Amahhashi e-Apocalypse - noma ukwesaba?

Okuhlangenwe nakho kubonisa ukuthi ukuxwayisa okukhulu kakhulu kunciphisa ukuzwela kwesintu ekuqhubekiseni ama-alamu. Mhlawumbe lokhu bekungaba yinto evamile ukube bekungengenxa yokwesaba ukuthi singase singasabeli esixwayiso sangempela senhlekelele (1).

Phakathi neminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha yempumelelo yencwadi "Silent Spring", ubunikazi Rachel Carson, 1962 kanye nesihlanu selokhu yakhululwa Umbiko weClub of Rome, owazalwa ngo-1972 ("Imikhawulo Yokukhula"), iziprofetho zembubhiso ngezinga elikhulu seziphenduke izihloko zemidiya ezivamile.

Ingxenye yekhulu leminyaka edlule isilethele, phakathi kwezinye izinto, Izixwayiso ezimelene nalokhu: ukuqhuma kwenani labantu, indlala yembulunga yonke, ubhadane lwezifo, izimpi zamanzi, ukuphela kukawoyela, ukusweleka kwezimbiwa, ukwehla kwamazinga okuzala, ukuchithwa kwe-ozone, imvula eneasidi, ubusika benuzi, izimbungulu zeminyaka eyinkulungwane, ubuhlanya. isifo sezinkomo, izinyosi -ababulali, izifo zomdlavuza wobuchopho ezibangelwa omakhalekhukhwini. futhi, ekugcineni, izinhlekelele zesimo sezulu.

Kuze kube manje, ngokuyisisekelo konke lokhu kwesaba sekwenziwe ihaba. Yiqiniso, siye sabhekana nezithiyo, izinsongo empilweni yomphakathi ngisho nezinhlekelele ezinkulu. Kodwa i-Armagedoni enomsindo, imingcele isintu esingenakuyinqamula, amaphuzu abalulekile angenakusindwa, awenzi.

Ku-Apocalypse yeBhayibheli yasendulo kunabagibeli bamahhashi abane (2). Ake sithi inguqulo yabo yesimanje iyisine: izinto zamakhemikhali (i-DDT, i-CFC - i-chlorofluorocarbons, imvula ene-asidi, intuthu), ukugula (umkhuhlane wezinyoni, umkhuhlane wezingulube, i-SARS, i-Ebola, isifo senkomo esihlanyayo, muva nje i-Wuhan coronavirus), abantu abengeziwe (ukuchichima kwabantu, indlala) i ukuntuleka kwezinsiza (amafutha, izinsimbi).

2. "Abagibeli bamahhashi abane be-Apocalypse" - umdwebo kaViktor Vasnetsov.

Abagibeli bethu bangase bahlanganise nezigigaba esingenakuzilawula futhi esingenakuzivimbela noma esingeke sizivikele kuzo. Uma, ngokwesibonelo, kukhishwa izizumbulu zemali i-methane evela ku-methane clathrates ngaphansi kwezilwandle, akukho esingakwenza ngakho, futhi imiphumela yenhlekelele enjalo kunzima ukuyibikezela.

Ukushaya phansi isiphepho selanga ngesilinganiso esifana nalokho okuthiwa izenzakalo zaseCarrington zango-1859, umuntu angazilungiselela ngandlela thize, kodwa ukucekelwa phansi komhlaba wonke kwengqalasizinda yezokuxhumana nezamandla okuyigazi lempucuko yethu kungaba inhlekelele yomhlaba wonke.

Kungaba umonakalo ngisho nakakhulu emhlabeni wonke ukuqhuma kwe-supervolcano njengoYellowstone. Kodwa-ke, zonke lezi ziyizigigaba, okungenzeka ukuthi azikaziwa okwamanje, futhi amathuba okuvimbela nokuvikelwa emiphumeleni okungenani awacacile. Ngakho - mhlawumbe kuzokwenza, mhlawumbe ngeke, noma mhlawumbe sizosindisa, noma mhlawumbe cha. Lena i-equation cishe nakho konke okungaziwa.

Ingabe ihlathi liyafa? Ngempela?

