Idivayisi nenqubo yokusebenza kokudluliswa

Ukuze imoto ihambe emgwaqeni, akwanele ukuba nenjini enamandla futhi esebenza kahle ngaphansi kwe-hood. I-torque esuka ku-crankshaft kufanele ngandlela thile idluliselwe kumasondo okushayela wemoto.

Ngale njongo, kwakhiwa indlela ekhethekile - u-gearbox. Cabanga ngesakhiwo nenhloso yayo, nokuthi umehluko kanjani ukuguqulwa kwe-KP.

Inhloso ka-gearbox

Ngamafuphi, u-gearbox wenzelwe ukudlulisa i-torque isuka kuyunithi yamandla iye emasondweni okushayela. Ukudluliselwa futhi kuguqula isivinini se-crankshaft ukuze umshayeli akwazi ukusheshisa imoto ngaphandle kokuminyanisa injini ibe yi-rpm ephezulu.

Le ndlela ifaniswe nemingcele yenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi ukuze kukhuliswe yonke insiza yenjini ngaphandle kokulimala ezingxenyeni zayo. Ngenxa yokudlulisela, umshini ungahambisa phambili naphambili.

Zonke izimoto zesimanje zinokudluliswa okukuvumela ukuthi ukhubaze okwesikhashana ukuhlangana okuqinile kwe-crankshaft namasondo okushayela. Lokhu kuvumela imoto ukuthi ingenzi lutho, isibonelo, isondela kahle kurobhothi. Le ndlela futhi ikuvumela ukuthi ungayicimi injini lapho imoto ima. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukugcwalisa kabusha ibhethri nokusebenzisa okokusebenza okwengeziwe, njenge-air conditioner.

Isiphakamiso ngasinye sezohwebo kufanele sihlangabezane nalezi zidingo ezilandelayo:

• Nikeza ukudonswa kwemoto nokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli okonga kuye ngamandla namandla evolumu yenjini;
• Ukusetshenziswa kalula (umshayeli akumele aphazanyiswe umgwaqo lapho eshintsha ijubane lemoto);
• Ungenzi umsindo ngesikhathi sokusebenza;
• Ukuthembeka okuphezulu nokusebenza kahle;
• Ubukhulu obuncane (ngangokunokwenzeka esimweni sezimoto ezinamandla).

Idivayisi ye-gearbox

Kuwo wonke umlando wemboni yezimoto, le ndlela ibilokhu yenziwe yesimanje, ngenxa yokuthi namuhla kunezinhlobonhlobo zokuhambisa ezinokuhlukahluka okuningi okuphawulekayo.

Idivayisi yanoma iliphi i-gearbox ifaka phakathi:

• Ezezindlu. Iqukethe zonke izingxenye ezidingekayo eziqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa kwemoto ku-shaft drive, lapho ukujikeleza kudluliselwa khona kumasondo.
• Isigubhu samafutha. Njengoba kulo mshini izingxenye ziyahlangana zodwa ngaphansi komthwalo osindayo, i-lubrication iqinisekisa ukupholisa kwayo futhi idale ifilimu kawoyela evikela ekugqokeni ngaphambi kwesikhathi kwamagiya.
• Indlela yokudlulisa isivinini. Ngokuya ngohlobo lwebhokisi, lo mshini ungafaka imiphini, isethi yamagiya, igiya leplanethi, isiguquli setorque, amadiski okushayisana, amabhande namapulisi.

Ukwahlukaniswa kwe-KP

Kunamapharamitha amaningana lapho wonke amabhokisi ahlukaniswa. Kunezimpawu eziyisithupha ezinjalo. Kulowo nalowo wabo, i-torque inikezwa isondo lokushayela ngokomthetho wayo futhi inendlela ehlukile yokukhetha igiya.

