Enhliziyweni ye-quantum mechanics

URichard Feynman, omunye wezazi zefiziksi ezinkulu zekhulu lama-XNUMX, wagomela ngokuthi isihluthulelo sokuqonda i-quantum mechanics "ukuhlolwa kwe-double slit". Lolu cwaningo olulula, olwenziwa namuhla, luyaqhubeka nokuthola izinto ezimangalisayo. Bakhombisa ukuthi ukungahambisani nomqondo ojwayelekile kuyi-quantum mechanics, okwagcina kuholele ekusungulweni okubaluleke kakhulu kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu edlule.

Ngokokuqala ngqa wenza uhlolo lwe-double-slit. Thomas Young (1) eNgilandi ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-Young

Ukuhlolwa kwasetshenziselwa ukukhombisa ukuthi ukukhanya kuyimvelo yegagasi futhi akusiyo imvelo ye-corpuscular, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambilini. Isaac Newton. Intsha isanda kukhombisa ukuthi ukukhanya kuyalalela ukungenelela - into eyisici esiyisici esibaluleke kakhulu (kungakhathalekile ukuthi hlobo luni lwamagagasi kanye nendawo asakaza ngayo). Namuhla, i-quantum mechanics ivumelanisa le mibono emibili ephikisanayo enengqondo.

Ake sikhumbule ingqikithi yokuhlolwa kwe-double-slit. Njengenjwayelo, ngiqonde igagasi phezu kwamanzi elisabalala ligxile endaweni lapho bekujikijelwa khona itshe. 

Igagasi lakhiwa ama-crests alandelanayo kanye nemikhombe ephuma endaweni yokuphazamiseka, kuyilapho igcina ibanga eliqhubekayo phakathi kwama-crests, okubizwa ngokuthi ubude be-wavelength. Umgoqo ungafakwa endleleni yegagasi, isibonelo, ngesimo sebhodi elinezikhala ezimbili ezincane ezisikwe lapho amanzi angageleza ngokukhululekile. Iphonsa itshe emanzini, igagasi liyama ekuhlukaniseni - kodwa hhayi impela. Amagagasi amabili agxilile amasha (2) manje asabalala kolunye uhlangothi lwesahlukaniso kusuka kuzo zombili izikhala. Zibekwe phezu komunye nomunye, noma, njengoba sisho, ziphazamisana, zakha iphethini yesici ebusweni. Ezindaweni lapho i-crest yegagasi elilodwa ihlangana ne-crest yelinye, iqhubu lamanzi liyaqina, futhi lapho umgodi uhlangana nesigodi, ukucindezeleka kuyajula.

2. Ukuphazamiseka kwamagagasi avela ezindaweni ezimbili zokukhala.

Esivivinyweni sika-Young, ukukhanya okunombala owodwa ophuma emthonjeni wephoyinti kudlula i-opaque diaphragm enezimbotshana ezimbili bese kushaya isikrini ngemuva kwakho (namuhla singancamela ukusebenzisa ukukhanya kwe-laser kanye ne-CCD). Isithombe esiphazamisayo segagasi lokukhanya sibonwa esikrinini sisesimweni sochungechunge lokukhanya okushintshanayo nemithende emnyama (3). Lo mphumela waqinisa inkolelo yokuthi ukukhanya kwakuyigagasi, ngaphambi kokuba okutholwe ekuqaleni kwawo-XNUMX kubonise ukuthi ukukhanya kwakuyigagasi. i-photon flux ziyizinhlayiya ezikhanyayo ezingenakho ukuphumula. Kamuva kwavela ukuthi ongaqondakali i-wave-particle dualityokokuqala okutholwe ukukhanya kuyasebenza nakwezinye izinhlayiya ezinikezwe isisindo. Ngokushesha kwaba yisisekelo sencazelo entsha yemishini ye-quantum yomhlaba.