3. Isembozo sikamagazini ka-1981 i-Der Spiegel mayelana nemvula ene-asidi.

Amakhemikhali akhiqizwa isintu futhi awakhiphele endaweni ezungezile aziwa kahle, kusukela emkhiqizweni wokuvikela izitshalo i-DDT, eyahlonzwa njenge-carcinogen emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule, ngokungcola komoya, imvula ene-asidi, kuya kuma-chlorocarbon abhubhisa i-ozone. Ngamunye walaba bangcolisi babenomsebenzi wemidiya "we-apocalyptic".

Umagazini i-Life wabhala ngo-January 1970:

“Ososayensi banobufakazi obuqinile bokuhlola nobezinkolelo-mbono obusekela izibikezelo zokuthi eminyakeni eyishumi, izakhamuzi zasemadolobheni kuyodingeka zigqoke izifihla-buso zegesi ukuze ziphile. ukungcoliswa komoya"Yini futhi kuze kube ngu-1985"ukunciphisa inani lokukhanya kwelanga phakathi nendawo emhlabeni.

Khonamanjalo, eminyakeni eyalandela, izinguquko ezilethwe ngokwengxenye yimithethonqubo ehlukahlukene futhi ngokwengxenye yizinqubo ezintsha ezihlukahlukene zanciphisa kakhulu imfucumfucu yezimoto kanye nokungcoliswa kukashimula, okuholele ekuthuthukisweni okuphawulekayo kwezinga lomoya emadolobheni amaningi emazweni athuthukile emashumini ambalwa eminyaka alandelayo.

Ukukhishwa kwe-carbon monoxide, i-sulphur dioxide, i-nitrogen oxides, i-lead, i-ozone kanye nezinhlanganisela eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo kwehle kakhulu futhi kuyaqhubeka nokwehla. Singasho ukuthi kwakungezona izibikezelo ezazingalungile, kodwa ukusabela okufanele kwesintu kuzo. Nokho, akuzona zonke izimo ezimnyama ezithintekayo.

Ngama-80s, zaba umthombo wesinye igagasi lezibikezelo ze-apocalyptic. imvula eneasidi. Kulokhu, ikakhulukazi amahlathi namachibi kufanele ngabe ahlushwa umsebenzi womuntu.

Ngo-November 1981, isembozo sethi The Forest is Dying (3) savela kumagazini waseJalimane i-Der Spiegel, ebonisa ukuthi ingxenye yesithathu yamahlathi aseJalimane isifile noma iyafa, futhi Bernhard Ulrich, umcwaningi wenhlabathi eNyuvesi yaseGöttingen, uthe amahlathi "angeke esakwazi ukusindiswa." Wasakaza isibikezelo sokufa kwehlathi ngenxa yokundindizela kwe-asidi kulo lonke elaseYurophu. UFred Pierce ku-New Scientist, 1982. Okufanayo kungabonakala ezincwadini zase-US.

Nokho, e-United States, kwenziwa ucwaningo olwathatha iminyaka eyi-500 olwaluxhaswe uhulumeni, olwaluhilela ososayensi abangaba ngu-1990 futhi lwadla cishe amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-XNUMX. Ngo-XNUMX, babonisa ukuthi "abukho ubufakazi bokunciphisa okuvamile noma okungavamile kwekhava yehlathi e-United States naseCanada ngenxa yemvula ene-asidi."

EJalimane UHeinrich Spieker, umqondisi we-Institute for Forest Growth, ngemva kokwenza izifundo ezifanayo, waphetha ngokuthi amahlathi akhula ngokushesha futhi anempilo kunanini ngaphambili, futhi ngeminyaka yawo-80 isimo sawo saba ngcono.

Kusho uSomlomo.

Kuye kwaphawulwa nokuthi enye yezingxenye eziyinhloko zemvula eneasidi, i-nitric oxide, ibhidliza ngokwemvelo ibe i-nitrate, umanyolo wezihlahla. Kutholakale nokuthi ukufakwa kwe-asidi emachibini cishe kwakubangelwa ukutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi esikhundleni semvula eneasidi. Ucwaningo olulodwa lwathola ukuthi ukuhlobana phakathi kwe-asidi yamanzi emvula ne-pH emachibini kuphansi kakhulu.

Khona-ke umgibeli we-Apocalypse wawa ehhashini lakhe.

