Izinhlobo, isisetshenziswa kanye nenqubo yokusebenza kwama-airbags ezimoto

Enye yezinto esemqoka yokuvikela umshayeli nabagibeli emotweni ama-airbags. Ukuvula okwamanje komthelela, zivikela umuntu ekushayisaneni nesiteringi, ideshibhodi, isihlalo sangaphambili, izinsika eziseceleni nezinye izingxenye zomzimba nengaphakathi. Selokhu ama-airbag aqala ukufakwa ezimotweni njalo, bakwazile ukusindisa izimpilo zabantu abaningi abake baba sengozini.

Umlando wendalo

Ama-prototypes okuqala ama-airbags anamuhla avela ngo-1941, kepha impi yaphazamisa amacebo onjiniyela. Ochwepheshe babuyele ekwenziweni kwe-airbag ngemuva kokuphela kobutha.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi onjiniyela ababili abasebenza ngokwehlukana kwamanye amazwekazi ahlukene babandakanyeka ekwakheni ama-airbag okuqala. Ngakho-ke, ngo-Agasti 18, 1953, umMelika uJohn Hetrick wathola ilungelo lobunikazi lohlelo lokuzivikela ekuthintekeni ezintweni eziqinile egumbini lomgibeli elisungulwe nguye. Ezinyangeni ezintathu nje kamuva, ngoNovemba 12, 1953, i-patent efanayo yanikezwa i-German Walter Linderer.

Umqondo wedivayisi yokuvikela ukuphahlazeka ufike kuJohn Hetrick ngemuva kokuba ebandakanyeke engozini yomgwaqo emotweni yakhe. Umndeni wakhe wonke wawusemotweni ngesikhathi sengozi. UHetrik wayenenhlanhla: ukushaywa kwakungeyona amandla, ngakho-ke akekho owalimala. Noma kunjalo, lesi sigameko sathinta kakhulu umMelika. Ngobusuku obulandelayo ngemuva kwengozi, unjiniyela wazivalela ehhovisi lakhe waqala ukusebenza kwimidwebo, okushiwo lapho okwakhiwa khona izindlela zokuqala zokuphepha zesikhashana.

Ukusungulwa konjiniyela sekuthuthuke ngokwengeziwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngenxa yalokho, izinhlobo zokuqala zokukhiqiza zavela ezimotweni zakwaFord ngeminyaka yama-70s yekhulu lamashumi amabili.

I-Airbag ezimotweni zesimanje

Ama-airbags manje asefakiwe kuyo yonke imoto. Inombolo yabo - isuka kocezu olulodwa iye kweziyisikhombisa - incike ekilasini nakwimishini yemoto. Umsebenzi omkhulu wohlelo uhlala unjalo - ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa komuntu ekushayaneni ngejubane elikhulu nezinto zangaphakathi emotweni.

Isikhwama somoya sizohlinzeka kuphela ngokuvikela okwanele ekulweni nomthelela uma umuntu egqoke amabhande esihlalo ngesikhathi sengozi. Lapho amabhande esihlalo engaboshiwe, ukusebenza kwe-airbag kungadala ukulimala okwengeziwe. Khumbula ukuthi umsebenzi ofanele wemicamelo ukwamukela ikhanda lomuntu futhi "unciphise" ngaphansi kwesenzo se-inertia, ukuthambisa ukushaya, hhayi ukundizela ngaphandle.

Izinhlobo zama-airbags

Onke ama-airbag angahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo eziningi kuya ngokubekwa kwawo emotweni.

