Amagridi Amandla Ahlakaniphile

Isidingo samandla emhlabeni wonke silinganiselwa ukuthi sizokhula cishe ngamaphesenti angu-2,2 ngonyaka. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla emhlabeni jikelele kwamanje kwamahora angaphezu kwama-petawatt angama-20 kuzokhuphuka kube ngamahora angama-2030 e-petawatt ngo-33. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kugcizelelwa ukusebenzisa amandla ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu kunangaphambili.

1. Okuzenzakalelayo kugridi ehlakaniphile

Okunye ukuqagela kubikezela ukuthi ezokuthutha zizodla ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-2050 wesidingo sikagesi ngo-10, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthandwa okukhulayo kwezimoto zikagesi kanye ne-hybrid.

Uma ukushaja ibhethri yemoto kagesi ayiphathwa kahle noma ayisebenzi iyodwa nhlobo, kunengozi yokulayisha okuphezulu ngenxa yokushajwa kwamabhethri amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Isidingo sezixazululo ezivumela izimoto ukuthi zikhokhiswe ngezikhathi ezifanele (1).

Izinhlelo zamandla zasendulo zekhulu lama-XNUMX, lapho ugesi wakhiqizwa khona kakhulu ezimbonini zamandla kagesi ezimaphakathi futhi ulethwa kubathengi ngezintambo zokudlulisa amandla kagesi aphezulu kanye namanethiwekhi okusabalalisa aphakathi nendawo naphansi, azifaneleki izidingo zenkathi entsha.

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, singabona nokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwezinhlelo ezisabalalisiwe, abakhiqizi bamandla abancane abangabelana ngezinsalela zabo nemakethe. Banesabelo esibalulekile ezinhlelweni ezisabalalisiwe. imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo.

Iglosari yamagridi ahlakaniphile

AMI – kufushane kokuthi Ingqalasizinda Yemitha Ethuthukile. Isho ingqalasizinda yemishini nesofthiwe eyenza ukuxhumana namamitha kagesi, ukuqoqwa kwedatha yamandla nokuhlaziywa kwale datha.

isizukulwane esabalalisiwe – ukukhiqizwa kwamandla ngezinto ezincane ezikhiqizayo noma izinsiza ezixhunywe ngqo kumanethiwekhi okusabalalisa noma ezitholakala ohlelweni lwamandla lomamukeli (ngemuva kokulawula kanye nemishini yokukala), ngokuvamile ekhiqiza ugesi ovela emithonjeni yamandla evuselelekayo noma engajwayelekile, ngokuvamile ehlanganiswa nokukhiqizwa kokushisa (ukuhlanganisa okusabalalisiwe ). . Amanethiwekhi okukhiqiza asabalalisiwe angase afake, isibonelo, ama-prosumers, izinhlangano zamandla kagesi noma izimboni zikamasipala zikagesi.

imitha ehlakaniphile - imitha kagesi ekude enomsebenzi wokudlulisa ngokuzenzakalelayo idatha yemitha yokusetshenziswa kwamandla kumphakeli futhi ngaleyo ndlela inikeza amathuba engeziwe okusetshenziswa ngokuqaphela kukagesi.

Umthombo wamandla amancane – imboni yokukhiqiza ugesi wamandla aphansi, ejwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukuzisebenzisela wona. Imithombo emincane ingaba yizimboni ezincane zasekhaya ezisebenza ngelanga, ngamanzi noma ngomoya, ama-microturbine asebenza ngegesi yemvelo noma i-biogas, amayunithi anegesi yemvelo noma izinjini ze-biogas.

Isiphakamiso – umthengi wamandla oqaphelayo okhiqiza amandla ezidingweni zakhe, isibonelo, emithonjeni emincane, futhi adayisele imali enqwabelene engasetshenzisiwe kunethiwekhi yokusabalalisa.

Amazinga anamandla - amanani entengo acatshangelwa izinguquko zansuku zonke emananini wamandla.

Isikhathi sesikhala esibonakalayo

Ukuxazulula lezi zinkinga (2) kudinga inethiwekhi enengqalasizinda "yokucabanga" eguquguqukayo ezoqondisa amandla lapho edingeka khona. Isinqumo esinjalo igridi yamandla ahlakaniphile - inethiwekhi yokuphakelwa kwamandla ahlakaniphile.

2. Izinselelo ezibhekene nemakethe yamandla

Ngokuvamile, igridi ehlakaniphile iwuhlelo lwamandla oluhlanganisa ngobuhlakani imisebenzi yabo bonke ababambiqhaza ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza, ukudluliswa, ukusatshalaliswa nokusetshenziswa ukuze kuhlinzekwe ugesi ngendlela eyongayo, eqhubekayo nephephile (3).

