Idivayisi nezinhlobo zamalambu emoto

Indawo emaphakathi ohlelweni lokukhanyisa izimoto kuhlala amalambu angaphambili (amalambu angaphambili). Baqinisekisa ukuphepha kohambo kusihlwa nasebusuku ngokukhanyisa umgwaqo ophambi kwemoto nokwazisa abanye abashayeli uma imoto isondela.

Amalambu angaphambili: izakhi zesakhiwo

Izibani zangaphambili ziye zalungiswa ngaphezulu kwamashumi eminyaka. Kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, izibani eziyindilinga zohlobo lwe-searchlight zafakwa ezimotweni. Kodwa-ke, njengoba i-ergonomics ne-aerodynamics yomzimba ishintsha, kwavela izixazululo ezintsha: amalambu ayindilinga awakuvumelanga ukudala imigqa yomzimba ebushelelezi. Ngakho-ke, abaklami nabakhi baqala ukwethula amafomu amasha, ahehayo angekho ngaphansi ngokwezimpawu zokukhanya nezici.

Isibani sesimanje sihlanganisa amadivayisi amaningi kokukodwa:

• amalambu we-beam aphansi nangaphezulu;
• amalambu okupaka;
• izinkomba zokuqondisa;
• Izibani Zokugijima Zasemini.

Idizayini eyodwa ibizwa nge-headlamp block. Ngaphezu kwayo, ingafakwa amalambu enkungu (ngaphambili) emotweni, aqinisekise ukuphepha kohambo ezimweni ezimbi zokubonakala.

amalambu acwilile

Ngokuya ngezimo zomgwaqo, izibani zedamu ezigoqiwe noma ezinkulu zingasetshenziswa ebusuku.

Amalambu afakiwe ahlinzeka ngokukhanyisa komgwaqo ongamamitha angama-50-60 phambi kwemoto. Amalambu aphambili akhanyisa nehlombe langakwesokudla.

Ugongolo olucwilisiwe akufanele lubangele ukungakhululeki kubashayeli bezimoto ezizayo. Uma imoto yakho iphuphuthekisa abanye abashayeli, amalambu adinga ukulungiswa.

Izinhlelo ezimbili zokusabalalisa okulula komfudlana ziyamukelwa emhlabeni - eYurophu naseMelika. Ngamunye wabo unezici zakhe ezakhiweni nasezimisweni zokwakheka kogongolo.

I-filament ekhanyeni yamalambu ezimoto zaseMelika itholakala ngenhla kwendiza enezingqimba. Lokhu kucucuza okukhanyayo kuhlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili, enye yazo ikhanyisa umgwaqo nohlangothi lomgwaqo, kuthi eyesibili ibhekiswe ngasemgwaqeni olandelayo. Ukuvimbela amalambu angaphambili kubashayeli abakhazimulayo, ukujula kwesibani esakha ingxenye engezansi yesibani sokukhanya kuyashintsha.

Ezimotweni zaseYurophu, intambo ibekwe ngaphezu kwesibonakaliso futhi ifihliwe yisikrini esikhethekile esivimbela ukukhanya okukhanyayo ukuthi kufinyelele enkabazwe engezansi. Ngenxa yalolu hlelo, amalambu wesitayela saseYurophu anethezeke ngokwengeziwe kubaqhubi bezimoto abeza. Ukukhanya okukhanyayo kubhekiswe phambili naphansi, ngqo ebusweni bomgwaqo phambi kwemoto.

Amalambu kagesi aphezulu

Isibani esikhulu samalambu sihlukaniswa ngamandla amakhulu nokukhanya kokukhanya okukhanyayo, kuhlwitha amamitha ayi-200-300 wendlela yomgwaqo ebumnyameni. Inikeza ukukhanya okuphelele komgwaqo. Kepha ingasetshenziswa kuphela uma zingekho ezinye izimoto emgqeni wokubuka phambi kwemoto: ukukhanya okukhulu kakhulu kuphuphuthekisa abashayeli.

Isistimu yokukhanyisa eguquguqukayo, efakwa njengomsebenzi owengeziwe kwezinye izimoto zesimanje, iyasiza ukunciphisa umphumela omubi wesigxobo esiphakeme.

Idivayisi yesibani

Kungakhathaleki ukuthi hlobo luni lwamalambu, kunezinto ezintathu eziyinhloko eziqinisekisa ukusebenza kokukhanya.

