Ukushintshashintsha kusuka ku-A kuye ku-Z
Okuqukethwe
I-transmission yohlobo lwe-CVT esuka endaweni yabagibeli yemoto emile ayihlukaniseki emshinini ojwayelekile ozishintshayo. Lapha ungabona i-lever yokukhetha kanye nezinhlamvu ezijwayelekile PNDR, asikho i-clutch pedal. Ngabe isebenza kanjani i-CVT transmission eqhubekayo ezimotweni zesimanje? Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-toroidal ne-V-belt variator? Lokhu kuzoxoxwa ngakho esihlokweni esilandelayo.
I-CVT - ukudluliselwa okuguquguqukayo okuqhubekayo
Phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo zokudlulisa, i-variator engenazinyathelo igqamile, enesibopho sokudlulisa i-torque. Okokuqala, isizinda somlando esincane.
Umlando we-CVT
Uma kukhulunywa ngesizinda sedivayisi ye-variator, kukhulunywa ngobuntu bukaLeonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). Emisebenzini yomculi nososayensi wase-Italy, umuntu angathola izincazelo zokuqala zokudluliswa okuguquguqukayo okuqhubekayo okushintshe kakhulu ngekhulu lama-XNUMX. Abagayi beNkathi Ephakathi nabo babewazi isimiso esisekelwe kulo mshini. Besebenzisa ibhande lokushayela nama-cones, abagayi bazenzela amatshe okugaya futhi bashintsha isivinini sokujikeleza kwabo.
Cishe iminyaka engu-400 yadlula ngaphambi kokuvela kwelungelo lobunikazi lokuqala lokusungulwa. Sikhuluma nge-toroidal variator enelungelo lobunikazi ngo-1886 eYurophu. Ukusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kokudluliselwa kwe-CVT ezithuthuthu zomjaho kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, ukuvinjelwa kokubamba iqhaza kwezimoto ezihlome ngama-CVT kwethulwa njengengxenye yomncintiswano. Ukuze kugcinwe ukuncintisana okunempilo, ukuvinjelwa okunjalo kwazwakala kulo lonke ikhulu leminyaka elidlule.
Ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwe-variator yemoto kuhlehlela emuva ku-1928. Khona-ke, ngenxa yemizamo yabathuthukisi benkampani yaseBrithani i-Clyno Engineering, kwatholakala imoto enomshini wohlobo lwe-CVT. Ngenxa yokungathuthuki kahle kobuchwepheshe, umshini awuzange uhlukaniswe ngokuthembeka nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu.
Umjikelezo omusha womlando wenzeka eHolland. Umnikazi we-DAF ukukhathazeka, u-Van Dorn, uthuthukise futhi wasebenzisa umklamo we-Variomatic. Imikhiqizo yalesi sitshalo iwuhlobo lokuqala lokusetshenziswa ngobuningi.
Namuhla, izinkampani ezidumile emhlabeni wonke ezivela eJapane, e-USA, eJalimane ziqhuba ngenkuthalo ukufakwa kwezinto ezishintshashintshayo eziqhubekayo ezimotweni. Ukuze uhlangabezane nezimo zesikhathi, idivayisi ihlale ithuthukiswa.
Yini i-CVT
I-CVT imele ukuthi i-Continuous Variable Transmission. Kuhunyushwe kusuka esiNgisini, lokhu kusho "ukushintsha ngokuqhubekayo ukudluliselwa." Eqinisweni, ukuqhubeka kubonakaliswa yiqiniso lokuthi umshayeli azizwa nganoma iyiphi indlela umshayeli (akukho ukushaqeka kwesici). Ukudluliswa kwe-torque kusuka ku-motor kuya kumasondo okushayela kwenziwa ngaphandle kokusebenzisa inombolo elinganiselwe yezinyathelo, ngakho-ke ukudluliselwa kubizwa ngokuthi ukuguquguquka okuqhubekayo. Uma igama elithi CVT litholakala umaka ukucushwa kwemoto, khona-ke sikhuluma ngokuthi i-variator isetshenziswa.