1. Ngaphambili. Ngokokuqala ngqá, imicamelo enjalo yavela kuphela ngo-1981 ezimotweni zomkhiqizo waseJalimane iMercedes-Benz. Zenzelwe umshayeli nomgibeli ohleli eduze kwabo. Umcamelo womshayeli utholakala esiteringini, somgibeli - phezulu kudeshibhodi (kudeshibhodi).
2. Uhlangothi. Ngo-1994, uVolvo waqala ukuzisebenzisa. Ama-airbags asemaceleni ayadingeka ukuvikela umzimba womuntu ngomthelela oseceleni. Ezimweni eziningi, banamathele esihlalweni sangaphambili sangemuva. Abanye abakhiqizi bezimoto babuye balingane nama-airbag ezinhlangothini ezihlalweni ezingemuva zemoto.
3. Inhloko (unegama lesibili - "amakhethini"). Idizayinelwe ukuvikela ikhanda ekuthintekeni ngesikhathi sokushayisana ohlangothini. Ngokuya ngemodeli nomenzi, lawa ma-airbags angafakwa phakathi kwezinsika, ngaphambili noma ngemuva kophahla, evikela abagibeli kulayini ngamunye wezihlalo zemoto.
4. Amapayipi amadolo aklanyelwe ukuvikela imicu yomshayeli namadolo akhe. Kwezinye izinhlobo zemoto, amadivayisi wokuvikela izinyawo zomgibeli nawo angafakwa ngaphansi kwe- "glove gumbi".
5. I-airbag emaphakathi yanikezwa ngabakwaToyota ngo-2009. Idivayisi yakhelwe ukuvikela abagibeli ekulimaleni kwesibili kumthelela ohlangothini. Umcamelo ungatholakala kwi-armrest ngaphambili kwezihlalo noma enkabeni ngemuva kwesihlalo sangemuva.

Idivayisi module ye-Airbag

Idizayini ilula futhi iqondile. Imodyuli ngayinye inezinto ezimbili kuphela: umcamelo uqobo (isikhwama) kanye ne-generator yegesi.

1. Isikhwama (umcamelo) senziwe ngegobolondo leyayiloni elinezitezi eziningi, ukushuba kwalo kungeqi ku-0,4 mm. Izitokisi zikwazi ukumelana nemithwalo ephezulu isikhathi esifushane. Isikhwama sifakwa kusondo elikhethekile, limbozwe ngoplastiki noma ikhava yendwangu.
2. Umkhiqizi wegesi, ohlinzeka "ngokudubula" komcamelo. Ngokuya ngemodeli yemoto, ama-airbags omshayeli nawaphambili angaba isigaba esisodwa noma izigaba ezimbili ugesi ophehla ugesi. Lezi zokugcina zinama-squibs amabili, eyodwa ikhipha cishe i-80% yegesi, kanti eyesibili idalwa kuphela ekushayisaneni okunzima kakhulu, ngenxa yalokho umuntu udinga umqamelo onzima. Ama-squib aqukethe okokusebenza okunezakhiwo ezifana nomthamo wesibhamu. Futhi ama-generator kagesi ahlukaniswe phakathi uphethiloli oqinile (iqukethe umzimba ogcwele uphethiloli oqinile ngesimo samaphilisi nge-squib) futhi i-hybrid (iqukethe izindlu eziqukethe igesi engena ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu kusuka ku-200 kuya ku-600 bar kanye nophethiloli oqinile onokheleza). Ukushisa kukaphethiloli okuqinile kuholela ekuvulweni kwesilinda segesi esicindezelwe, bese kuthi ingxube evelayo ingene kumcamelo. Ukuma nohlobo lwejeneretha yegesi esetshenzisiwe kunqunywa kakhulu yinhloso nendawo yesikhwama somoya.

Ukuthi isebenza kanjani

Umgomo wama-airbags ulula kakhulu.

• Lapho imoto ishayisana nesithiyo ngejubane, izinzwa zangaphambili, ezinhlangothini noma zangemuva ziyaqala (kuya ngokuthi iyiphi ingxenye yomzimba eshayiwe). Imvamisa, izinzwa zibangelwa ukushayisana ngejubane elingaphezu kwama-20 km / h. Kodwa-ke, babuye bahlaziye amandla alo mthelela, ukuze i-airbag ikwazi ukufakwa noma emotweni emile uma iyishaya.Ngaphezu kwezinzwa zomthelela, izinzwa zezihlalo zabagibeli nazo zingafakwa ukuthola ubukhona babagibeli emotweni . Uma ngabe umshayeli usegumbini lokulala kuphela, izinzwa zizovimbela ama-airbags abagibeli ukuthi bangaqhutshwa.
• Bese bethumela isignali kuphiko lokulawulwa kwe-elektroniki le-SRS, nalo, elihlaziya isidingo sokusatshalaliswa bese lidlulisela umyalo kuma-airbags.
• Imininingwane evela kwiyunithi yokulawula itholwa yi-generator yegesi, lapho kusebenze khona i-igniter, okudala ukwanda kwengcindezi nokushisa ngaphakathi.
• Ngenxa yokusebenza kwe-ignition, i-sodium acid isha ngokushesha ku-generator wegesi, ikhiphe i-nitrogen ngobuningi. Igesi lingena kwi-airbag bese livula i-airbag khona manjalo. Ijubane lokuthunyelwa kwe-airbag cishe liyi-300 km / h.
• Ngaphambi kokugcwalisa isikhwama somoya, i-nitrogen ingena kusihlungi sensimbi, esipholisa igesi futhi sisuse izinto ezinokutsha.

