Uyini umehluko phakathi kwenjini kadizili nenjini kaphethiloli?

Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi injini kadizili inomuzwa ohlukile kunjini kaphethiloli. Kodwa-ke, kungathakazelisa ukubhekisisa kahle izici ezihlukanisa lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zezinjini.

Okunye ukuqaliswa kokushisa?

Ukushisa okuzenzakalelayo kukhona kukaphethiloli kadizili, okugwema ukuthungela okulawulwa ama-spark plugs. Futhi kungenxa yalesi simiso lapho injini kadizili ibasa ngokuzenzekelayo kalula kalula kunenjini kaphethiloli ... Ngesikhathi somlilo, uwoyela ungaphemba kuphela kumasilinda lapho emunca (ngokwesibonelo, nge-turbocharger noma nge-breather).

Kepha ukuze ubuyele ekushiseni okuzenzakalelayo ngokomthetho, udinga ukwazi ukuthi lapho ucindezela igesi kakhulu, iyanda. Ngakho-ke, lesi yisimiso sikaphethiloli kadizili: umoya ongenayo ucindezelwe ngokwanele ukuze uphethiloli udonsa oxhumana nabo ngokwemvelo. Kungakho udizili unesilinganiso sokucindezela esiphakeme (kuthatha ingcindezi enkulu ukwenza igesi ishe).

Futhi, enjinini kaphethiloli, ingxube yomoya / uphethiloli imvamisa ifana kakhulu (ngokulinganayo isatshalaliswa / ixutshwe egumbini) ngoba uphethiloli uvame ukusebenzisa umjovo ongaqondile (ngakho-ke lokhu akunjalo ngempela ngenjini yomjovo kaphethiloli. Izinjini eziqondile nezidizili umjovo oqondile. futhi). Ngakho-ke, qaphela ukuthi uphethiloli wanamuhla usebenza kuphela ngomjovo oqondile, ngakho-ke lo mehluko uyancipha.

Isikhathi sokujova

Ngenkathi injini kaphethiloli ifaka uphethiloli ngesikhathi sokudla komoya (lapho i-piston yehliselwa e-PMB futhi i-valve yokuvula ivuliwe) esimweni somjovo oqondile (uphethiloli ongaqondile unikezwa ngasikhathi sinye nomoya), udizili uzolinda ipiston ihlanganiswe kabusha esigabeni sokucindezelwa somjovo wephethiloli.

Ukuminyaniswa isilinganiso?

Isilinganiso sokuminyaniswa siphezulu ngenjini kadizili (iphindwe kabili kuya kathathu kudizili), ngakho-ke inokusebenza kahle nokusetshenziswa okuphansi (lesi akusona ukuphela kwesizathu sokwehliswa kokusetshenziswa). Eqinisweni, inani lomoya ocindezelweyo lizoba ncane (yingakho licindezelwe kakhulu lapho i-piston isendaweni ephezulu efile) enjinini kadizili kunakwinjini kaphethiloli, ngoba lokho kuminyanisa kufanele kunikeze ukushisa okwanele ukubasa udizili. Le yinhloso enkulu yalokhu kucindezela okwandisiwe, kepha hhayi kuphela ... Eqinisweni, siqinisekisa ukuthi izinga lokushisa elidingekayo ukubasa uphethiloli lidlulwa kakhulu ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla omlilo nokukhawulela inani lezinhlayiya ezingashiswanga: izinhlayiya ezincane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inyusa i-NOx (ebangelwa ukushisa okushisayo). Ukuze wenze lokhu, kukhuliswa okusetshenziswayo, okuvumela ukuthi umoya unikezwe injini futhi ngenxa yalokho kwandisa ukucindezelwa (ngakho-ke izinga lokushisa).

Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo bokucindezelwa, udizili une-torque eningi kuma-revs aphansi.