3. Umbono wokuhlola kuka-Young

Izinhlayiya nazo ziyaphazamisa

Ngo-1961, uKlaus Jonsson waseNyuvesi yaseTübingen wabonisa ukuphazamiseka kwezinhlayiya ezinkulu - ama-electron esebenzisa isibonakhulu se-electron. Eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, izazi zefiziksi ezintathu zase-Italy zase-University of Bologna zenza ucwaningo olufanayo nge ukuphazamiseka kwe-electron eyodwa (usebenzisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-biprism esikhundleni se-slit kabili). Anciphisa ukuqina kwe-electron beam yaba inani eliphansi kangangokuthi ama-electron adlula ku-biprism ngokulandelana, ngokulandelana. Lawa ma-electron abhaliswe esikrinini se-fluorescent.

Ekuqaleni, izindlela zama-electron zasatshalaliswa ngokungahleliwe esikrinini, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi zakha isithombe sokuphazanyiswa esihlukile semiphetho yokuphazamiseka. Kubonakala kungenakwenzeka ukuthi ama-electron amabili adlula emigqeni ngokulandelana ngezikhathi ezahlukene angaphazamisana. Ngakho-ke, kufanele sikuvume lokho i-electron eyodwa iyaziphazamisa! Kodwa-ke i-electron kuzodingeka idlule kuzo zombili izimbotshana ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Kungase kulingeke ukubheka imbobo i-electron edlule kuyo ngempela. Kamuva sizobona ukuthi singakubheka kanjani lokho ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukunyakaza kwe-electron. Kuvela ukuthi uma sithola ulwazi mayelana nokuthi i-electron ithole ini, khona-ke ukuphazamiseka ... kuzonyamalala! Ulwazi "kanjani" luqeda ukuphazamiseka. Ingabe lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuba khona komuntu oqaphelayo kuthonya inkambo yenqubo yomzimba?

Ngaphambi kokukhuluma ngemiphumela emangalisa nakakhulu yokuhlolwa kwe-double-slit, ngizokwenza ukwehla okuncane mayelana nobukhulu bezinto eziphazamisayo. Ukuphazanyiswa kwe-Quantum yezinto ezisindayo kwatholwa kuqala kuma-electron, kwase kuba izinhlayiya ezinobunzima obukhulayo: ama-neutron, ama-proton, ama-athomu, futhi ekugcineni ama-molecule amakhulu amakhemikhali.

Ngo-2011, irekhodi losayizi wento laphulwa, lapho ukwenzeka kokuphazanyiswa kwe-quantum kwaboniswa. Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa eNyuvesi yaseVienna ngumfundi wobudokotela wangaleso sikhathi. USandra Eibenberger nabangane bakhe. I-molecule eyinkimbinkimbi equkethe ama-proton angaba ngu-5, ama-neutron ayizinkulungwane ezingu-5 nama-electron ayizinkulungwane ezingu-5 kwakhethwa ukuhlolwa ngamakhefu amabili! Ocwaningweni oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ukuphazanyiswa kwe-quantum yale molecule enkulu kwabonwa.

Lokhu kwaqinisekisa inkolelo yokuthi Imithetho ye-quantum mechanics ayilaleli kuphela izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo, kodwa nazo zonke izinto ezibonakalayo. Kuphela ukuthi into eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, yilapho ixhumana kakhulu nemvelo, ephula izakhiwo zayo ezicashile ze-quantum futhi ibhubhise imiphumela yokuphazanyiswa..

I-Quantum entanglement kanye ne-polarization yokukhanya

Imiphumela emangalisa kakhulu yokuhlolwa kwe-double-slit yavela ekusebenziseni indlela ekhethekile yokulandelela i-photon, engazange iphazamise ukunyakaza kwayo nganoma iyiphi indlela. Le ndlela isebenzisa enye yezinto eziyinqaba ze-quantum, okuthiwa i-quantum entanglement. Lesi simo sabonwa emuva ngeminyaka yawo-30s ngomunye wabadali abakhulu be-quantum mechanics, U-Erwin Schrödinger.