4. Izinguquko ekubunjweni komgodi we-ozone eminyakeni yamuva

Onogwaja Abayizimpumputhe bakwa-Al Gore

Ngemuva kokuthi ososayensi benze amarekhodi ngeminyaka yama-90s isikhashana ukunwetshwa komgodi we-ozone Amacilongo embubhiso azwakala nase-Antarctica, kulokhu ngenxa yokwanda komthamo wemisebe ye-ultraviolet i-ozone evikela kuyo.

Abantu baqala ukubona ukwanda okusolwayo kwezibalo ze-melanoma kubantu nokunyamalala kwamaxoxo. Al Gore wabhala ngo-1992 ngezinhlanzi eziyimpumputhe ze-salmon nonogwaja, futhi i-New York Times yabika ngezimvu ezigulayo ePatagonia. Kwabekwa icala kuma- chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) asetshenziswa eziqandisini neziqedaphunga.

Iningi lemibiko, njengoba kwavela kamuva, yayingalungile. Amaxoxo ayebulawa izifo zesikhunta ezithathelwana ngabantu. Izimvu zazinamagciwane. Ukufa kwabantu ngenxa ye-melanoma akukashintshi ngempela, futhi mayelana nesalmon eyimpumputhe nonogwaja, akekho oseke wezwa ngabo.

Kwaba nesivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe sokuqeda ukusetshenziswa kwama-CFC ngo-1996. Kodwa-ke, kwakunzima ukubona imiphumela elindelekile ngoba imbobo yayeka ukukhula ngaphambi kokuvinjelwa, yabe isishintsha kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwethulwa ini.

Imbobo ye-ozone iyaqhubeka ikhula phezu kwe-Antarctica njalo entwasahlobo, cishe ngezinga elifanayo minyaka yonke. Akekho owaziyo ukuthi kungani. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ukuwohloka kwamakhemikhali ayingozi kumane kuthathe isikhathi eside kunalokho obekulindelwe, kuyilapho abanye bekholelwa ukuthi imbangela yakho konke lokhu kudideka ayizange ihlonzwe kahle kwasekuqaleni.

Izilonda azifani nakuqala

Futhi ukutheleleka Akabonakali engumgibeli wehhashi owesabeka kangaka namuhla njengoba ayenjalo esikhathini esidlule lapho, ngokwesibonelo, i-Black Death (5) inciphisa inani labantu baseYurophu ngesigamu ekhulwini le-100 futhi yayingase ibulale abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyikhulu. umuntu emhlabeni wonke. Ngenkathi imicabango yethu igcwele ubhadane olunonya lwamakhulu eminyaka edlule, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe zesimanje, ngokukhuluma ngokuhlanganyela, “azinasiqalo” sesifo esidala noma ikholera.

5. Umdwebo wesiNgisi wango-1340 obonisa ukushiswa kwezingubo ngemva kwezisulu Zokufa Okumnyama.

AIDS, eyake yabizwa ngokuthi "isifo sekhulu lama-XNUMX", kwase kuthi ikhulu lama-XNUMX, naphezu kokusakazwa kwemithombo yezindaba ebalulekile, aliyona ingozi esintwini njengoba lalibonakala. 

Ngawo-80, izinkomo zaseBrithani zaqala ukufa isifo senkomookubangelwa isifo esithathelwanayo esitholakala ezinsalela zezinye izinkomo. Njengoba abantu beqala ukungenwa yilesi sifo, izibikezelo zezinga lobhubhane ngokushesha zaba zimbi.

Ngokocwaningo oluthile, kwakulindeleke ukuba kufe abantu abangaba ngu-136. abantu. Izazi zezifo zixwayise ngokuthi abaseBrithani "kumele balungiselele mhlawumbe izinkulungwane, amashumi ezinkulungwane, amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamacala e-vCJD (entsha Isifo sikaCreutzfeldt-Jakob, noma ukubonakaliswa komuntu kwesifo senkomo esihlanyayo). Kodwa-ke, inani eliphelele lokufa e-UK okwamanje ... ikhulu namashumi ayisikhombisa nesithupha, okuyisihlanu okwenzeka ngo-2011, futhi kakade ngo-2012 akekho obhalisiwe.