Nakuba izinjini zikaphethiloli zinesilinganiso sokucindezela esingu-6 kuye ku-11:1 (6-7 ezinjinini ezindala nezingu-9-11 zezinjini zomjovo oqondile), udizili unesilinganiso sokucindezela esingu-20 kuye ku-25:1 (ezindala zazinamaphesenti angaba ngu-25 , kuyilapho ezakamuva zivame ukuba ngaphansi.20: Isizathu singenxa yentando yeningi ye-turbocharging, evumela ukuthi uthole ukucindezelwa okuphezulu ngaphandle kwesidingo sezinga eliphezulu lokucindezela injini. sinciphisa isilinganiso sokucindezela kancane, kodwa sinxephezela ngokukhulisa ukucindezela emakamelweni: ngenxa yokunikezwa komoya kanye nophethiloli).

Izinga lokushisa

Izinga lokusha kwenjini kaphethiloli liphakeme ngenxa yokushisa kwayo okulawulwayo (amakhoyili / ama-spark plugs avumela izinhlansi), ngokwengxenye ngenxa yalokhu (ngisho ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi ezinye izinto zibandakanyekile) ukuthi isivinini esikhulu sibekezelelwa kangcono uphethiloli ongakhishwa ... izinjini. Ngakho-ke, udizili awunakushisa ngokuphelele uphethiloli phezulu kwe-tachometer (isilinganiso se-piston cycle siphezulu kunezinga lokusha komlilo), okungadala ukuthi kuvele intuthu emnyama (ukwehla kwesilinganiso senjini, kuphakama). (lapho uwuthanda kakhulu lo ntuthu). Ingabonakala futhi lapho inhlanganisela icebe kakhulu, okungukuthi uphethiloli omningi kakhulu uma uqhathanisa ne-oxidizer, yingakho intuthu ebalulekile ezinjinini ezenziwe kabusha, umjovo wayo opha kakhulu ekuhambeni kukaphethiloli. (i-copyright fiches-auto.fr)

Ngabe injini kadizili ishisa kancane?

Iqiniso lokuthi kunzima kakhulu ukuthi injini kadizili ifinyelele emazingeni okushisa kungenxa yezici eziningana, kufaka phakathi engikushilo phambilini: okungukuthi, ukusatshalaliswa kukadizili egumbini lomlilo. Ngenxa yokuxhumana okuncane nodonga lwesilinda, ukushisa kudluliswa kalula kusimbi ezungezile (kukhona ungqimba lomoya phakathi kodonga lwesilinda nendawo yomlilo).

Ngaphezu kwalokho futhi ikakhulukazi, ukushuba okukhulu kwebhokisi lesilinda kubambezela ukusabalala kokushisa ngalo. Lapho izinto zivutha ngokwengeziwe, kuthatha isikhathi eside ...

Ekugcineni, isivinini esiphansi senjini sisho ukuthi kuzoba khona “ukuqhuma” okumbalwa futhi ngenxa yalokho ukushisa okuncane esikhathini esifanayo.

Isisindo / ukwakheka?

Udizili uyasinda ngoba udinga ukumelana nokucindezela okuqinile kwamasilinda. Ngakho-ke, izinto ezisetshenzisiwe zizinzile (insimbi yensimbi, njll.), Futhi ukwahlukaniswa kunokwethenjelwa ngokwengeziwe. Ngakho-ke, izimoto ezinamandla asebenza ngodizili zinzima, ngakho-ke zivame ukungalingani ngokuya ngokusatshalaliswa kwesisindo ngaphambili nangemuva. Ngenxa yalokhu, uphethiloli uvame ukusebenza ngokuzikhandla nangendlela elinganiselayo.

Kepha maqondana nokwethembeka, udizili uyawina, ngoba ibhulokhi izinzile ngokwengeziwe.

Ijubane elihlukile lenjini

Ijubane lokujikeleza likadizili alibalulekile kangako uma liqhathaniswa nophethiloli wesici esifanayo (inani lamasilinda). Izizathu zalokhu kungenxa yokuqiniswa kwempahla kudizili (izinduku zokuxhuma, i-crankshaft, njll.), Okubangela ukuthi kube ne-inertia eningi enjinini (kunzima kakhulu ukuqala njengoba kuthatha isikhathi eside ukulinda isivinini sedizili ukuthi drop ... lokhu kungenxa yesisindo esikhulu sezingxenye ezihambayo). Ngaphezu kwalokho, umlilo awulawulwa yinhlansi yekhandlela, awulawuleki kangako ngakho uhlala isikhathi eside. Lokhu kubambezela yonke imijikelezo ngakho-ke ijubane lemoto.