Isisekelo salo esiyinhloko ukuxhumana phakathi kwabo bonke ababambiqhaza emakethe yamandla. Inethiwekhi ixhuma izimboni zamandla, ezinkulu nezincane, kanye nabasebenzisi bamandla esakhiweni esisodwa. Ingaba khona futhi isebenze ngenxa yezakhi ezimbili: i-automation eyakhelwe kuzinzwa ezithuthukisiwe kanye nesistimu ye-ICT.

Ukukubeka kalula: igridi ehlakaniphile "iyazi" lapho futhi nini isidingo esikhulu samandla kanye nokunikezwa okukhulu kakhulu, futhi ingaqondisa amandla amaningi lapho edingeka khona kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, inethiwekhi enjalo ingathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, ukwethembeka nokuvikeleka kochungechunge lokunikezwa kwamandla.

3. Igridi ehlakaniphile - uhlelo oluyisisekelo

4. Izindawo ezintathu zamagridi ahlakaniphile, imigomo nezinzuzo ezivela kuzo

Amanethiwekhi ahlakaniphile ikuvumela ukuthi uthathe ukude ukufundwa kwamamitha kagesi, uqaphe isimo sokwamukela kanye nenethiwekhi, kanye nephrofayili yokwamukela amandla, ukukhomba ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okungekho emthethweni, ukuphazamiseka kwamamitha nokulahlekelwa kwamandla, ukunqamula ukude / xhuma umamukeli, shintsha amanani, ingobo yomlando kanye nebhili yamanani afundiwe, neminye imisebenzi (4).

Kunzima ukucacisa ngokunembile isidingo sikagesi, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile uhlelo kufanele lusebenzise lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-hot reserve. Ukusetshenziswa kokukhiqiza okusabalalisiwe (bheka i-Smart Grid Glossary) kuhlanganiswe ne-Smart Grid kunganciphisa kakhulu isidingo sokugcina izimali ezinkulu zisebenza ngokugcwele.

Insika amagridi ahlakaniphile kunohlelo olubanzi lokulinganisa, ukubalwa kwezimali okuhlakaniphile (5). Kuhlanganisa amasistimu okuxhumana ngocingo adlulisela idatha yokulinganisa ezindaweni zokunquma, kanye nolwazi oluhlakaniphile, ukubikezela kanye nama-algorithms wokuthatha izinqumo.

Ukufakwa kokuhlola kokuqala kwamasistimu okulinganisa amamitha "ahlakaniphile" sekuvele kusakhiwa, okuhlanganisa amadolobha ngamanye noma amakhomanisi. Ngenxa yabo, ungakwazi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukufaka amanani njalo ngehora kumakhasimende ngamanye. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngezikhathi ezithile zosuku, intengo kagesi kumthengi oyedwa onjalo izoba ngaphansi, ngakho-ke kufanelekile ukuvula, isibonelo, umshini wokuwasha.

Ngokusho kwabanye ososayensi, njengeqembu labacwaningi abavela eJalimane iMax Planck Institute eGöttingen eholwa nguMark Timm, izigidi zamamitha ahlakaniphile esikhathini esizayo zingadala ukuzimela ngokuphelele. inethiwekhi ezilawulayo, ihlukaniswe njenge-inthanethi, futhi ivikelekile ngenxa yokuthi imelana nokuhlaselwa amasistimu amaphakathi achayeka kukho.

Amandla avela ebuningini

Imithombo kagesi evuselelekayo Ngenxa yomthamo omncane weyunithi (RES) imithombo esabalalisiwe. Lokhu kwakamuva kuhlanganisa imithombo enomthamo weyunithi engaphansi kuka-50-100 MW, efakwe eduze nomthengi wokugcina wamandla.

Kodwa-ke, ekusebenzeni umkhawulo womthombo obhekwa njengomthombo osabalalisiwe uyahluka kakhulu emazweni ngamazwe, isibonelo iSweden ingu-1,5 MW, i-New Zealand 5 MW, i-USA 5 MW, i-UK 100 MW. .

Ngenani elikhulu ngokwanele lemithombo ehlakazekile endaweni encane yohlelo lwamandla futhi ngenxa yamathuba abawanikezayo. amagridi ahlakaniphile, kwenzeka futhi kunenzuzo ukuhlanganisa le mithombo ibe yisistimu eyodwa elawulwa ngu-opharetha, ukudala "isitshalo samandla abonakalayo".