U-Einstein ongabazayo (bheka futhi 🙂 wababiza ngokuthi isenzo se-ghostly kude. Nokho, ngemva kwesigamu sekhulu kuphela ukubaluleka kwalo mphumela kwabonakala, futhi namuhla kuye kwaba isihloko esithakazelisa ngokukhethekile kuma-physics.

Lo mphumela umayelana nani? Uma izinhlayiya ezimbili ezisondelene ngesikhathi esithile zixhumana kakhulu kangangokuthi zakha uhlobo "lobudlelwane bamawele", ubuhlobo buyaphikelela ngisho nalapho izinhlayiya zihlukene ngamakhilomitha angamakhulu. Khona-ke izinhlayiya ziziphatha njengohlelo olulodwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma senza isenzo ezinhlayiyeni eyodwa, ngokushesha kuthinta enye izinhlayiyana. Nokho, ngale ndlela asikwazi ukudlulisa ulwazi ngokungaphelelwa isikhathi siqhelelene.

I-photon iyizinhlayiyana ezingenasisindo - ingxenye yokuqala yokukhanya, okuyigagasi likagesi. Ngemva kokudlula ipuleti ye-crystal ehambisanayo (ebizwa ngokuthi i-polarizer), ukukhanya kuba yi-polarized linearly, i.e. i-vector yenkundla kagesi ye-electromagnetic wave oscillates endizeni ethile. Ngokulandelayo, ngokudlula ukukhanya okugqamile ngepuleti logqinsi oluthile kusuka kwenye ikristalu ethile (okuthiwa ipuleti le-quarter-wave), ingaguqulwa ibe yindilinga ekhanyayo, lapho i-vector yensimu kagesi ihamba nge-helical ( ngokwewashi noma ngokuphambene newashi) ukunyakaza eduze nendawo yokusabalala kwamagagasi. Ngakho-ke, umuntu angakhuluma ngama-photon aqondile noma ayisiyingi.

Ukuhlola ngama-photon abambene

4a. Ikristalu ye-BBO engeyona yomugqa iguqula i-photon ekhishwe i-argon laser ibe amafotoni amabili abambene anohhafu wamandla kanye ne-perpendicular polarization. Lawa ma-photon ahlakazeka ngezindlela ezihlukene futhi aqoshwa yizithonjana i-D1 ne-D2, exhunywe i-counter -coincidence counter LK. I-diaphragm enezicucu ezimbili ibekwe endleleni ye-photon eyodwa. Uma womabili ama-detectors abhalisa ukufika cishe ngasikhathi sinye kwawo womabili ama-photons, isignali igcinwa kumemori yocingo, futhi umtshina u-D2 uthatha izinyathelo ezihambisana nezimbotshana. Inombolo yama-photons kuye ngokuthi umtshina i-D2 ikuphi, erekhodwe kanjalo, iboniswa ebhokisini, ikhombisa ubukhulu kanye ne-minima, ekhombisa ukuphazamiseka.

Ngo-2001, iqembu lezazi zefiziksi zaseBrazil e-Belo Horizonte lenza ngaphansi kokuqondiswa ngu. UStephen Walborn ukuhlola okungajwayelekile. Ababhali bayo basebenzise izakhiwo ze-crystal ekhethekile (efushanisiwe njenge-BBO), eguqula ingxenye ethile yama-photons akhishwa i-argon laser ibe ama-photon amabili anengxenye yamandla. Lawa ma-photon amabili abambene; uma enye yazo ine, ngokwesibonelo, i-polarization enezingqimba, enye ine-polarization eqondile. Lawa ma-photon ahamba ngezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene futhi adlale indima ehlukile ekuhlolweni okuchaziwe.