Ekugcineni, ngenxa yokushaywa isikhathi eside kwama-piston (aguqulelwe izinga lokusha komlilo), athatha isikhathi eside ukuqhubekela phambili nokubuyela emuva. (i-copyright fiches-auto.fr)

Nayi i-tachometer yama-308 amabili: uphethiloli nodizili. Awuwuboni umehluko?

Omunye u-gearbox?

Iqiniso lokuthi isivinini senjini sihlukile kuzonyusa isilinganiso segiya ukufanisa lesi sici. Kodwa-ke, qaphela, lolu shintsho aluzwa umshayeli, kungokwezobuchwepheshe ukukhokhela ijubane le-crankshaft elehlisiwe lenjini kadizili.

Umehluko phakathi kukadizili nophethiloli?

Uphethiloli kadizili unikeza amandla athe xaxa kunophethiloli wevolumu efanayo. Ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli uqobo kukodwa kancane kangcono ngamafutha kawoyela.

Njengasemikhiqizweni, udizili nophethiloli kukhishwa ngendlela ehlukile njengoba uwoyela ongahluziwe kufanele ushiswe ube sezingeni lokushisa eliphakeme likaphethiloli kadizili. Kepha akungabazeki ukuthi uma ufuna ukudonsa udizili, kufanele futhi ulahle ingxenye enkulu kawoyela owuqoqayo, ngoba eyokugcina iqukethe u-22% kaphethiloli no-27% kadizili.

Funda kabanzi mayelana nokukhiqizwa nokukhishwa kukadizili nophethiloli lapha.

Ukusebenza sekukonke: umehluko?

Ukusebenza kahle kwenjini yedizili (awukho uphethiloli njengoba kukhonjisiwe ngenhla) kungcono nge-42% kudizili no-36% kuphethiloli (ngokusho kwe-fpenergiesnouvelles.fr). Ukusebenza kahle ukuguqulwa kwamandla okuqala (ngesimo sikaphethiloli esimweni senjini) kube ngamandla alandelanayo womshini. Ngakho-ke ngenjini kadizili sinobuningi obungu-42%, ngakho-ke ukushisa nokuxokozela kwamagesi e-exhaust kwakha ama-58% asele (ngakho-ke amandla asetshenzisiwe ... Amabi kakhulu).

Ukudlidliza / Umsindo?

Udizili udlidliza ngokunembile ngoba unesilinganiso sokuminyanisa esiphakeme. Ukucindezela kunamandla, kukhulu ukudlidliza okuvela emlilweni (ngenxa yokwanda okunamandla). Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi ...

Qaphela, noma kunjalo, ukuthi le nto incishiswa yi-pre-injection, ethambisa izinto (ngejubane eliphansi kuphela, bese iqala ukuduma kakhulu), ngokusobala kuphela kwinjini yomjovo eqondile.

Ukungcola

Izinhlayiya ezinhle

Udizili uvame ukukhipha izinhlayiya ezinhle kakhulu kunophethiloli ngoba, ngaphandle kobuchwepheshe, ingxube yomoya / kaphethiloli ayihambisani kakhulu. Eqinisweni, kungaba umjovo oqondile noma ongaqondile, uphethiloli ujovwa sekwephuzile, okuholela enhlanganisweni emaphakathi futhi ingashisi. Kuphethiloli, lezi zingxenye ezimbili zixubekile ngaphambi kokudla (umjovo ongaqondile) noma eyodwa ifakwa phakathi nesigaba sokudla (umjovo oqondile), okuholela ekuhlanganisweni okuhle kukaphethiloli ne-oxidant.

Qaphela, noma kunjalo, ukuthi izinjini zikaphethiloli zesimanje "zithanda" ukugijima zincike ezigabeni ezithile (ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa: isilinganiso kanye nokukhawulela ukulahleka kokumpompa), futhi le ngxube enciphile ibanga ingxube enkulu nenhlawulo. Kungakho manje sebenezihlungi zezinhlayiyana.