Ngo-2003 yisikhathi I-SARS, igciwane elivela emakati afuywayo elaholela ekuvalweni kwabantu eBeijing naseToronto phakathi nesiprofetho se-Armagedoni yomhlaba wonke. AbakwaSARS bathathe umhlalaphansi kungakapheli unyaka, babulala abantu abangama-774 (kubangele ngokusemthethweni inani elifanayo lokufa eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala kaFebhuwari 2020 - cishe izinyanga ezimbili ngemuva kokuvela kwamacala okuqala).

Ngo-2005 kwaqubuka umkhuhlane wezinyoni. Isibikezelo esisemthethweni seWorld Health Organisation ngaleso sikhathi silinganiselwa ekufeni kwabantu abayizigidi ezi-2 kuye kweziyi-7,4. Ekupheleni kuka-2007, lapho lesi sifo siqala ukuncipha, inani labantu abafa lalingaba ngu-200.

Ngo-2009 okuthiwa umkhuhlane wezingulube waseMexico. UMqondisi-Jikelele weWorld Health Organisation uMargaret Chan uthe: "Sonke isintu sisengozini yobhubhane." Ubhadane kuvele ukuthi yisimo esijwayelekile somkhuhlane.

I-Wuhan coronavirus ibukeka iyingozi kakhulu (sibhala lokhu ngoFebhuwari 2020), kodwa namanje akusona isifo. Asikho kulezi zifo esingaqhathaniswa nomkhuhlane, lowo eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, ngosizo lolunye lwalezi zinhlobo, wabulala cishe ukuphila kwabantu abangaba yizigidi eziyikhulu emhlabeni wonke eminyakeni emibili. Futhi isabulala. Ngokusho kwenhlangano yaseMelika Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - cishe 100 ukuze 300 ayizinkulungwane. umuntu emhlabeni njalo ngonyaka.

Ngakho, izifo ezithathelwanayo ezaziwayo, esicishe zelaphe “ngokujwayelekile”, zibulala abantu abaningi kunezifo eziwumshayabhuqe "ze-apocalyptic".

Akuyona abantu abaningi kakhulu noma izinsiza ezimbalwa kakhulu

Emashumini eminyaka adlule, ukugcwala ngokweqile kwabantu kanye nomphumela wendlala nokuncipha kwezinsiza kwakusohlelweni lwemibono emnyama yekusasa. Nokho, izinto zenzeke emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule eziphikisana nezibikezelo zabamnyama. Izinga lokufa linciphile futhi izindawo ezilambile emhlabeni zinciphile.

Izinga lokwanda kwabantu liye lehla ngesigamu, mhlawumbe futhi ngenxa yokuthi lapho izingane ziyeka ukufa, abantu bayayeka ukuba nazo eziningi. Phakathi nengxenye yekhulu leminyaka edlule, ukukhiqizwa kokudla emhlabeni wonke kuye kwanda njengoba inani labantu emhlabeni liye laphindeka kabili.

Abalimi baye baphumelela kakhulu ekwandiseni umkhiqizo kangangokuthi amanani okudla aye ehla kakhulu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane entsha yeminyaka, futhi amahlathi kulo lonke elaseNtshonalanga Yurophu naseNyakatho Melika abuyiselwe. Nokho, kufanele kuvunywe ukuthi umgomo wokuguqula okunye okusanhlamvu emhlabeni kube uphethiloli wezimoto ukuhoxisile kancane lokhu kwehla futhi kwenyusa amanani futhi.

Inani labantu emhlabeni cishe ngeke liphinde liphindeke kabili, ngenkathi liphindeke kane ngo-2050. Njengoba isimo sembewu, umquba, izibulala-zinambuzane, ezokuthutha kanye nokunisela sithuthuka, umhlaba kulindeleke ukuthi ukwazi ukondla izakhamuzi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-9 ngonyaka we-7, futhi lokhu kunomhlaba omncane kunowokusetshenziselwa ukondla abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-XNUMX.