Umgomo wayo uwukugxilisa ukukhiqiza okusabalalisiwe ohlelweni olulodwa oluxhumene ngokunengqondo, okwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwezobuchwepheshe nezomnotho kokukhiqizwa kukagesi. Isizukulwane esisabalalisiwe esitholakala eduze nabasebenzisi bamandla singasebenzisa imithombo yamafutha yasendaweni, okuhlanganisa ama-biofuels namandla avuselelekayo, kanye nemfucuza kamasipala.

Isizinda samandla esibonakalayo sixhuma imithombo eminingi yamandla yasendaweni endaweni ethile (i-hydro, umoya, izimboni zamandla kagesi e-photovoltaic, izinjini zomoya zomjikelezo ohlanganisiwe, amajeneretha aqhutshwa yinjini, njll.) kanye nokugcinwa kwamandla (amathangi amanzi, amabhethri) alawulwa ukude inethiwekhi ye-IT ebanzi.

Umsebenzi obalulekile ekudalweni kwezitshalo zamandla abonakalayo kufanele udlalwe ngamadivayisi okugcina amandla akuvumela ukuthi ulungise ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ezinguqukweni zansuku zonke ezidingweni zabathengi. Ngokuvamile ama-reservoirs anjalo amabhethri noma ama-supercapacitor; iziteshi zokugcina ezimpontshiwe zingadlala indima efanayo.

Indawo elinganiselayo ngokuzimisela eyenza isikhungo samandla esibonakalayo ingahlukaniswa negridi yamandla kusetshenziswa amaswishi esimanje. Iswishi enjalo ivikela, yenza umsebenzi wokulinganisa futhi ivumelanise uhlelo nenethiwekhi.

Umhlaba uya ngobuhlakani

W amagridi ahlakaniphile njengamanje etshalwe yizo zonke izinkampani ezinkulu zamandla emhlabeni. EYurophu, isibonelo, i-EDF (eFrance), i-RWE (eJalimane), i-Iberdrola (eSpain) ne-British Gas (UK).

6. Igridi ehlakaniphile ihlanganisa imithombo evamile nevuselelekayo

Isici esibalulekile salolu hlobo lwesistimu inethiwekhi yokusabalalisa yezokuxhumana, ehlinzeka ngendlela enokwethenjelwa yokudluliselwa kwe-IP yezindlela ezimbili phakathi kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezimaphakathi kanye namamitha kagesi ahlakaniphile atholakala ngqo ekupheleni kwesistimu yamandla, ekupheleni kwabathengi.

Njengamanje, amanethiwekhi amakhulu ezokuxhumana emhlabeni wonke ngezidingo I-Smart Grid kusukela kubaqhubi bamandla abakhulu kakhulu emazweni abo - njenge-LightSquared (USA) noma i-EnergyAustralia (Australia) - akhiqizwa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obungenawaya be-Wimax.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqaliswa kokuqala nokukodwa okukhulu kakhulu okuhleliwe kohlelo lwe-AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure) e-Poland, okuyingxenye ebalulekile yenethiwekhi ehlakaniphile ye-Energa Operator SA, kuhilela ukusetshenziswa kohlelo lwe-Wimax lokudluliswa kwedatha.

Inzuzo ebalulekile yesisombululo se-Wimax ngokuphathelene nobunye ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa emkhakheni wamandla ekudluliseni idatha, njenge-PLC, ukuthi asikho isidingo sokuvala zonke izingxenye zezintambo zikagesi uma kunesimo esiphuthumayo.

7. Iphiramidi yamandla eYurophu

Uhulumeni waseShayina wenze uhlelo olukhulu lwesikhathi eside lokutshala izimali ezinhlelweni zamanzi, ukuthuthukisa nokwandisa amanethiwekhi kanye nengqalasizinda yokuthutha ezindaweni zasemakhaya, kanye amagridi ahlakaniphile. I-Chinese State Grid Corporation ihlela ukuzethula ngo-2030.

I-Japan Electricity Industry Federation ihlela ukuthuthukisa igridi ehlakaniphile esebenzisa ilanga ngo-2020 ngosizo lukahulumeni. Okwamanje, uhlelo lukahulumeni lokuhlola amandla kagesi kumagridi ahlakaniphile luyasetshenziswa e-Germany.

I-"super grid" yamandla izokwakhiwa emazweni e-EU, lapho amandla avuselelekayo azosatshalaliswa, ikakhulukazi emapulazini omoya. Ngokungafani namanethiwekhi endabuko, ngeke asekelwe ekushintsheni, kodwa kugesi oqondile (DC).