Ngakho-ke, inhlanganisela ehambisanayo kanye nomlilo oshisayo kuyadingeka ukunciphisa inani lezinhlayiya. Ukufana okuthuthukisiwe ngomjovo oqondile kutholwa ngomjovo ophakeme kakhulu: i-vaporization engcono kaphethiloli.

Ngokuhambisana nezindinganiso zakamuva, umthetho wawudinga ukuthi uphethiloli uhlanzwe ngezinhlayiya ezinhle [Hlela: uphethiloli usanda kwenzeka]. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinjini zikadizili zesimanje zihlunga ama-99% azo (ngenjini eshisayo ...), engabhekwa njengemukeleka kakhulu! Ngakho-ke, uma kuhlanganiswa nokusetshenziswa okuphansi, uphethiloli uhlala uyisixazululo esifanelekile ngokombono wezemvelo nowezempilo, noma ngabe ungenza abantu bakhophozele.

Umphumela ophambene, uhlelo luye lwavumela izinjini zikaphethiloli kuze kube muva nje ukuthi zenqabe izikhathi eziphindwe kayishumi, noma ngabe isisindo esivunyelwe salokhu kufanele sibe ngaphansi kuka-10% kuphethiloli. Ngoba kufanele sihlukanise phakathi kobuningi nezinhlayiya: ngo-10 amagremu ezinhlayiya kungaba nezinhlayiya ezi-5 ezinesisindo esingu-5 g (isibalo esingaqondakali, lokhu kungokuqonda) noma izinhlayiya ezingu-1 5 amagremu (futhi asinantshisekelo usayizi: kuncane okukhona, kuyingozi kakhulu empilweni, ngoba izinhlayiya ezinkulu zisuswe / zihlungwe kahle ngamaphaphu ethu).

Inkinga ukuthi lapho ushintshela kumjovo oqondile, izinjini zikaphethiloli manje zikhiqiza izinhlayiya ezinhle kakhulu kunezinjini zikadizili ezifakwe isihlungi se-particulate (abezindaba bayathula ngokumangazayo ngalokhu, ngaphandle kwe-Autoplus, okuvame ukukhishwa). Kepha ngokujwayelekile, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi udizili wakhiqiza ukungcola okuningi kunophethiloli lapho wafakwa ngqo. Ngakho-ke awudingi ngempela ukubuka uphethiloli (uphethiloli / udizili) ukubona ukuthi injini ingcolisa futhi iyingozi yini empilweni, kepha uma inomfutho oqondile wokujola ... yini ebangela ukwakheka kwezinhlayiya ezinhle ne-NOx ( into okwabonakala ukuthi abezindaba abayiqondi, yingakho ulwazi oluningi olungelona iqiniso olwabangela ukulimala okweqile kudizili).

Ukufingqa, udizili nophethiloli kuya ngokuya kufana kakhulu ekukhishweni ... Futhi yingakho uphethiloli okhishwe ngemuva kuka-2018 unezihlungi zezinhlayiya zabaningi. Futhi noma ngabe udizili ukhiqiza i-NOx ethe xaxa (i-lung irritant), manje sekunqunyelwe kakhulu ngokufakwa kwe-SCR catalyst, ebangela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okucekela phansi (noma kunalokho okuguqula) iningi lazo.

Ngamafuphi, ophumelele kule ndaba yolwazi olungelona iqiniso ngumbuso okhulisa intela. Ngempela, abantu abaningi bashintshele kuphethiloli futhi manje basebenzisa okuningi kakhulu kunakuqala ... Kodwa-ke, kuyakhathaza kakhulu ukubona ukuthi abezindaba bangaba nomthelela ongakanani kubantu, noma ngabe imininingwane ayilungile ngokwengxenye. (i-copyright fiches-auto.fr)

nox

Udizili ngokwemvelo ukhipha okungaphezu kukaphethiloli ngoba amandla omlilo ayafana kakhulu. Lokhu kubangela izindawo eziningi ezishisayo ekamelweni elivuthayo (ngaphezu kwama-degree angu-2000) okuyimithombo yokukhishwa kwe-NOx. Ngempela, okubangela ukuthi i-NOx ibonakale ukushisa kokuvutha: lapho kushisa kakhulu, i-NOx eyengeziwe. Ivalvu ye-EGR kaphethiloli nodizili nayo iyakukhawulela lokhu ngokwehlisa izinga lokushisa lomlilo.