Enye yama-photon esizoyiqamba ukulawula, iya ngqo kumtshina we-photon D1 (4a). Umtshina ubhalisa ukufika kwawo ngokuthumela isignali kagesi kudivayisi ebizwa ngokuthi i-hit counter. LK Ukuhlolwa kokuphazanyiswa kuzokwenziwa ku-photon yesibili; sizombiza isignali photon. Kukhona ukuhlukana kabili endleleni yayo, kulandelwa umtshina wesithombe sesibili, i-D2, iqhubeke kancane ukusuka emthonjeni we-photon kune-detector D1. Lo mtshina ungagxuma uzungeze indawo ekabili isikhathi ngasinye lapho uthola isignali efanelekile evela kukhawunta yokushaya. Uma umtshina u-D1 ubhalisa i-photon, uthumela isignali kwikhawunta ye-coincidence. Uma ngomzuzwana umtshina we-D2 ubhalisa futhi i-photon futhi uthumela isignali kumitha, khona-ke izobona ukuthi ivela kuma-photons abanjwe, futhi leli qiniso lizogcinwa kumemori yedivayisi. Le nqubo ayifaki ukubhaliswa kwama-photon angahleliwe angena kumtshina.

Ama-photons aboshwe aphikelela imizuzwana engu-400. Ngemuva kwalesi sikhathi, umtshina we-D2 ukhishwa ngo-1 mm ngokuphathelene nokuma kwama-slits, futhi ukubalwa kwama-photons abanjwe kuthatha amanye amasekhondi angu-400. Khona-ke umtshina uphinde uhanjiswe ngo-1 mm futhi inqubo iphindaphindiwe izikhathi eziningi. Kuvele ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kwenombolo yamaphothoni aqoshwe ngale ndlela kuye ngokuthi umtshina u-D2 umi kuphi kunesici esikhulu se-maxima ne-minima esihambisana nokukhanya nokumnyama kanye nemiphetho yokuphazamiseka ekuhlolweni kuka-Young (4a).

Siyakuthola futhi lokho ama-photon angawodwa adlula esikhaleni esiphindwe kabili ayaphazamisana.

Kanjani?

Isinyathelo esilandelayo ekuhlolweni kwakuwukuthola imbobo okwadlula kuyo i-photon ethile ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukunyakaza kwayo. Izakhiwo ezisetshenziswa lapha ipuleti ye-quarter wave. Ipuleti le-quarter-wave labekwa ngaphambi kokusikeka ngakunye, okukodwa kwakho okuguqule ukuhlukaniswa komugqa kwesithombe sesigameko ukuze kube isiyingi njengokuhamba kwewashi, kanye nesinye kwaba yi-polarization eyindilinga engakwesokunxele (4b). Kuqinisekisiwe ukuthi uhlobo lwe-photon polarization aluzange luthinte inombolo yama-photon abaliwe. Manje, ngokunquma ukujikeleza kwe-polarization ye-photon ngemva kokudlula emigqeni, kungenzeka ukukhombisa ukuthi iyiphi i-photon edlulile kuyo. Ukwazi ukuthi "kusiphi isiqondiso" kuqeda ukuphazamiseka.

4b. Ngokubeka amapuleti e-quarter-wave (onxande abanomthunzi) ngaphambi kwe-slits, "ngayiphi indlela" ulwazi lungatholakala futhi isithombe sokuphazamiseka sizonyamalala.

4c. Ukubeka i-polarizer ebheke ngokufanelekile P phambi komtshina i-D1 kususa ulwazi "lokuthi ngayiphi indlela" futhi kubuyisele ukuphazamiseka.

Empeleni, ngemva kokubekwa okulungile kwamapuleti e-quarter-wave phambi kwama-slits, ukusabalalisa okubonwa ngaphambilini kwezibalo, okubonisa ukuphazamiseka, kuyanyamalala. Into emangalisa kakhulu ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza komuntu oqaphelayo ongakwazi ukwenza izilinganiso ezifanele! Ukubekwa nje kwamapuleti e-quarter-wave kukhiqiza umphumela wokukhansela ukuphazamiseka.. Ngakho i-photon yazi kanjani ukuthi ngemva kokufaka amapuleti, singakwazi ukunquma igebe eyadlula kulo?