Izinsongo ukuncipha kwezinsiza zikaphethiloli (Bheka futhi 🙂 kwakuyisihloko esishisayo njengokugcwala ngokweqile kwabantu emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule. Ngokusho kwabo, uwoyela ongahluziwe wawuzophela isikhathi eside, futhi igesi yayizophela futhi ikhuphuke intengo ngenani elishaqisayo. Khonamanjalo, ngo-2011 , I-International Energy Agency yabala ukuthi izinqolobane zegesi emhlabeni zizohlala iminyaka engu-250. Izinqolobane zikawoyela ezaziwayo ziyenyuka, awehli.Akugcini nje ngokutholakala kwezizinda ezintsha, kodwa futhi nokuthuthukiswa kwamasu okumba igesi, kanye amafutha avela ku-shale.

Hhayi amandla kuphela, kodwa futhi izinsiza zensimbi bekufanele ziphele ngokushesha. Ngo-1970, uHarrison Brown, ilungu le-National Academy of Sciences, wabikezela kuyi-Scientific American ukuthi umthofu, i-zinc, ithini, igolide, nesiliva kwakuyobe kungasekho ngo-1990. Ababhali beClub of Rome eshiwo ngenhla eneminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ubudala edayisa kakhulu i-Limits to Growth babikezela ngo-1992 ukuncipha kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezibalulekile, futhi ikhulu leminyaka elizayo lalizoletha nokuwohloka kwempucuko.

Ingabe ukunqanda ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuyingozi?

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kunzima ukujoyina abagibeli bethu njengoba kunalokho bewumphumela wemisebenzi eminingi ehlukene yabantu kanye nemikhuba. Ngakho-ke, uma zikhona, futhi kukhona ukungabaza ngalokhu, khona-ke lokhu kuzoba i-apocalypse ngokwayo, hhayi imbangela yayo.

Kodwa ingabe kufanele sikhathazeke ngokufudumala kwembulunga yonke?

Umbuzo uhlala une-bipolar kakhulu kochwepheshe abaningi. Omunye wemithelela eyinhloko yezibikezelo ezihlulekile ze-apocalypse yezemvelo yesikhathi esedlule ukuthi, nakuba kunzima ukusho ukuthi akwenzekanga lutho, amathuba angaqondile kanye nezigigaba ezithile ngokuvamile zazikhishwa ekucatshangelweni.

Empikiswaneni yesimo sezulu, sivame ukuzwa labo abakholelwa ukuthi inhlekelele ayinakugwenywa nemiphumela ephelele, nalabo abakholelwa ukuthi konke lokhu kutatazela kuwubuqili. Abalinganisa mancane kakhulu amathuba okuba beze ngaphambili, hhayi ngokuxwayisa ngokuthi iqhwa laseGreenland "lizoshabalala" kodwa ngokubakhumbuza ukuthi ngeke lincibilike ngokushesha kunezinga lamanje elingaphansi kuka-1% ekhulwini ngalinye.

Baphinde baphikisa ngokuthi ukwanda kwemvula eningi (kanye nokugxila kwe-carbon dioxide) kungakhuphula umkhiqizo wezolimo, ukuthi imvelo ike yamelana nokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa okungazelelwe, nokuthi ukuzivumelanisa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kancane kungase kushibhile futhi kungalimazi kakhulu imvelo kunesinqumo esisheshayo nesinodlame sokusuka. kusukela kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi.

Sesibubonile ubufakazi obuthile bokuthi abantu bangakwazi ukuvimbela izinhlekelele ezibangelwa ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Isibonelo esihle umalalevevauma sekubikezelwe kabanzi kuzobhebhethekiswa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Nokho, ekhulwini lama-25, lesi sifo siye sanyamalala emazweni amaningi omhlaba, kuhlanganise neNyakatho Melika neRussia, naphezu kokufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala yaleli khulu leminyaka, izinga lokufa kulo lehle ngo-XNUMX%. Nakuba amazinga okushisa afudumele ebavuna omiyane bezilwane, ngesikhathi esifanayo, imishanguzo emisha yokunqanda umalaleveva, ukulungiswa kabusha komhlaba okuthuthukisiwe, nokuthuthukiswa komnotho kuye kwanciphisa ukwenzeka kwalesi sifo.

Ukusabela ngokweqile ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kungasenza isimo sibe sibi nakakhulu. Ngempela, ukugqugquzelwa kwe-biofuel njengenye indlela esikhundleni sikawoyela namalahle kuye kwaholela ekubhujisweni kwamahlathi ashisayo (6) ukuze kutshalwe izitshalo ezikwazi ukukhiqiza uphethiloli futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni, ukwenyuka kwamanani okudla kanyekanye kanjalo nosongo. ngendlala yomhlaba.