Qaphela, noma kunjalo, ukuthi uphethiloli wanamuhla uphinde ukhiqize inqwaba yenhlanganisela / yokushaja okuhlanganisiwe (kwenzeka kuphela ngomjovo oqondile) njengoba lokhu kukhulisa amazinga okushisa asebenzayo.

Ngokuyisisekelo, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi zombili izinjini zikhiqiza ukungcola okufanayo, kepha ubukhulu buyashintsha kuye ngokuthi sikhuluma ngomjovo oqondile noma ongaqondile. Futhi-ke, ngaphezu kwakho konke, uhlobo lomjovo lubangela ukushintshashintsha kokukhishwa okungcolisayo, hhayi nje iqiniso lokuthi injini ingudizili noma uphethiloli.

Funda: Ukungcola Okukhishwe Idizili Okokhelekayo.

Glow plugs?

Injini kadizili inamapulagi akhanyayo. Njengoba ivutha ngokuzenzekelayo, lokhu kudinga izinga lokushisa eliphansi ekamelweni lomlilo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ingxube yomoya / idizili ngeke ifinyelele izinga lokushisa elanele.

Ukushisa kuqala futhi kunciphisa ukungcoliswa okubandayo: amakhandlela ahlala ekhanyisiwe ngisho nangemva kokuqala ukusheshisa ukushisa kwamakamelo omlilo.

Ukudla komoya, umehluko?

Idizili ayinayo i-throttle valve (elawulwa yikhompyutha ephethiloli, ngaphandle kukaphethiloli onama-valve aguquguqukayo, kulokhu odinga i-valve mpintsha) ngoba udizili uhlala edonsa umoya olinganayo. Lokhu kususa isidingo se-flap elawulayo njenge-valve mpintsha noma ama-valve ahlukahlukene.

Ngenxa yalokho, kudalwa i-vacuum engemihle lapho kudla injini kaphethiloli. Lokhu kucindezeleka (okungatholakali kudizili) kusetshenziselwa ukuphakela ezinye izinto zenjini. Isibonelo, isetshenziswa yi-boiler booster ukusiza lapho unyathela amabhuleki (uketshezi, uhlobo lwediski), yilokhu okuvimbela iphedali ekuqiniseni (ongayibona lapho injini icishiwe, iphedali yebhuleki iba lukhuni kakhulu ngemuva kwemivimbo emithathu. ). Ukuze uthole injini kadizili, kuyadingeka ukufaka iphampu eyengeziwe, enganikeli ekwakhiweni okulula kwayo yonke into (inzuzo ethe xaxa, inzuzo encane! Ngoba lokhu kukhulisa inani lokuwohloka futhi kwenza umsebenzi ube nzima.

Ukubhaliswa kwesikole DIESEL

Kophethiloli kadizili, ingcindezi okungenani ibha eyodwa, njengoba umoya ungena echwebeni lokungenisa ngokuthanda. Ngakho-ke, kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi izinga lokugeleza liyashintsha (kuya ngejubane), kepha ingcindezi ihlala ingashintshi.

Ukubhaliswa kwesikole UBUYISEKELI

(Umthwalo ophansi)

Uma usheshisa kancane, umzimba wempintsha awuvuli kakhulu ukuvimbela ukuhamba komoya. Lokhu kudala uhlobo lokuminyana kwezimoto. Injini idonsa umoya ohlangothini olulodwa (kwesokudla), kuyilapho i-throttle valve ivimbela ukugeleza (kwesobunxele): kwenziwa i-vacu esikhaleni, bese ingcindezi iphakathi kwebha ye-0 ne-1.

I-torque engaphezulu? Isivinini senjini esilinganiselwe?

