°C). Kunqunywa kusetshenziswa i-capillary viscometer. Ukuze unqume, kucatshangelwa isikhathi uwoyela ageleza ngaso emazingeni okushisa athile. Kukalwe ngo-mm2/sec.

I-Dynamic viscosity iyinkomba enquma ukusabela kwe-lubricant ku-simulator yomthwalo wangempela - i-viscometer ejikelezayo. Idivayisi ilingisa imithwalo yangempela enjinini, icabangela ingcindezi emigqeni kanye nezinga lokushisa lika +150 ° C, futhi ilawula ukuthi uketshezi olugcobayo luziphatha kanjani, ukuthi i-viscosity yayo ishintsha kanjani ngesikhathi somthwalo.

Izici zamafutha ezimoto

• Iphuzu elikhanyayo;
• uthele iphuzu;
• inkomba ye-viscosity;
• inombolo ye-alkaline;
• inombolo ye-asidi.

Iphuzu elikhanyayo liyinani elibonisa ukuba khona kwezingxenyana ezilula emafutheni, ahwamuka futhi ashise ngokushesha okukhulu, okonakalise ikhwalithi yamafutha. Iphoyinti elikhanyayo eliphansi akumele libe ngaphansi kuka-220°C.

Iphuzu lokuthela liyinani lapho amafutha elahlekelwa khona uketshezi. Izinga lokushisa libonisa isikhathi sokucwebezeliswa kukapharafini kanye nokuqiniswa okuphelele kwamafutha.

inkomba ye-viscosity - ibonisa ukuncika kwe-viscosity yamafutha ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushisa. Uma lesi sibalo siphezulu, sikhulu izinga lokushisa elisebenzayo lamafutha. Imikhiqizo ene-viscosity index ephansi ivumela injini ukuthi isebenze ngaphakathi kwebanga lokushisa elincane. Kusukela lapho zishiswa, ziba uketshezi kakhulu futhi ziyeke ukugcoba, futhi lapho sezipholile, zisheshe zishube.

Inombolo yesisekelo (TBN) ikhombisa inani lezinto ezine-alkaline (i-potassium hydroxide) kugramu eyodwa yamafutha enjini. Iyunithi yesilinganiso mgKOH/g. Ikhona oketshezini lwe-motor ngendlela yezithasiselo ze-disperant zokuhlanza. Ukuba khona kwayo kusiza ukunciphisa ama-asidi ayingozi futhi kulwe namadiphozithi avela ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwenjini. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-TBN iyehla. Ukwehla okukhulu kwenombolo yesisekelo kubangela ukugqwala nokungcola ku-crankcase. Isici esikhulu ekunciphiseni inombolo yesisekelo ukuba khona kwesulfure kuphethiloli. Ngakho-ke, amafutha enjini ye-diesel, lapho isulfure ikhona ngamanani amakhulu, kufanele abe ne-TBN ephakeme.

Inombolo ye-asidi (ACN) ibonisa ukuba khona kwemikhiqizo ye-oxidation ngenxa yokusebenza isikhathi eside kanye nokushisa ngokweqile koketshezi lwenjini. Ukwanda kwayo kubonisa ukwehla kwempilo yesevisi yamafutha.

Isisekelo samafutha kanye nezithasiselo

Amafutha ezimoto akhiwe ngamafutha ayisisekelo kanye nezithasiselo. Izithasiselo ziyizinto ezikhethekile ezifakwa emafutheni ukuze kuthuthukiswe izakhiwo zawo.

Amafutha ayisisekelo:

• amaminerali;
• i-hydrocracking;
• i-semi-synthetics (ingxube yamanzi amaminerali kanye nama-synthetics);
• i-synthetic (i-synthesis ehlosiwe).

Emafutheni anamuhla, isabelo sezithasiselo singama-15-20%.