Ngendlela yokudlulisa amandla kwamandla

Lesi sigaba sifaka ama-KP alandelayo:

• I-gearbox yemishini. Kulokhu kuguqulwa, amandla okususa enziwa nge-gear drive.
• Gearbox nge imiphini coaxial. Ukuzungezisa kubuye kudluliswe ngesitimela segiya, izakhi zalo kuphela zenziwa ngendlela eyindilinga noma eyindilinga.
• Amaplanethi. Ukuzungezisa kudluliswa ngesethi yamagesi eplanethi, amagiya ayo atholakala endizeni eyodwa.
• I-Hydromechanical. Ekudluliseni okunjalo, ukudluliswa kwemishini (ikakhulukazi uhlobo lweplanethi) kusetshenziswa ngokuhlangana ne-torque converter noma i-fluid coupling.
• I-CVT. Lolu uhlobo luka-gearbox olungasebenzisi i-step transmission. Ngokuvamile, indlela enjalo isebenza ngokubambisana noketshezi nokuxhuma kwebhande.

Ngokwesibalo semiphini eyinhloko enamagiya

Lapho kuhlukaniswa amabhokisi wamagiya ngenani lamashefi, ayahlukaniswa:

• Ngemiphini emibili kanye nesigaba esisodwa sokumiswa kwe-ekseli. Akukho ukushayela okuqondile kulezi zingcingo. Ezikhathini eziningi, ukuguqulwa okunjalo kungatholakala ezimotweni ezidonsa ngamasondo angaphambili. Amanye amamodeli anezinjini ezifakwe ngemuva nawo anebhokisi elifanayo.
• Ngemiphini emithathu negeyri yezitezi ezimbili ye-ekseli. Kulesi sigaba, kunezinguqulo ezinemiphini ye-coaxial ne-non-coaxial. Esimweni sokuqala, kukhona ukuhanjiswa okuqondile. Esigabeni esiphambanweni, inezilinganiso ezincane, futhi inkudlwana ngobude. Amabhokisi anjalo asetshenziswa ezimotweni ezihamba ngamasondo angemuva. Isigaba esincane sesibili asinakho ukuhanjiswa okuqondile. Ngokuyinhloko, lokhu ukuguqulwa isetshenziswa ezine-wheel drive izimoto ogandaganda.
• Ngemiphini eminingi. Kulesi sigaba sebhokisi lamagiya, imiphini ingaba nenombolo yokuzibandakanya elandelanayo noma engalandelani. Lawa mabhokisi wamagiya asetshenziswa kakhulu ogandaganda nakumathuluzi emishini. Lokhu kuvumela amagiya amaningi.
• Ngaphandle kwemiphini. Izindawo zokuhlola ezinjalo azisetshenziswa ezokuthutha ezijwayelekile. Phakathi kwamamodeli anjalo kunezinguqulo ze-coaxial nezingahambelani. Basetshenziswa ikakhulu emathangini.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwamabhokisi wamagiya aseplanethi

Amabhokisi wamagiya eplanethi ahlukaniswe ngokwemigomo elandelayo:

• Izinyathelo ezimbili, ezintathu, ezine noma ngaphezulu zenkululeko lapho zonke izinto zokuxabana zinqanyuliwe;
• Uhlobo lwegiya leplanethi elisetshenziswe kulowo mshini yi-epicyclic (umqhele oyinhloko unamalungiselelo amazinyo angaphakathi noma angaphandle).

Ngendlela yokulawula

Kulesi sigaba, kunamabhokisi anjengalawa:

• Imanuwali. Kumamodeli anjalo, umshayeli ukhetha igiya oyifunayo. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokudluliselwa okwenziwa ngesandla: ukushintshwa kwenziwa ngemizamo yomshayeli noma nge-servo drive. Kuzona zozimbili lezi zinhlaka, ukulawulwa kwenziwa ngumuntu, isigaba sesibili se-gearbox kuphela esine-device ye-servo. Ithola isibonakaliso kumshayeli, bese ibeka amagiya akhethiwe. Imishini ivame ukusebenzisa i-hydraulic servo drive.
• Okuzenzakalelayo. Iyunithi yokulawulwa kwe-elekthronikhi inquma izici eziningana (izinga lokucindezela i-accelerator, umthwalo ovela emasondweni, isivinini se-crankshaft, njll.) Futhi, ngesisekelo salokhu, iyazinqumela ukuthi ingafaka nini igiya phezulu noma phansi.
• Irobhothi. Leli yibhokisi le-elekthronikhi. Kuyo, amagiya akhanyiswa ngemodi yokuzenzakalelayo, yisixhobo sawo kuphela esinjengomakhenikhi abajwayelekile. Lapho ukuhambisa i-robotic kusebenza, umshayeli akahlanganyeli ekushintsheni kwegiya. Iyunithi yokulawula ngokwayo inquma ukuthi iliphi igiya okufanele lizibandakanye. Kulokhu, ukushintshana kwenzeka cishe ngokungenakulinganiswa.

Ngokwesibalo samagiya

Lesi sigaba silula. Kuwo wonke amabhokisi ahlukaniswe ngenani lamagiya, isibonelo, amane, amahlanu ayisithupha, njalonjalo. Lesi sigaba asibandakanyi kuphela imanuwali kodwa nezimoto ezizenzakalelayo.

Izinhlobo zokudlulisa

Ukuhlukaniswa okuvame kakhulu ngohlobo lwebhokisi uqobo:

• Imishini. Kulezi zinhlobo, ukukhethwa kwamagiya nokushintshwa kwenziwa ngokuphelele ngumshayeli. Ngokuyinhloko ingu-gearbox onemihosha eminingana, esebenza ngesitimela segiya.
• Umshini. Lokhu kudlulisa kusebenza ngemodi ezenzakalelayo. Ukukhethwa kwegiya elifanele kususelwe kumingcele uhla uhlelo lokulawula ibhokisi.
• Irobhothi uhlobo gearbox mechanical. Idizayini yalokhu kuguqulwa ayifani nakancane nemishini ejwayelekile: ine-clutch, futhi amagiya abandakanyeka ngokuxhumeka kwegiya elihambisanayo emgodini ohanjiswayo. Isilawuli segiya kuphela esilawulwa yikhompyutha, hhayi umshayeli. Ubuhle bokudluliswa okunjalo ukushintsha okubushelelezi okungenzeka.

Amabhokisi wamagiya aqondene nokudizayina

Ngaphezu kokudluliswa okwaziwayo, ukuguqulwa okuhlukile kungasetshenziswa nasezimotweni. Lezi zinhlobo zamabhokisi zine-design ethile, futhi inezimiso zazo zokusebenza.

Bezvalnaya KP

Ukuhambisa okungasebenzisi shafts eqoqwe ngaphambili kubizwa ngokuthi kungenamikhono. Ekuklanyeni kwabo, banemigqa eminingana yamagiya atholakala ngezimbazo ezimbili ezifanayo. Amagiya axhumene nokukhiya imichilo.

Amagiya atholakala emigodini emibili. Ezimbili zazo zigxiliwe ngokuqinile: kumholi kufakiwe emgqeni wokuqala, nakumlandeli - ekugcineni. Amagiya aphakathi nendawo atholakala kuzo angadlala indima yokuhola noma eqhutshwa, kuya ngesilinganiso segiya esenziwe.

Lokhu kuguqulwa kuvumela isilinganiso sokuhambisa ukuthi sikhuphuke kuzo zombili izinkomba. Enye inzuzo yokudluliswa okunjalo ukukhuphuka kwamandla webhokisi. Enye yezinto ezibucayi kakhulu ukubakhona okuphoqelekile kohlelo oluzenzakalelayo losizo ngosizo lapho kwenziwa izinguquko zegiya.

U-gearbox ongavumelanisiwe

Olunye uhlobo lwamabhokisi athile aluvumelanisiwe, noma elilodwa ekwakhiweni okunganikezwa ubukhona bezivumelanisi. Kungaba uhlobo lwe-mesh unomphela noma uhlobo lwegiya le-slip.