Enjini kadizili, amandla adluliswa ngendlela ehlukile: umfutho wenjini kadizili unamandla (uma uqhathaniswa nophethiloli wamandla afanayo), kodwa uhlala kancane (uhla olufushane kakhulu lwesivinini). Ngakho-ke, sivame ukuthola umbono wokuthi injini kadizili isebenza kanzima ukwedlula uphethiloli wamandla afanayo. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele, ngoba kunalokho yindlela amandla afika ngayo, ahlukile, "asatshalaliswa" ngokwengeziwe. Futhi-ke ukwenziwa jikelele kwama-turbine kunomthelela kwigebe elikhudlwana ...

Ngempela, akufanele sikhawulelwe ku-torque nje, amandla abalulekile! Udizili uzoba ne-torque eningi ngoba amandla ayo adluliswa nge-rev range encane. Ngakho-ke ngokuyisisekelo (ngithatha izinombolo ngokungahleliwe) uma ngihambisa i-100 hp. ngo-4000 rpm (uhla oluncane olufana nodizili), ijika lami le-torque lizobekwa endaweni encane, ngakho-ke i-torque ephezulu noma ngaphezulu izodingeka (ngejubane elithile, ngoba i-torque iyashintsha kusuka kwelinye ijubane iye kwelinye) ukufanisa uphethiloli injini enamandla we-100 hp. izokwanda ngo-6500 ngomzuzu (ngakho-ke ijika le-torque lizobabazeka ngokunengqondo, okuzokwenza ukuthi lingabi phezulu).

Ngakho-ke esikhundleni sokuthi idizili ine-torque ethe xaxa, kungcono ukusho ukuthi le dizili ayenzi okufanayo, nokuthi noma kunjalo, amandla kagesi abaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwezinjini (hhayi i-torque).

Yikuphi okungcono?

Ngokwethembeka, cha ... Ukukhetha kuzoncika kuphela ezidingweni nasezifisweni. Ngale ndlela, wonke umuntu uzothola injini ayidingayo ngokusho kwempilo yakhe kanye nemisebenzi yansuku zonke.

Kulabo abafuna ubumnandi, injini kaphethiloli ibonakala ifaneleka ngokwengeziwe: ukukhuphuka kwemibhoshongo enolaka kakhulu, isisindo esincane, ububanzi bezinjini ezinkulu, iphunga elincane esimweni esiguqukayo, i-inertia encane (ukuzwa okungaphezulu kwemidlalo), njll.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, injini edonsa ngodizili yesimanje izoba nethuba lokuthi izoba ne-torque ethe xaxa nge-rpm ephansi (asikho isidingo sokushayela imibhoshongo ukuthola "ujusi", olungele amaloli), ukusetshenziswa kuzoba phansi (okungcono ukusebenza). futhi-ke ilusizo kulabo abagibela kakhulu.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, udizili wesimanje usuphenduke izimboni zegesi zangempela (i-turbo, i-valve ye-EGR, iphefumula, iphampu yokusiza yokusiza, umjovo womfutho ophakeme, njll.), Okuholela ezingcupheni ezinkulu maqondana nokwethembeka. Lapho sinamathela kokulula (empeleni, konke ukulinganiswa kuyalondolozwa, ngoba uma kungenjalo sigibela ibhayisikili ...), kungcono! Kepha ngeshwa, izinjini zikaphethiloli nazo zijoyine iklabhu ngokusebenzisa umjovo oqondile womfutho ophakeme (yilokhu okubangela ukwanda kokungcola, noma kunalokho izinto ezinobungozi ezintweni eziphilayo).

Isimo siyashintsha, futhi akumele sigxile kubandlululo oluphelelwe yisikhathi, isibonelo, "Uphethiloli kadizili ungcolisa kakhulu uphethiloli." Eqinisweni, okuphambene nakho kuyiqiniso, njengoba udizili esebenzisa amandla amancane ezinsalela futhi ekhipha ukungcola okufanayo nophethiloli. Ngenxa yomjovo oqondile, ovele ngobuningi kuphethiloli ...).

Funda: IMazda block ezama ukuhlanganisa izimfanelo zikadizili nophethiloli enjinini eyodwa.

Ngibonga kusengaphambili kunoma ngubani othola izakhi ezizosiza ukuqedela le ndatshana! Ukubamba iqhaza, iya ezansi kwekhasi.

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