Izinhlobo zama-variators
Isici sesakhiwo esibhekene nokudlulisa i-torque kusuka ku-drive shaft kuya ku-shaft eqhutshwayo kungaba ibhande le-V, iketango noma i-roller. Uma isici somklamo esishiwo sikhethwa njengesisekelo sokuhlukaniswa, khona-ke izinketho ezilandelayo ze-CVT zizotholakala:
- Ibhande le-V;
- i-cuneiform;
- i-toroidal.
Lezi zinhlobo zokuthutha zisetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yezimoto, nakuba kunezinketho eziningi zamadivayisi anesibopho sokushintsha okushelelayo kwesilinganiso segiya.
Kungani kudingeka ukudluliselwa okungenazinyathelo
Ngenxa yokudlulisa okungenazinyathelo, injini yomlilo yangaphakathi izodlulisela i-torque ngaphandle kokulibala nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sokusebenza kwayo. Ukubambezeleka okunjalo kwenzeka lapho isilinganiso segiya sishintsha. Isibonelo, uma umshayeli egudluza i-lever eshintshwayo ayibeke kwenye indawo noma i-automatic transmission yenza umsebenzi wayo. Ngenxa yokudlulisa okuqhubekayo, imoto ithatha isivinini ngokushelela, ukusebenza kahle kwe-motor kuyanda, futhi kufinyelelwa umnotho othile kaphethiloli.
Idivayisi kanye nesimiso sokusebenza kwe-variator
Imibuzo mayelana nokuthi iyini idivayisi ye-variator nokuthi isimiso sokusebenza kwayo sizoxoxwa ngokuningiliziwe. Kodwa okokuqala udinga ukukhomba ukuthi yiziphi izakhi eziyinhloko zesakhiwo.
Izakhi eziyinhloko
I-CVT transmission ihlanganisa ama-pulleys okushayela naqhutshwayo, ibhande (chain or roller) eliwaxhumayo, kanye nesistimu yokulawula. Ama-pulleys atholakala ku-shafts futhi abukeka njengama-halves amabili e-conical shape, ebhekene nomunye nomunye ngeziqongo zama-cones. Okukhethekile kwama-cones ukuthi angakwazi ukuhlangana futhi ahluke kububanzi obunikeziwe. Ngokunembayo, ikhoni eyodwa iyanyakaza, kanti enye ihlala inganyakazi. Ukunyakaza kwama-pulleys ku-shafts kulawulwa uhlelo lokulawula oluthola idatha kukhompyutha yemoto esebhodini.
Futhi izingxenye eziyinhloko ze-CVT yilezi:
- isiguquli se-torque (esinomthwalo wemfanelo wokudlulisa i-torque kusuka enjini kuya ku-shaft yokufaka yokudlulisela);
- umzimba we-valve (uhlinzeka ngamafutha kuma-pulleys ajikelezayo);
- izihlungi ukuvikela ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi kanye namadiphozithi;
- ama-radiators (susa ukushisa ebhokisini);
- indlela yeplanethi enikeza ukunyakaza okuhlanekezela kwemoto.
I-V-belt variator
I-variator ye-V-belt imelelwa ama-pulleys amabili ashelelayo nanwebekayo axhunywe ibhande lensimbi. Ngokunciphisa ububanzi be-pulley yokushayela, ukwanda ngesikhathi esisodwa kobubanzi be-pulley eqhutshwayo kwenzeka, okubonisa igiya lokunciphisa. Ukwandisa ububanzi be-pulley yokushayela kunikeza i-overdrive.
Ukushintsha ukucindezela koketshezi olusebenzayo kuthinta ukunyakaza kwekhoni ye-pulley yokushayela. I-pulley eqhutshwayo ishintsha ububanzi bayo ngenxa yebhande eliqinile kanye nesiphethu esibuyayo. Ngisho noshintsho oluncane lwe-pressure ku-transmission luphazamisa isilinganiso segiya.