6. Ukubona ngeso lengqondo imililo ehlathini lase-Amazon.

Indawo iyingozi, kodwa akwaziwa ukuthi kanjani, nini futhi kuphi

Umgibeli wangempela we-Apocalypse ne-Armagedoni angase abe yi-meteoriteokuthi, kuye ngobukhulu bawo, kungabhubhisa ngisho nomhlaba wethu wonke (7).

Akwaziwa kahle ukuthi lokhu kusongela kungakanani, kodwa sakhunjuzwa ngakho ngoFebhruwari 2013 yindiza esemkhathini eyawela e-Chelyabinsk, eRussia. Bangaphezu kwenkulungwane abantu abalimele. Ngenhlanhla akekho owashona. Futhi isigebengu saba ucezu lwetshe elingamamitha angama-20 kuphela elangena ngokungabonakali emkhathini woMhlaba - ngenxa yobukhulu balo obuncane kanye neqiniso lokuthi lalindiza lisuka eceleni kweLanga.

7. I-meteorite eyinhlekelele

Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi izinto ezifinyelela ku-30 ​​m ngobukhulu kufanele zivame ukusha emkhathini. Lezo ezisuka ku-30 ​​m ukuya ku-1 km zinengozi yokucekelwa phansi esikalini sendawo. Ukubonakala kwezinto ezinkulu eduze noMhlaba kungaba nemiphumela ezwakala emhlabeni wonke. Indikimba yasezulwini enkulu engaba yingozi yalolu hlobo etholwe yi-NASA emkhathini, iTutatis, ifinyelela ku-6 km.

Kulinganiselwa ukuthi njalo ngonyaka okungenani abasanda kuhlanganyela abayishumi nambili abavela eqenjini lalabo okuthiwa. eduze noMhlaba (). Sikhuluma ngama-asteroids, ama-asteroids kanye nenkanyezi enomsila, imigudu yawo eseduze ne-orbit yomhlaba. Kucatshangwa ukuthi lezi izinto ingxenye yazo ye-orbit ingaphansi kuka-1,3 AU ukusuka eLangeni.

Ngokusho kwe-NEO Coordination Center, ephethwe yi-European Space Agency, okwamanje iyaziwa mayelana 15 ayizinkulungwane NEO izinto. Eziningi zazo zingama-asteroid, kodwa leli qembu lihlanganisa nezinkanyezi ezinomsila ezingaphezu kwekhulu. Ngaphezu kwengxenye yenkulungwane ihlukaniswa njengezinto okungenzeka zishayisane noMhlaba ezingaphezu kukaziro. I-United States, i-European Union namanye amazwe aqhubeka efuna izinto ze-NEO esibhakabhakeni njengengxenye yohlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe.

Yiqiniso, lena akuwona ukuphela komsebenzi wokuqapha ukulondeka kweplanethi yethu.

Ngaphakathi kohlaka loHlelo Asteroid Hazard Assessment (I-CRANE - Iphrojekthi ye-Asteroid Threat Assessment) I-NASA Ifinyelela Ithagethi amakhompyutha amakhulu, ukuzisebenzisa ukulingisa ukushayisana kwezinto eziyingozi noMhlaba. Ukumodela okunembile kukuvumela ukuthi ubikezele izinga lomonakalo ongenzeka.

Ukufaneleka okukhulu ekubonweni kwezinto has I-Wide Field Infrared Viewer (WISE) – I-Infrared Space Telescope ye-NASA yethulwa ngoDisemba 14, 2009. Kuthathwe izithombe ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-2,7. Ngo-Okthoba 2010, ngemva kokuphothula umsebenzi oyinhloko wemishini, isibonakude saphela amandla okupholisa.

Nokho, imitshina emibili kwezine ingaqhubeka nokusebenza futhi yasetshenziselwa ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi obizwa I-Neowise. Ngo-2016 kuphela, i-NASA, ngosizo lwe-NEOWISE observatory, yathola izinto ezintsha ezingaphezu kwekhulu zamatshe endaweni eseduze. Eziyishumi kuzo zazibhekwa njengeziyingozi. Isitatimende esishicilelwe sikhomba ukwanda okungakachazwa kuze kube manje emsebenzini we-cometary.