Ukuze ushintshe amagiya ebhokisini elinjalo, umshayeli kufanele abe nekhono elithile. Kumele akwazi ukuvumelanisa ngokuzimela ukujikeleza kwamagiya nokuhlangana, anqume isikhathi sokushintshwa kusuka egiyeni kuye egiyeni, kanye nokulinganisa ijubane lokujikeleza kwe-crankshaft ne-accelerator. Ochwepheshe babhekisa kule nqubo njengokuphindisela noma ukukhama kabili i-clutch.

Ukwenza ushintsho olushelelezi, umshayeli kufanele abe nolwazi ekusebenzeni ngalezi zindlela. Uhlobo olufanayo lokudlulisela lufakiwe kugandaganda baseMelika, izithuthuthu, kwesinye isikhathi kugandaganda nasezimotweni zezemidlalo. Ekuhanjisweni kwesimanje okungakhonjwanga, i-clutch ingashiywa.

I-Cam gearbox

Amabhokisi we-Cam awuhlobo lwemodeli engavumelanisiwe. Umehluko ukuma kwamazinyo ancibilikayo. Ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kwebhokisi likamagiya, ukuma kukanxande noma iphrofayili yekhamera yamazinyo kuyasetshenziswa.

Amabhokisi anjalo anomsindo omkhulu, ngakho-ke asetshenziswa ezimotweni ezilula ikakhulukazi ezimotweni ezijaha. Ngesikhathi somncintiswano, le nto ayinakwa, kepha ngemoto ejwayelekile ukudlulisela okunjalo ngeke kunikeze ithuba lokujabulela ukugibela.

I-KP elandelanayo

U-gearbox olandelanayo uhlobo lokudluliswa lapho i-downshift noma uphift yenziwa kuphela ngesinyathelo esisodwa. Ukuze wenze lokhu, isibambo noma unyawo switch (kuzithuthuthu), okukuvumela ukuthi uhambise igiya kubhasikidi isikhundla esisodwa ngasikhathi.

Ukudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo okufana neTiptronic kunomgomo ofanayo wokusebenza, kepha kulingisa kuphela isenzo salokhu kudlulisa. U-gearbox olandelanayo ojwayelekile ufakwe ezimotweni ze-F-1. Ijubane lokushintshela kuzo lwenziwa kusetshenziswa ama-paddle switch.

I-CP ekhethiwe

Kuhlobo lwakudala, u-gearbox okhethwe kuqala ubudinga ukukhethwa kokuqala kwegiya elilandelayo ngaphambi kokuthi u-gearbox ushintshele kulo. Kwakuvame ukubukeka kanjena. Ngesikhathi imoto ihamba, umshayeli ufake igiya elilandelayo kusikhethi. Umshini wawulungiselela ukuguquka, kepha ukwenze lokho ngomyalo, ngokwesibonelo, ngemuva kokucindezela i-clutch.

Ngaphambilini, amabhokisi wamagiya anjalo abesetshenziswa emishini yezempi ngokudluliswa okungahambisani nensimbi, okungekho shaft noma kweplanethi. Ukuguqulwa kwamabhokisi okunjalo kwenza kube lula ukusebenzisa izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi kuze kube yilapho kuthuthukiswa amabhokisi wokuvumelanisa nawokuzenzakalela.

Njengamanje kusetshenziswa ibhokisi lokudonsela phansi, kepha livame ukubizwa ngokuthi lokuhambisa ngambili. Kulokhu, ikhompiyutha uqobo ilungiselela ukuguqukela esivinini esifunayo ngokuxhuma ishafti efanelekile negiya elihlanganiswe nediski engafakwanga kusengaphambili. Elinye igama lolu hlobo ekwakhiweni kwanamuhla irobhothi.

Ukukhethwa kuka-gearbox. Yini engcono?