Ngokusho inhloso izithasiselo zihlukaniswe:

• ama-detergents nama-dispersants: azivumeli izinsalela ezincane (ama-resins, i-bitumen, njll.) ukuba zinamathele ndawonye futhi, zine-alkali ekubunjweni kwazo, zinciphisa ama-asidi futhi zivimbele amadiphozi e-sludge ekuhlanganiseni;
• i-anti-wear - idala ungqimba oluvikelayo ezingxenyeni zensimbi futhi inciphise ukuguga kwezindawo zokuhlikihla ngokunciphisa ukungqubuzana;
• inkomba - yandisa i-viscosity yamafutha emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, futhi emazingeni okushisa aphansi kwandisa uketshezi lwawo;
• ama-defoamers - ukunciphisa ukwakheka kwegwebu (ingxube yomoya namafutha), ephazamisa ukuchithwa kokushisa kanye nekhwalithi ye-lubricant;
• izilungisi zokungqubuzana: nciphisa i-coefficient yokungqubuzana phakathi kwezingxenye zensimbi.

Amafutha enjini amaminerali, okokwenziwa kanye ne-semi-synthetic

Amafutha ayingxube yama-hydrocarbon anesakhiwo esithile sekhabhoni. Bangakwazi ukujoyina ngamaketanga amade noma baphume. Uma amaketanga ekhabhoni amade futhi eqondile, ngcono amafutha.

Amafutha amaminerali atholakala ku-petroleum ngezindlela eziningana:

• indlela elula kakhulu i-distillation yamafutha ngokukhipha ama-solvents emikhiqizweni yamafutha;
• indlela eyinkimbinkimbi - i-hydrocracking;
• okuyinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu i-catalytic hydrocracking.

Amafutha okwenziwa atholakala kugesi yemvelo ngokwandisa ubude bamaketanga e-hydrocarbon. Ngale ndlela kulula ukuthola izintambo ezinde. "Ama-Synthetics" - angcono kakhulu kunamafutha amaminerali, izikhathi ezintathu kuya kweziyisihlanu. I-drawback yayo kuphela yintengo yayo ephezulu kakhulu.

"Semi-synthetics" - ingxube yamafutha amaminerali kanye nama-synthetic.

Iyiphi i-viscosity kawoyela engcono kakhulu enjini yemoto yakho

I-viscosity kuphela ekhonjiswe encwadini yesevisi efanele imoto yakho. Yonke imingcele yenjini ihlolwe ngumkhiqizi, uwoyela wenjini ukhethwa kucatshangelwa wonke amapharamitha nezindlela zokusebenza.

Ukufudumala kwenjini kanye ne-viscosity yamafutha enjini

Lapho imoto iqala, uwoyela wenjini uyabanda futhi uyabonakala. Ngakho-ke, ubukhulu befilimu yamafutha ezikhaleni bukhulu futhi i-coefficient of friction kuleli phuzu iphezulu. Lapho injini ishisa, uwoyela ushisa ngokushesha futhi uqale ukusebenza. Yingakho abakhiqizi bengatusi ukulayisha injini ngokushesha (ukuqala ngokunyakaza ngaphandle kokufudumala kwekhwalithi ephezulu) kumaqhwa amakhulu.

I-viscosity yamafutha enjini emazingeni okushisa okusebenza

Ngaphansi kwezimo zomthwalo ophezulu, i-coefficient of friction iyanda futhi izinga lokushisa liyakhuphuka. Ngenxa yokushisa okuphezulu, amafutha ayancipha futhi ubukhulu befilimu buyancipha. I-coefficient of friction iyancipha futhi uwoyela uyaphola. Okusho ukuthi, izinga lokushisa nokuqina kwefilimu kuyahlukahluka ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo echazwe ngokuqinile ngumenzi. Yile modi ezovumela amafutha ukuba asebenze kahle inhloso yawo.

Kwenzekani lapho i-viscosity yamafutha ingaphezu kokujwayelekile

Uma i-viscosity iphakeme kunokujwayelekile, ngisho nangemva kokuba injini ifudumala, i-viscosity yamafutha ngeke yehle kunani elibalwe unjiniyela. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile zokulayisha, izinga lokushisa lenjini lizokhuphuka kuze kube yilapho i-viscosity ibuyela kokujwayelekile. Ngakho-ke isiphetho silandelayo: izinga lokushisa lokusebenza ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwamafutha enjini akhethwe kabi lizokhula njalo, okwandisa ukuguga kwezingxenye zenjini kanye nemihlangano.