Izimali zaseYurophu zixhase ngezimali uhlelo oluhlobene nocwaningo nokuqeqeshwa lwe-MEDOW, oluhlanganisa ndawonye amanyuvesi nabamele imboni yamandla. I-MEDOW isifinyezo segama lesiNgisi elithi "Multi-terminal DC Grid For Offshore Wind".

Uhlelo lokuqeqesha kulindeleke ukuthi luqhubeke kuze kube uMashi 2017. Indalo amanethiwekhi wamandla avuselelekayo esikalini sezwekazi kanye nokuxhumana okuphumelelayo kumanethiwekhi akhona (6) kunengqondo ngenxa yezici ezithile zamandla avuselelekayo, abonakala ngokunqwabelana ngezikhathi ezithile noma ukushoda kwamandla.

Uhlelo lwe-Smart Peninsula olusebenza e-Hel Peninsula lwaziwa kakhulu embonini yamandla yasePoland. Kulapha lapho i-Energa isebenzise khona amasistimu okufunda okukude okuhlola okuqala ezweni futhi inengqalasizinda yezobuchwepheshe efanele yephrojekthi, ezothuthukiswa nakakhulu.

Le ndawo ayikhethwanga ngenhlanhla. Le ndawo ibonakala ngokuguquguquka okuphezulu kokusetshenziswa kwamandla (ukusetshenziswa okuphezulu ehlobo, kancane kakhulu ebusika), okudala inselele eyengeziwe konjiniyela bamandla.

Uhlelo olusetshenzisiwe akufanele lubonakale kuphela ngokuthembeka okuphezulu, kodwa futhi nokuguquguquka kwenkonzo yamakhasimende, okubavumela ukuba basebenzise amandla kagesi, bashintshe amanani kagesi futhi basebenzise imithombo yamandla ehlukile evelayo (amaphaneli e-photovoltaic, ama-turbine amancane omoya, njll.).

Muva nje, sekuvele ulwazi lokuthi i-Polskie Sieci Energetyczne ifuna ukugcina amandla kumabhethri anamandla anomthamo okungenani ongu-2 MW. Umsebenzisi uhlela ukwakha izindawo zokugcina amandla ePoland ezizosekela igridi yamandla ngokuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kokunikezwa lapho imithombo yamandla evuselelekayo (RES) iyeka ukusebenza ngenxa yokuntuleka komoya noma ngemva kokumnyama. Ugesi ophuma endaweni yokugcina impahla uyobe usuya kugridi.

Ukuhlolwa kwesixazululo kungaqala phakathi neminyaka emibili. Ngokolwazi olungekho emthethweni, amaJapane avela kwa-Hitachi anikeza i-PSE ukuhlola iziqukathi zebhethri ezinamandla. Ibhethri elilodwa elinjalo le-lithium-ion likwazi ukuletha amandla angu-1 MW.

Ama-warehouse nawo anganciphisa isidingo sokunweba izimboni zamandla ezijwayelekile esikhathini esizayo. Amapulazi omoya, abonakala ngokuhlukahluka okuphezulu kokuphuma kwamandla (kuye ngezimo zezulu), aphoqelela amandla endabuko ukuthi agcine inqolobane yamandla ukuze izigayo zomoya zingashintshwa noma zengezwe nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ngokuncishiswa kokukhishwa kwamandla.

Abasebenzisi kulo lonke elaseYurophu batshala imali endaweni yokugcina amandla. Muva nje, abaseBrithani bethule ukufakwa okukhulu kakhulu kwalolu hlobo ezwenikazi lethu. Indawo eseLeighton Buzzard eduze kwaseLondon iyakwazi ukugcina amandla afinyelela kwangu-10 MWh futhi ilethe amandla angu-6 MW.

Ngemuva kwakhe kukhona i-S&C Electric, i-Samsung, kanye ne-UK Power Networks kanye ne-Younicos. NgoSepthemba 2014, inkampani yokugcina yakha indawo yokugcina amandla ezohwebo eYurophu. Yethulwe eSchwerin, eJalimane futhi inamandla angu-5 MW.

Umbhalo othi "Smart Grid Projects Outlook 2014" uqukethe amaphrojekthi angama-459 aqaliswe kusukela ngo-2002, lapho ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha, amakhono e-ICT (teleinformation) kube nesandla ekwakhiweni "kwegridi ehlakaniphile".

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi amaphrojekthi aye acatshangelwa lapho okungenani iZwe elilodwa eliyiLungu le-EU libambe iqhaza (lalinguzakwethu) (7). Lokhu kwenza isibalo samazwe afakwe kulo mbiko sifinyelele ku-47.