Amabhokisi wamagiya amaningi asohlwini asetshenziswa kuphela ezintweni ezikhethekile noma kumathuluzi omshini. Amabhokisi amakhulu egiya, asetshenziswa kabanzi ezimotweni ezikhanyayo, yile:

• Ukudluliswa okwenziwa ngesandla. Lolu uhlobo olulula lokudlulisela. Ukuze ukunyakaza okujikelezayo kudluliswe kusuka kuyunithi yamandla kuye kushift yebhokisi legiya, kusetshenziswa ubhasikidi we-clutch. Ngokucindezela i-pedal, umshayeli unqamula shaft drive yebhokisi emotweni, emvumela, ngaphandle kokulimala emshinini, ukuthi akhethe igiya elilungele ijubane elinikezwe.
• Ukudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo. I-torque evela emotweni inikezwa ngokuhanjiswa kwe-hydraulic (i-torque converter noma i-fluid coupling). Uketshezi olusebenzayo lusebenza njengebamba emshinini. Ngokuvamile ushayela u-gearbox weplanethi. Uhlelo lonke lulawulwa yunithi yokulawula elekthronikhi ehlaziya idatha evela kuzinzwa eziningi bese ikhetha isilinganiso segiya ngokufanele. Phakathi kwamabhokisi wokuzenzekelayo, kunokuguqulwa okuningi okusebenzisa izikimu zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene (kuya ngomenzi). Kukhona amamodeli othomathikhi anokulawulwa ngesandla.
• Ukudluliswa kwamarobhothi. Lama KP nawo anezinhlobo zawo. Kunezinhlobo zikagesi, ezibacindezela futhi ezihlanganisiwe. Ngokwakheka, irobhothi ngokuyisisekelo lifana nokudluliswa okwenziwa ngesandla, kuphela nge-clutch ekabili. Esokuqala sinikeza i-torque ukusuka emotweni kuya emasondweni okushayela, bese esesibili silungiselela umshini wokubamba igiya elilandelayo.
• Ukudluliswa kwe-CVT. Kwinguqulo evamile, i-variator iqukethe ama-pulleys amabili, axhumene nebhande (elilodwa noma ngaphezulu). Umgomo wokusebenza umi ngale ndlela elandelayo. I-pulley ihamba ihlukane noma i-shears, ibangele ukuthi ibhande liqhubekele entweni enkulu noma encanyana yobukhulu. Kusuka kulokhu, isilinganiso segiya siyashintsha.

Nali ishadi lokuqhathanisa lohlobo ngalunye lwebhokisi olunezinzuzo nobubi bazo.