Umthombo wokukhanya

Umthombo wokukhanya uyisici esiyinhloko sanoma yikuphi ukukhanyisa. Umthombo ovame kakhulu kumalambu angaphambili ama-halogen bulbs. Muva nje, bebencintisana namalambu e-xenon, futhi nangemva kwalokho - amadivayisi we-LED.

Isikhombi

Isibonisi senziwe ngengilazi noma ngepulasitiki ngothuli oluncane lwe-aluminium. Umsebenzi omkhulu wale nto ukukhombisa ukukhanya okuvela emthonjeni nokukhulisa amandla abo. Abalungisi nezikrini ezikhanyayo zisiza ukuqondisa umsebe wokukhanya ohlangothini olunikeziwe.

Ngokuya ngezici zabo, izibonakaliso zingahlukaniswa zibe yizinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko.

1. Isibonisi esiyindatshana. Inketho engabizi kakhulu, ebonakala ngomklamo wayo we-tuli. Izibani zangaphambili ezinedivayisi enjalo azikwazi ukulungiswa ngokushintsha ukukhanya, amandla nokuqondisa kwemisebe yokukhanya.
2. Isibonisi sefomu yamahhala. Inezindawo eziningana ezibonisa izingxenye ngazinye zesigxobo sokukhanya. Ukukhanya kwamalambu anjalo kuhlala kumile, kepha lapho kuhlakazekile, kunokukhanya okuncane kakhulu kokukhanya. Futhi, amalambu ane-free-form reflector akhululeke ngokwengeziwe kwabanye abashayeli.
3. Isibonisi se-ellipsoidal (i-lens optics) yiyona ebiza kakhulu, kepha ngasikhathi sinye inketho esezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu, isusa ukulahleka kokukhanya nokukhanya kwabanye abashayeli. Ukusakazwa kokukhanya okusakazekile kukhuliswa kusetshenziswa okokukhanyisa okuyindilinga, bese kuqondiswa kokunye okugxilwe kukho - ukwahlukanisa okukhethekile okuqoqa ukukhanya futhi. Ukusuka ku-flap, ukugeleza kusakazeka kabusha kubheke kwi-lens, eqoqa ukukhanya, ikunciphise noma ikuqondise kabusha. Ububi obukhulu belensi ukuthi ukuzinza kwayo kungancipha ngokusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kwemoto. Lokhu-ke kuzoholela ekungasebenzi kahle noma ekulahlekelweni ukukhanya. Kuzoqedwa ukukhubazeka kuphela ngosizo lokulungiswa kwe-lens yobungcweti okwenziwe kwisevisi yemoto.

Isisabalalisi

Isisabalalisi esikhanyayo emotweni yingxenye yangaphandle yelambu, elenziwe ngengilazi noma ipulasitiki ebonakalayo. Ohlangothini lwangaphakathi lwe-diffuser kunohlelo lwamalensi nama-prism, ubukhulu bawo obungahluka kusuka kumamilimitha kuya kumasentimitha amaningana. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wale nto ukuvikela umthombo wokukhanya emathonyeni angaphandle, ukusabalalisa ugongolo ngokuqondisa ukugeleza endaweni ethile. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-diffusers zisiza ukulawula ukuqondiswa kokukhanya.

Izinhlobo zemithombo elula

Ezimotweni zesimanje, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamalambu zingahlukaniswa, kuya ngemithombo yokukhanya esetshenzisiwe.

Ama-incandescent ama

Umthombo olula kakhulu futhi ongabizi kakhulu, kepha osuvele uphelelwe yisikhathi ngamalambu we-incandescent. Umsebenzi wabo unikezwa ngentambo ye-tungsten etholakala kubhalbhu lengilazi engenamoya. Lapho kusetshenziswa i-voltage kusibani, intambo iyashisa bese kukhanya kuqala ukuphuma kuyo. Kodwa-ke, ngokusetshenziswa njalo, i-tungsten ivame ukushabalala, okugcina kuholele ekuqhekekeni kwentambo. Ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha, ama-incandescent bulbs awakwazanga ukumelana nomncintiswano futhi awabe esasetshenziswa ku-optics yezimoto.

Izibani ze-Halogen

Ngaphandle kokuthi umthetho wokusebenza kwezibani ze-halogen uyefana namalambu we-incandescent, impilo yenkonzo yamalambu e-halogen iphindwe kaningana. Izimpaphe zegesi ye-halogen (iodine noma i-bromine) efakwe kusibani isiza ukukhulisa ubude bezibani, kanye nokukhulisa izinga lokukhanyisa. Irhasi ihlangana nama-athomu we-tungsten akule ntambo. Iyahwamuka, i-tungsten izungeza isibani, bese ixhuma nentambo, iphinde ihlale kuso. Lolu hlelo lwelula impilo yesibani kuze kufike emahoreni ayi-1 000 noma ngaphezulu.