Njengoba amasu okuqapha namadivayisi athuthuka, inani lolwazi mayelana nezinsongo landa ngokushesha. Ngokwesibonelo, muva nje, abameleli be-Institute of Astronomy of the Czech Academy of Sciences bathi ama-asteroid anamandla abhubhisayo asongela wonke amazwe angase acashe ohlotsheni lwama-Taurid, awela njalo umjikelezo woMhlaba. Ngokusho kwamaCzechs, singabalindela ngo-2022, 2025, 2032 noma 2039.

Ngokuhambisana nefilosofi yokuthi ukuzivikela okungcono kakhulu ukuhlasela ama-asteroids, okungenzeka ukuthi ayingozi enkulu kunazo zonke yemidiya kanye ne-cinematic, sinendlela ehlaselayo, nakuba kuseyinkolelo-mbono. Njengomqondo ongokomqondo, kodwa okuxoxwe ngawo ngokujulile, umgomo we-NASA "wokuguqula" i-asteroid ibizwa umcibisholo().

Isathelayithi elingana nesiqandisi kufanele ishayisane nento engenabungozi ngempela. Ososayensi bafuna ukubona ukuthi lokhu kwanele yini ukushintsha indlela yomhlaseli kancane. Lokhu kuhlola kwe-kinetic ngezinye izikhathi kubhekwa njengesinyathelo sokuqala sokwakha isivikelo soMhlaba.

8. Ukubona ngeso lengqondo umsebenzi we-DART

Umzimba i-ejensi yaseMelika efuna ukuwushaya ngalesi sibhamu ubizwa ngokuthi I-Didymos B futhi weqa isikhala ngokuhambisana Didymosem A. Ngokusho kososayensi, kulula ukukala imiphumela yesiteleka esihleliwe ohlelweni kanambambili.

Kulindeleke ukuthi idivayisi izoshayisana ne-asteroid ngesivinini esingaphezu kuka-5 km/s, okuyijubane eliphindwe kasishiyagalolunye kunelenhlamvu yesibhamu. Umphumela uzobonwa futhi ukalwe ngamathuluzi anembayo asemhlabeni. Izilinganiso zizokhombisa ososayensi ukuthi angakanani amandla e-kinetic imoto okufanele ibe nawo ukuze iguqule ngempumelelo lolu hlobo lwento yasemkhathini.

NgoNovemba odlule, uhulumeni wase-US ubambe iqhaza le-ejensi ehlukahlukene ukuphendula umthelela woMhlaba owawubikezelwe nge-asteroid enkulu. Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ngokubamba iqhaza kweNASA. Isimo esicutshunguliwe sihlanganisa nezinyathelo ezithathiwe mayelana nokushayisana okungenzeka nento enosayizi osuka ku-100 kuya ku-250 m, enqunywe (impela, okwephrojekthi kuphela) ngoSepthemba 20, 2020.

Ngesikhathi sokuzivocavoca, kunqunywe ukuthi i-asteroid izoqedela uhambo lwayo lwasemkhathini, iwele esifundeni esiseningizimu yeCalifornia noma eduze nogu lwayo oLwandlekazi iPacific. Amathuba okukhishwa kwabantu abaningi e-Los Angeles nasezindaweni ezizungezile kwahlolwa - futhi sikhuluma ngabantu abayizigidi ezingu-13. Ngesikhathi sokuzivocavoca, akuwona kuphela amamodeli okubikezela imiphumela yenhlekelele echazwe ocwaningweni eyahlolwa, kodwa futhi nesu lokuqeda imithombo ehlukahlukene yamahemuhemu nolwazi olungamanga olungase lube yisici esibucayi esithonya umbono womphakathi.

Ngaphambilini, ekuqaleni kuka-2016, ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwe-NASA namanye ama-ejensi ase-US kanye nezikhungo ezibhekene nezindaba zokuphepha, umbiko walungiswa lapho, phakathi kwezinye izinto, sifunda:

"Nakuba kungenakwenzeka kakhulu ukuthi umthelela we-NEO osongela impucuko yabantu uzokwenzeka emakhulwini amabili eminyaka ezayo, ingozi yemiphumela emincane eyinhlekelele ihlala ingokoqobo."