Idivayisi yebhande
Ibhande le-CVT elimise okwebhande liqukethe izintambo zensimbi noma imicu. Inombolo yabo ingafinyelela izingcezu ezingu-12. Amapheshana abekwe phezu komunye futhi ahlanganiswe nezisekelo zensimbi. Ukuma okuyinkimbinkimbi kwamabakaki akuvumeli kuphela ukubopha imichilo, kodwa futhi ukunikeza ukuxhumana nama-pulleys adingekayo ekusebenzeni kokudluliselwa.
Ukuvikelwa ekugqokeni okusheshayo kunikezwa nge-coating. Iphinde ivimbele ibhande ukuthi lingasheleli phezu kwama-pulleys ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Ezimotweni zanamuhla, akusizi ukusebenzisa amabhande esikhumba noma a-silicone ngenxa yesisetshenziswa esincane sengxenye.
I-V-chain variator
I-variator ye-V-chain ifana ne-V-belt, iketango kuphela elidlala indima yokudlulisa phakathi kwe-drive kanye ne-drive shafts. Ukuphela kweketango, elithinta indawo ye-conical yama-pulleys, kunesibopho sokudluliswa kwe-torque.
Ngenxa yokuguquguquka okukhulu, inguqulo ye-V-chain ye-CVT isebenza kahle kakhulu.
Isimiso sokusebenza kwayo sifana ncamashi naleyo yokudlulisela ngebhande lokushayela.
Idivayisi yesifunda
Iketango liqukethe amapuleti ensimbi, ngalinye linamalugi axhumayo. Ngenxa yokuxhumana okunyakazayo phakathi kwamapuleti ekwakhiweni kweketango, ahlinzeka ngokuguquguquka futhi agcine i-torque isezingeni elinikeziwe. Ngenxa yezixhumanisi ezihlelwe ngephethini yebhodi lokuhlola, iketango linamandla aphezulu.
Amandla okuphuka kweketango aphakeme kunalawo ebhande. Ukufakwa kwama-lug kwenziwa ngama-alloys amelana nokugqoka ngokushesha. Zivaliwe ngosizo lokufaka, ukuma kwayo okuyi-semi-cylindrical. Isici sokuklama samaketanga ukuthi angakwazi ukwelula. Leli qiniso lithinta ukusebenza kokudluliselwa okuguquguqukayo okuqhubekayo, ngakho-ke, kudinga ukunakwa okukhulu ngesikhathi sokulungiswa okuhleliwe.
I-Toroidal variator
Uhlobo lwe-toroidal lwe-CVT gearbox aluvamile. Isici esiphawulekayo sedivayisi ukuthi esikhundleni sebhande noma iketanga, ama-roller ajikelezayo asetshenziswa lapha (ezungeze i-axis yayo, ukunyakaza kwe-pendulum kusuka ku-pulley yedrayivu kuya kweqhutshwayo).
Umgomo wokusebenza ukunyakaza ngesikhathi esisodwa kwama-roller ebusweni bama-halves ama-pulleys. Ingaphezulu lama-halves anomumo we-toroid, yingakho igama lokudlulisela. Uma ukuthintana nediski yokushayela kutholwa emgqeni werediyasi enkulu kunazo zonke, khona-ke iphuzu lokuxhumana nediski eliqhutshwayo lizolala emgqeni werediyasi encane kakhulu. Lesi sikhundla sihambisana nemodi ye-overdrive. Lapho ama-roller esondela ku-shaft eshayelwa, igiya liyancipha.
CVT embonini yezimoto
Amabhrendi ezimoto athuthukisa ezawo izinketho zokudluliswa okuguquguqukayo okuqhubekayo. Ukukhathazeka ngakunye kuqamba intuthuko ngendlela yayo:
- I-Durashift CVT, i-Ecotronic - inguqulo yaseMelika evela kwaFord;
- Multitronic and Autotronic - German CVTs from Audi and Mercedes-Benz;
- Multidrive (Toyota), Lineartronic (Subaru), X-Tronic futhi Hyper (Nissan), Multimatic (Honda) - la magama angatholakala phakathi abakhiqizi Japanese.