Yonke inqubo yokwandisa echazwe ngenhla ayithathi ngaphezu kwama-millisecond angama-30. Isikhwama somoya sigcina isimo saso imizuzwana eyi-10, ngemuva kwalokho siqale ukukhumula.

Umcamelo ovuliwe awunakulungiswa noma usetshenziswe kabusha. Umshayeli kufanele aye eshabhu ukuze athathe indawo yamamojula e-airbag, abasebenza ngokuqina kwamabhande nophiko lokulawula i-SRS.

Kungenzeka yini ukukhubaza ama-airbags

Akunconyelwe ukukhubaza ama-airbags emotweni ngokuzenzakalela, ngoba lolu hlelo luhlinzeka ngokuvikela okubalulekile kumshayeli nabagibeli uma kwenzeka ingozi. Kodwa-ke, kungenzeka ukuvala uhlelo uma isikhwama somoya senza okubi kakhulu kunokuhle. Ngakho-ke, umcamelo uyasebenza uma ingane ihanjiswa esihlalweni semoto yengane esihlalweni sangaphambili. Izithiyo zezingane zenzelwe ukuhlinzeka ngokuvikelwa okuphezulu kwabagibeli abancane ngaphandle kokunamathiselwe okungeziwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi umcamelo odutshuliwe ungalimaza ingane.

Futhi, ama-airbags abagibeli anconywa ukuthi akhutshazwe ngenxa yezizathu ezithile zezokwelapha:

• ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa;
• ekugugeni;
• yezifo zamathambo namalunga.

Ukwenza kungasebenzi i-airbag, kuyadingeka ukukala okuhle nokubi, ngoba uma kwenzeka kuba nesimo esiphuthumayo, umthwalo wokugcina impilo nempilo yabagibeli uzoba kumshayeli.

Iphethini yokuvimbela i-airbag yabagibeli ingahluka ngokuya ngesimo nemodeli yemoto. Ukuthola kahle ukuthi uhlelo lukhutshazwa kanjani emotweni yakho, bheka imanuwali yemoto yakho.

I-Airbag yinto ebalulekile yokuvikela umshayeli nabagibeli. Kodwa-ke, ukuthembela emicamelweni kukodwa akwamukelekile. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi zisebenza kuphela uma zisetshenziswa ngamabhande esihlalo aboshiwe. Uma okwamanje umthelela umuntu engaboshiwe, uzondiza nge-inertia abheke emqamelweni, odubula ngejubane lama-300 km / h. Ukulimala kanzima esimweni esinjalo akunakugwenywa. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi abashayeli nabagibeli bakhumbule ngokuphepha futhi bagqoke ibhande lesihlalo ngaso sonke isikhathi sohambo.

Imibuzo nezimpendulo:

Ithini isistimu yokuphepha esebenzayo yemoto? Lena izici eziningi zokuklama zemoto, kanye nezakhi ezengeziwe nezinhlelo ezivimbela izingozi zomgwaqo.

Yiziphi izinhlobo zokuphepha ezisetshenziswa emotweni? Izimoto zesimanje zisebenzisa izinhlobo ezimbili zezinhlelo zokuphepha. Eyokuqala ayinyakazi (inciphisa ukulimala engozini kube kancane), eyesibili iyasebenza (ivimbela ukwenzeka kwengozi).