Nokho, lokhu akukona ukuphela kwesimangaliso. Manje singakwazi ukubuyisela ukuphazamiseka kwe-signal photon ngaphandle kokukuthinta ngokuqondile. Ukuze wenze lokhu, endleleni yesilawuli se-photon esifinyelela kumtshina we-D1, beka i-polarizer ngendlela yokuthi idlulise ukukhanya nge-polarization okuyinhlanganisela ye-polarizations yakho kokubili ama-photon abanjwe (4c). Lokhu kushintsha ngokushesha i-polarity ye-photon yesignali ngokufanele. Manje akusenakwenzeka ukunquma ngokuqiniseka ukuthi iyini i-polarization yesigameko se-photon kuma-slits, futhi lapho i-photon yadlula khona. Kulokhu, ukuphazamiseka kuyabuyiselwa!

Sula ulwazi lokukhetha olubambezelekile

Ukuhlola okuchazwe ngenhla kwenziwa ngendlela yokuthi i-photon yokulawula ibhaliswe ngumtshina i-D1 ngaphambi kokuba i-signal photon ifinyelele kumtshina i-D2. Ukusulwa kolwazi "lwendlela" kwenziwa ngokushintsha i-polarization ye-photon yokulawula ngaphambi kokuba i-signal photon ifinyelele kumtshina u-D2. Khona-ke umuntu angacabanga ukuthi i-photon elawulayo isivele itshele "iwele" layo ukuthi yenzeni ngokulandelayo: ukungenelela noma cha.

Manje sishintsha isilingo ngendlela yokuthi i-photon yokulawula ishaye umtshina i-D1 ngemva kokuthi i-signal photon ibhalisiwe kumtshina i-D2. Ukwenza lokhu, susa umtshina u-D1 emthonjeni we-photon. Iphethini yokuphazamiseka ibonakala ifana nangaphambili. Manje ake sibeke amapuleti e-quarter-wave phambi kwezikhala ukuze sinqume ukuthi iyiphi indlela ethathwe yi-photon. Iphethini yokuphazamiseka iyanyamalala. Okulandelayo, ake sisule ulwazi lokuthi "ngayiphi indlela" ngokubeka i-polarizer eqonde ngokufanelekile phambi komtshina u-D1. Iphethini yokuphazamiseka iyavela futhi! Nokho ukusula kwenziwa ngemva kokuba i-signal photon ibhalisiwe ngumtshina i-D2. Kungenzeka kanjani lokhu? I-photon kwakudingeka iqaphele ushintsho lwe-polarity ngaphambi kokuba noma yiluphi ulwazi mayelana nayo lufinyelele kuyo.

5. Ukuhlola nge-laser beam.

Ukulandelana kwemvelo kwezehlakalo kubuyiselwe emuva lapha; umphumela wandulela imbangela! Lo mphumela ubukela phansi umgomo we-causality eqinisweni elisizungezile. Noma mhlawumbe isikhathi asinandaba uma kukhulunywa ngezinhlayiya ezibhajwe? I-Quantum entanglement iphula isimiso sendawo ku-classical physics, ngokuya ngokuthi into ingathinteka kuphela endaweni yayo eseduze.

Kusukela ekuhlolweni kwe-Brazilian, ukuhlolwa okuningi okufanayo kuye kwenziwa, okuqinisekisa ngokugcwele imiphumela ethulwe lapha. Ekugcineni, umfundi angathanda ukuchaza ngokucacile imfihlakalo yalezi zenzakalo ezingalindelekile. Ngeshwa, lokhu akukwazi ukwenziwa. I-logic ye-quantum mechanics ihlukile kumqondo wezwe esikubona nsuku zonke. Kumelwe sikwamukele lokhu ngokuzithoba futhi sijabulele iqiniso lokuthi imithetho ye-quantum mechanics ichaza ngokunembile izenzakalo ezenzeka ku-microcosm, ezisetshenziswa ngokufanelekile kumishini yezobuchwepheshe ethuthuke kakhulu.