Ngaphansi komthwalo osindayo: Ngesikhathi sokusheshisa okuphuthumayo noma egqumeni elide, eliwumqansa, izinga lokushisa lenjini lizokhuphuka nakakhulu futhi lingase lidlule izinga lokushisa lapho uwoyela egcina khona izakhiwo zawo zokusebenza. Izokwenza i-oxidize futhi i-varnish, i-soot nama-acids izokwakhiwa.

Okunye okungekuhle kuwoyela oyi-viscous kakhulu ukuthi amanye amandla enjini azophela ngenxa yamandla okumpompa kakhulu ohlelweni.

Kwenzekani lapho i-viscosity yamafutha ingaphansi kokujwayelekile

I-viscosity yamafutha ngaphansi kwesimiso ngeke ilethe lutho oluhle enjinini, ifilimu yamafutha ezikhaleni izoba ngaphansi kwesimiso, futhi ngeke ibe nesikhathi sokususa ukushisa endaweni yokungqubuzana. Ngakho-ke, kulawa maphuzu ngaphansi komthwalo, amafutha azoshisa. Imfucumfucu kanye nokushefa kwensimbi phakathi kwepiston nesilinda kungabangela ukuba injini ibambe.

Uwoyela omncane kakhulu enjinini entsha, lapho izikhala zingabanzi kakhulu, azosebenza, kodwa uma injini ingasekho futhi izikhala zanda ngokwazo, inqubo yokushiswa kukawoyela izokhula ngesivinini.

Ifilimu encane yamafutha ezikhaleni ngeke ikwazi ukunikeza ukucindezela okuvamile, futhi ingxenye yemikhiqizo evuthayo kaphethiloli izongena emafutheni. Ukwehla kwamandla, izinga lokushisa lokusebenza liyakhuphuka, inqubo yokuhuzuka nokushiswa kwamafutha kuyashesha.

Amafutha anjalo asetshenziswa emishinini ekhethekile, izindlela zazo ezenzelwe ukusebenza nalawa mafutha.

Imiphumela

Amafutha ebanga elifanayo le-viscosity, anezici ezifanayo, akhiqizwa inkampani efakwe ku-"Big Five", futhi enesisekelo esifanayo samafutha, njengomthetho, ungangeni ekusebenzisaneni okunolaka. Kodwa uma ungafuni izinkinga ezinkulu, kungcono ukungeza okungaphezu kuka-10-15% wevolumu ephelele. Esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, ngemva kokugcwalisa amafutha, kungcono ukushintsha amafutha ngokuphelele.

Ngaphambi kokukhetha uwoyela, kufanele uthole:

• usuku lokwenziwa kwemoto;
• ukuba khona noma ukungabi khona kokuphoqelela;
• ukuba khona kwe-turbine;
• izimo zokusebenza injini (idolobha, off-road, imincintiswano yezemidlalo, ezokuthutha wezimpahla);
• izinga lokushisa elincane le-ambient;
• izinga lokugqoka kwenjini;
• izinga lokuhambisana kwenjini namafutha emotweni yakho.

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi ungashintsha nini uwoyela, udinga ukugxila emibhalweni yemoto. Kwezinye izimoto, izikhathi zinde (30-000 km). E-Russia, ngokucabangela izinga likaphethiloli, izimo zokusebenza kanye nezimo zezulu ezinzima, ukushintshwa kufanele kwenziwe ngemva kwe-50 - 000 km.

Kudingeka ukulawula izinga kanye nenani lamafutha ngezikhathi ezithile. Naka ukubukeka kwabo. Imayela lemoto namahora enjini (isikhathi sokusebenza) angahle angafani. Ngesikhathi sisesiminyaminyeni sezimoto, injini isebenza kwimodi eshisayo egcwele, kodwa i-odometer ayijikelezi (imoto ayishayeli). Ngenxa yalokho, imoto yayihamba kancane, futhi injini yayisebenza kahle kakhulu. Kulokhu, kungcono ukushintsha amafutha ngaphambili, ngaphandle kokulinda i-mileage edingekayo ku-odometer.