Ezinsongweni eziningi, ukutholwa kusenesikhathi kuyisihluthulelo sokuvimbela, ukuvikela, noma ngisho nokunciphisa imiphumela elimazayo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamasu okuzivikela kuhambisana nokuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokubona.

Njengamanje, inani labakhethekile izindawo zokubuka umhlabanokho, ukuhlola emkhathini nakho kubonakala kudingekile. Bavumela ukubonwa kwe-infraredokungeke kwenzeke ngokujwayelekile emkhathini.

Ama-asteroid, njengamaplanethi, amunca ukushisa elangeni abese ekukhanyisela ku-infrared. Le radiation izodala umehluko ngokumelene nesizinda sesikhala esingenalutho. Ngakho-ke, izazi zezinkanyezi zaseYurophu ezivela ku-ESA zihlela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukwethula njengengxenye yemishini Ngehora isibonakude, eminyakeni engu-6,5 yokusebenza, esizokwazi ukubona u-99% wezinto ezingadala umonakalo omkhulu lapho zihlangana noMhlaba. Idivayisi kufanele ijikeleze iLanga, eduze nenkanyezi yethu, eduze nomjikelezo weVenus. Itholakala "emuva" eLangeni, izophinde ibhalise lawo ma-asteroid esingakwazi ukuwabona eMhlabeni ngenxa yokukhanya kwelanga okunamandla - njengoba kwakunjalo nge-meteorite yase-Chelyabinsk.

I-NASA isanda kumemezela ukuthi ifuna ukubona futhi iveze zonke izinkanyezi ezingase zibe usongo emhlabeni wethu. Ngokusho kowayeyisekela lenhloko ye-NASA, Lori Garveyr, isikhungo sase-US sisebenze isikhathi eside ukuthola izidumbu zalolu hlobo eduze noMhlaba.

- wathi. -

Isixwayiso kusenesikhathi sibalulekile futhi uma sifuna ukuvimbela ukucekelwa phansi kwengqalasizinda yobuchwepheshe ngenxa yomthelela. i-solar coronal mass ejection (CME). Muva nje, lokhu kungenye yezinsongo eziyinhloko ezingenzeka.

ILanga lihlale libhekwa ama-probes amaningi emkhathini, njenge-NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) kanye neSolar ne-Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) yesikhungo saseYurophu i-ESA, kanye nama-probe ohlelo lwe-STEREO. Nsuku zonke baqoqa idatha engaphezu kwama-terabytes angu-3. Ochwepheshe bayawahlaziya, babike ngezinsongo ezingase zibe khona emikhathini, kumasathelayithi nasezindizeni. Lezi "zibikezelo zezulu ezinelanga" zinikezwa ngesikhathi sangempela.

Uhlelo lwezenzo luhlinzekwa uma kwenzeka kube khona i-CME enkulu, ebeka usongo lwempucuko kuwo wonke uMhlaba. Isignali yangaphambi kwesikhathi kufanele ivumele wonke amadivayisi ukuthi acishwe futhi alinde isiphepho kazibuthe siphele kuze kudlule ukucindezela okubi kakhulu. Yiqiniso, ngeke kube khona ukulahlekelwa, ngoba ezinye izinhlelo ze-elekthronikhi, kuhlanganise nama-computer processors, ngeke ziphile ngaphandle kwamandla. Nokho, ukuvalwa ngesikhathi kwezinto zokusebenza kuzosindisa okungenani ingqalasizinda ebalulekile.

Izinsongo ze-cosmic - ama-asteroids, ama-comet namajethi emisebe ebhubhisayo - ngokungangabazeki anamandla e-apocalyptic. Kunzima futhi ukuphika ukuthi lezi zenzakalo azizona ezingezona ezeqiniso, njengoba zenzeke esikhathini esidlule, futhi akwenzekanga neze. Kuyathakazelisa nokho ukuthi azisona neze esinye sezihloko eziyintandokazi zama-alamu. Ngaphandle, mhlawumbe, abashumayeli bosuku lwembubhiso ezinkolweni ezihlukahlukene.