Kuze kube manje, ama-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3,15 abelwe la maphrojekthi, nakuba amaphesenti angu-48 awo engakaqedwa. Imiklamo ye-R&D okwamanje idla ama-euro ayizigidi ezingu-830, kuyilapho ukuhlola nokusebenzisa kubiza ama-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2,32.

Phakathi kwabo, umuntu ngamunye, iDenmark itshala imali kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iFrance ne-UK zenza amaphrojekthi anesabelomali esiphezulu, isilinganiso sama-euro ayizigidi ezi-5 ngephrojekthi ngayinye.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nalamazwe, amazwe aseMpumalanga Yurophu aba nezimo ezimbi kakhulu. Ngokombiko, bakhiqiza iphesenti elilodwa kuphela lesabelomali sesisonke sayo yonke le miklamo. Ngenani lamaphrojekthi aqalisiwe, amahlanu aphezulu yilawa: iJalimane, iDenmark, i-Italy, iSpain neFrance. IPoland ithathe indawo ye-1 ohlwini.

ISwitzerland yayingaphambi kwethu, ilandelwa yi-Ireland. Ngaphansi kwesiqubulo segridi ehlakaniphile, izixazululo ezifuna ukuvelela, ezicishe zibe uguquko ziyenziwa ezindaweni eziningi emhlabeni jikelele. uhlela ukwenza uhlelo lwamandla lube ngesimanjemanje.

Esinye sezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu i-Ontario Smart Infrastructure Project (2030), elungiswe eminyakeni yakamuva futhi okulindeleke ukuthi ihlale iminyaka eyi-8.

8. Hlela ukuthunyelwa kwe-Smart Grid esifundazweni sase-Canada sase-Ontario.

Amagciwane Amandla?

Kodwa-ke, uma inethiwekhi yamandla sifane ne-inthanethi, kufanele ucabangele ukuthi ingase ibhekane nezinsongo ezifanayo esibhekana nazo kumanethiwekhi esimanje wamakhompyutha.

9. Amarobhothi aklanyelwe ukusebenza kumanethiwekhi wamandla

Amalebhu e-F-Secure asanda kuxwayisa ngosongo olusha oluyinkimbinkimbi kumasistimu esevisi embonini, okuhlanganisa namagridi kagesi. Ibizwa nge-Havex futhi isebenzisa indlela entsha ethuthuke kakhulu ukuthelela amakhompyutha.

I-Havex inezingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko. Eyokuqala isofthiwe ye-Trojan, esetshenziselwa ukulawula ukude uhlelo oluhlaselwe. Isici sesibili iseva ye-PHP.

Ihhashi le-Trojan linamathiselwe abahlaseli kusofthiwe ye-APCS/SCADA enomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqapha ukuqhubeka kwezinqubo zobuchwepheshe nezokukhiqiza. Izisulu zilanda izinhlelo ezinjalo kumasayithi akhethekile, zingaqapheli usongo.

Izisulu ze-Havex ngokuyinhloko kwakuyizikhungo nezinkampani zaseYurophu ezihilelekile ekuxazululeni izimboni. Ingxenye yekhodi ye-Havex iphakamisa ukuthi abadali bayo, ngaphezu kokufuna ukweba idatha emayelana nezinqubo zokukhiqiza, bangase babe nomthelela endleleni yabo.

10. Izindawo zamagridi ahlakaniphile

Ababhali balolu hlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha bebethanda kakhulu amanethiwekhi wamandla. Mhlawumbe isici esizayo uhlelo lwamandla ahlakaniphile amarobhothi nawo azokwenza.

Muva nje, abacwaningi base-Michigan Technological University benze imodeli yerobhothi (9) eliletha amandla ezindaweni ezithinteke ngenxa yokunqamuka kukagesi, njengalezo ezibangelwa izinhlekelele zemvelo.

Imishini yalolu hlobo, isibonelo, ingabuyisela amandla engqalasizinda yezokuxhumana (imibhoshongo neziteshi eziyisisekelo) ukuze yenze imisebenzi yokuhlenga ngempumelelo. Amarobhothi ayazimela, wona ngokwawo akhetha indlela engcono kakhulu eya lapho aya khona.

Bangase babe namabhethri ebhodini noma amaphaneli elanga. Ziyakwazi ukudla zodwa. Incazelo nemisebenzi amagridi ahlakaniphile hamba ngaphezu kwamandla (10).

Ingqalasizinda edalwe ngale ndlela ingasetshenziswa ukudala impilo entsha ehlakaniphile yeselula yesikhathi esizayo, ngokusekelwe kubuchwepheshe besimanje. Kuze kube manje, singacabanga kuphela izinzuzo (kodwa futhi nezinkinga) zalolu hlobo lwesixazululo.