Izinzuzo nezingozi ze-CVT
Njengomshini oshintshwayo noma ozishintshayo, ukudlulisela okuguquguqukayo okuqhubekayo kunobuhle nobubi bayo. Izinzuzo yilezi:
- ukunyakaza okunethezeka ngemoto (isikhundla "D" kusikhethi sisethwe ngaphambi kokuqala kokunyakaza, injini isheshisa futhi ibambezele imoto ngaphandle kwezimpawu ze-jerks ze-mechanics kanye ne-othomathikhi);
- umthwalo omfaniswano enjini, ohlanganiswe nokusebenza okunembile kokudluliswa futhi unomthelela emnothweni wamafutha;
- ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwezinto eziyingozi emkhathini;
- ukusheshisa ashukumisayo imoto;
- ukushelela kwesondo okulahlekile, okwandisa ukuphepha (ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa ekushayeleni ezimweni ezibandayo).
Kuma-minuses okudluliselwa okuguquguqukayo okuqhubekayo, ukunakwa kudonswa kuwo:
- imingcele eyakhayo ekuhlanganisweni kwe-variator enenjini enamandla yangaphakathi evuthayo (kuze kube manje singakhuluma kuphela ngamakhophi ambalwa ezimoto ezine-tandem enjalo);
- izinsiza ezilinganiselwe ngisho noma zilungiswa njalo;
- ukulungisa okubizayo (ukuthenga);
- izingozi ezinkulu lapho uthenga imoto esetshenzisiwe nge-CVT (kusukela ochungechungeni lwe-"pig in a poke", njengoba akwaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi umnikazi wangaphambili wayeqhuba kanjani imoto ethengiswayo);
- inombolo encane yezikhungo zesevisi lapho amakhosi azothatha khona ukulungiswa kwedivayisi (wonke umuntu uyazi nge-CVTs);
- ukuvinjelwa kokudonsa nokusetshenziswa kwe-trailer;
- ukuncika kuzinzwa zokuqapha (ikhompyutha esebhodini uma kwenzeka ukungasebenzi kuzonikeza idatha engalungile yokusebenza);
- amafutha egiya abizayo kanye nemfuneko yokuqapha njalo izinga lawo.
Isisetshenziswa se-CVT
Ama-nuances okusebenza (izimo zomgwaqo, isitayela sokushayela) kanye nemvamisa yokugcinwa kokudluliselwa kwe-CVT kuthinta insiza yocingo.
Uma imiyalelo yomkhiqizi ingalandelwa, uma imithetho yesondlo evamile iphulwa, akusizi ukubala impilo ende yesevisi.
Insiza iyizinkulungwane eziyi-150 km, ukudluliswa, njengomthetho, akuncelisi ngaphezulu. Kunezimo ezingazodwa lapho i-CVT ishintshiwe njengengxenye yokulungiswa kwewaranti ezimotweni ezingazange zidlule izinkulungwane ezingama-30 km. Kodwa lokhu kuhlukile emthethweni. Iyunithi eyinhloko ethinta impilo yesevisi yibhande (chain). Ingxenye idinga ukunakwa komshayeli, ngoba ngokuguga okukhulu, i-CVT ingaphuka ngokuphelele.
okutholakele
Uma kukhulunywa ngezimoto ezinetorque eshintshashintshayo ngokuqhubekayo, kunesizathu sokuhlolwa okungekuhle. Isizathu siwukuthi i-node idinga ukunakekelwa okuvamile, futhi insiza yayo incane. Umbuzo wokuthi ukuthenga imoto nge-CVT, wonke umuntu unquma eyedwa. Ukudluliselwa kunezinzuzo kanye nokubi. Sengiphetha, unganikeza ukuphawula okuyisixwayiso - lapho uthenga imoto esetshenzisiwe lapho kukhona i-CVT, udinga ukuqaphela kakhulu. Umnikazi wemoto esetshenzisiwe angakwazi ukufihla izici zokusebenza, futhi i-CVT kulokhu iyindlela ebucayi yokudluliselwa komshini.