Izibani zeXenon (ukukhishwa kwegesi)

Kumalambu e-xenon, ukukhanya kwenziwa ngokushisa igesi ngaphansi kwamandla amakhulu. Kodwa-ke, isibani singakhanyiswa futhi sinikwe amandla kuphela ngosizo lwemishini ekhethekile, okwandisa izindleko eziphelele zezinto zokukhanya. Kodwa izindleko zivunyelwe: amalambu e-xenon angahlala kumahora angama-2 000 noma ngaphezulu.

Isistimu ekhanyisa kakhulu ekhanda isebenzisa amalambu we-bi-xenon ahlanganisa imishayo ephansi futhi ephakeme.

Ama-LED

Ama-LED angumthombo wokukhanya wesimanjemanje futhi othandwayo. Impilo yokusebenza kwezibani ezinjalo ifinyelela kumahora angama-3 000 noma ngaphezulu. Ngokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi kakhulu, ama-LED ayakwazi ukunikeza ukukhanya okwanele. Amalambu anjalo asetshenziswa ngenkuthalo kuzinhlelo zokukhanyisa izimoto zangaphandle nangaphakathi.

Ama-LED asetshenziswe emalambini angaphambili kusukela ngo-2007. Ukuqinisekisa izinga elikhanyayo lokukhanya okukhanyayo, izingxenye ezithile zemithombo ye-LED zifakiwe kulambu lwangaphambili ngasikhathi sinye. Kwezinye izimo, amalambu angaphambili angafaka ama-LED angafika kwamabili kuya kwamathathu.

Intuthuko entsha

Kungenzeka ukuthi esikhathini esizayo imithombo yokukhanya yesimanje izothuthukiswa ngentuthuko entsha. Isibonelo, amalambu e-laser ubuchwepheshe obusha, obusetshenziswe okokuqala kwi-BMW i8. Isibani sesibani sisebenzisa i-laser njengomthombo wokukhanyisa, okhanyisela ilensi eboshwe nge-phosphor. Umphumela wukukhanya okukhanyayo, okuqondiswa yisibonakaliso emgwaqweni.

Impilo ye-laser ifana naleyo yama-LED, kepha ukukhanya nokusetshenziswa kwamandla kungcono kakhulu.

Izindleko zeqoqo lamalambu e-laser ziqala kusuka ku-10 euro. Le ntengo ifana nezindleko zemoto yesabelomali.

Okunye ukuthuthukiswa kwesimanje amalambu we-matrix asuselwa kwimithombo yokukhanya ye-LED. Ngokuya ngesimo se-traffic, imoto ingakwazi ukulungisa ngokuzenzakalela ukusebenza kwesigaba ngasinye sama-LED ngokwehlukana. Lokhu kulungiselelwa kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukukhanyisa okuhle kakhulu ngisho nasezimeni ezinzima zokubonakala okungekuhle.

Izindlela zokulawula ukukhanya kwekhanda

Indlela amalambu angaphambili akhanyiswa ngayo emotweni incike ekwakhekeni, imodeli nezinto zokusebenza zemoto. Kukhetho lwesabelomali, kunikezwa indlela yesandla yokulawula i-optics. Umshayeli usebenzisa iswishi ezinikele ongayifaka ngaphansi kwesiteringi noma kudeshibhodi.

Kumamodeli wesimanjemanje futhi abizayo, kunedivayisi evula amalambu ngokuzenzakalela ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Isibonelo, i-optics ingaqala ukusebenza okwamanje lapho injini iqalwa. Kwesinye isikhathi idivaysi ekhanyisa ukukhanya ihlanganiswa nenzwa yemvula noma izinto ezikhethekile ezisabela ezingeni lokukhanya.

Njengakwezinye izingxenye zemoto, amalambu aqhubeka nokwenziwa ngcono. Abatholi kuphela ukwakheka okukhanyayo nobuchwepheshe, kepha futhi nezici zokukhanya ezithuthukisiwe. Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi omkhulu wamalambu angashintshi futhi wukuqinisekisa ukuphepha komshayeli, abagibeli bakhe nabanye abasebenzisi bomgwaqo ebumnyameni.