Uhlobo lwebhokisi:	Ukuthi isebenza kanjani	isithunzi	amaphutha
Ukudluliswa kwamagama	Ukushintsha okwenziwa ngesandla, ukuqondanisa okuvumelanisiwe.	Isakhiwo esilula, eshibhile ukulungisa nokugcina, konga uphethiloli.	Oqalayo udinga ukujwayela ukusebenza okuvumelanisiwe kwe-clutch negesi pedal, ikakhulukazi lapho uqala intaba. Akuwona wonke umuntu ongavala igiya elilungile ngaso leso sikhathi. Kudinga ukusetshenziswa bushelelezi bamba.
Ukudlulisa okuzenzakalelayo	Iphampu ye-hydraulic idala ingcindezi yoketshezi olusebenzayo, oluqhuba i-turbine, noludlulisa ukujikeleza kuye kugiya leplanethi.	Shayela ngokunethezeka. Akudingi ukungenelela komshayeli enqubeni yegiya. Ishintsha amagiya, iwusebenzise ngokugcwele wonke umthombo wenjini. Isusa isici somuntu (lapho umshayeli ngengozi evula isivinini sokuqala esikhundleni sesithathu). Ishintsha amagiya ngokushelela.	Izindleko eziphakeme zokugcina. Isisindo sikhulu kunesokudlulisa ngesandla. Uma kuqhathaniswa nohlobo lwangaphambilini lokudlulisela, lokhu kuzoholela ekusetshenzisweni kwamafutha aphezulu. Ukusebenza kahle namandla ashubile, ikakhulukazi ngesitayela sokushayela esinemidlalo.
Robot	I-clutch dual ikuvumela ukuthi ulungiselele igiya elilandelayo lokuzibandakanya ngenkathi ushayela. Esikhathini esiningi, ngisho nokuhanjiswa kuboshelwa eqenjini elilodwa, futhi okungajwayelekile kolunye. Ngaphakathi ifana nebhokisi lokukhanda.	Ubushelelezi obukhulu bokushintsha. Akudingi ukungenelela komshayeli enqubeni yokusebenza. Ukusetshenziswa komoya kaphethiloli. Ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kanye namandla. Amanye amamodeli anekhono lokukhetha imodi yokusebenza.	Ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kwale ndlela kuholela ekuthembekeni kwayo okuphansi, ekunakekelweni njalo futhi kubiza kakhulu. Ibekezelela kabi izimo zomgwaqo ezinzima.
I-Variator (CVT)	I-torque idluliselwa kusetshenziswa isiguquli se-torque, njengomshini ozisebenzelayo. Ukushintshwa kwegiar kwenziwa ngokuhambisa i-drive shaft pulley, edonsela ibhande endaweni oyifunayo, ekhuphula noma yehlise isilinganiso segiya.	Ukushintsha ngaphandle kwamajezi, okunamandla amakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nomshini ojwayelekile. Ivumela ukonga uphethiloli okuncane.	Ayisetshenziswa kumayunithi kagesi anamandla, ngoba ukudluliswa kuyibhande. Izindleko eziphezulu zokulungiswa. Kudinga ukusebenza okulungile kwezinzwa, lapho kutholwa khona isignali yokusebenza kwe-CVT. Ibekezelela kabi izimo zomgwaqo ezinzima futhi ayithandi ukudonsa.

Lapho uthatha isinqumo ngohlobo lokudlulisa, kuyadingeka ukuthi uqhubeke hhayi ngamakhono wezezimali kuphela, kepha gxila kakhulu ekutheni leli bhokisi liyifanele yini imoto. Akusizi ngalutho ukuthi abakhiqizi abavela efektri babhangqe iyunithi ngayinye yamandla nebhokisi elithile.

Ukudluliselwa okwenziwa ngesandla kulungele umshayeli osebenzayo oqonda ubunzima bokulawulwa kwezimoto ezisheshayo. Umshini ulungele kakhulu labo abathanda ukunethezeka. Irobhothi lizohlinzeka ngokusetshenziswa kahle kwamafutha futhi kushintshwa ukuze kushayelwe ngokulinganisa. Kubathandi bokusebenza okubusheleleka kakhulu bomshini, i-variator ilungile.

Ngokuya ngemininingwane yezobuchwepheshe, akunakwenzeka ukukhomba ibhokisi elifanele. Ngayinye yazo inhle ezimweni zayo futhi inamakhono athile okushayela. Kwesinye isimo, kulula ukuthi umgadli aqale ngokusebenza ngokuthumela okuhlukahlukene okuzenzakalelayo; kwesinye, kungcono ukuthuthukisa ikhono lokusebenzisa umakhenikha.

Imibuzo nezimpendulo:

Ngabe isebenza kanjani i-gearbox? I-manual transmission iqukethe isethi yamagiya akha amagiya ahlukene. Ukudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo kufakwe isiguquli se-torque kanye nama-pulleys anobubanzi obuguquguqukayo (i-variator). Irobhothi liyi-analogue ye-mechanics, kuphela eline-clutch ephindwe kabili.

Yini engaphakathi ku-gearbox? Ngaphakathi kwanoma yimuphi u-gearbox kukhona i-drive shaft kanye ne-drive shaft. Kuye ngohlobo lwebhokisi, ama-pulleys noma amagiya afakwe ku-shafts.