I-Carrier Killers Vol. eyodwa

I-Missile Cruiser Moskva (eyayiyi-Slava), ifulegi le-Black Sea Fleet ye-Russian Federation, ukubuka kwamanje. Ubukhulu beyunithi, futhi ikakhulukazi "amabhethri" e-rocket launcher ye-Bazalt, ihlaba umxhwele abangewona ochwepheshe, kodwa akuyona imfihlo kunoma ubani ukuthi umkhumbi nezinhlelo zawo zezikhali zenzelwe ukusetshenziswa ezintweni ezingokoqobo ezihluke ngokuphelele kunezanamuhla. Ngezinhlelo zesimanje zokuvikela umoya, abagibeli be-Project 1164 kanye nezikhali zabo eziyinhloko namuhla bamane nje “bayizingwe zephepha”.

Amabutho asolwandle aseRussian Federation manje aseyisithunzi samandla angaphambili weSoviet Navy. Naphezu kwemizamo yomkhakha wokwakha imikhumbi kanye nabakhiqizi bezikhali zasolwandle, iMoscow manje ingakwazi ukukhokhela ukwakhiwa kwenqwaba yama-corvettes, nakuba kungasebenzi kahle kakhulu. Izijeziso zezomnotho, ukunqanyulwa kwabahlanganyeli kanye nokuphazamiseka kwe-supply chain kusuka kuma-republic aseSoviet yangaphambili - ikakhulukazi i-Ukraine, isipiliyoni esilahlekile sezikhungo zokuklama, ukuntuleka kwezindawo zemikhumbi ezinesisekelo esifanele sobuchwepheshe, noma, ekugcineni, ukuntuleka kwezimali, kukhona. ukuphoqa iziphathimandla zase-Kremlin ukuthi zinakekele le mikhumbi emikhulu yenkathi edlule, esaphila ngokuyisimangaliso njengamanje.

Amasosha asolwandle esimanje asukile emikhunjini ye-cruiser class. Ngisho ne-US Navy ihoxise amanye amayunithi ekilasi le-Ticonderoga, asengaphansi ngosayizi kunezinhlobo zakamuva zokubhubhisa zesigaba se-Arleigh Burke. Izibhubhisi ezintathu ezinkulu zezinga le-Zumwalt ezingamathani angu-16 "okungahleliwe" zingase zithathwe njengabahamba ngomkhumbi, kodwa lokhu akwenzekanga. Izibalo zakhe ziqinisekisa kuphela i-thesis ekushoneni kwelanga kwamayunithi amakhulu kakhulu okulwa (asikhulumi ngabathwali bezindiza, ngoba abekho).

Endabeni ye-Russia, egcina amayunithi aphelelwe yisikhathi aleli klasi, i-Project 1144 Orlan esebenza ngamandla enuzi, noma ozakwabo bamaturbine egesi abanokuthutha okuncane, imikhumbi ye-Project 1164 Atlant enosayizi ofanayo, elungele ukusebenza kolwandle nokundiza kwamafulegi. Ngakho-ke, ukwenziwa kwesimanjemanje okukhulu kwe-"Admiral Nakhimov" (ex-Kalinin) kwenziwa ngokuya ngephrojekthi 11442M, eyandulelwa ukulungiswa okudingekayo kokuhamba kweyunithi ngokwayo ... Yebo, imiklamo emisha. wezikhali nezinto zikagesi, okuhlanganisa kakhulu "media" missile system 3K14 "Caliber-NK". Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-cruiser amathathu e-Project 1164 asesimweni esingcono futhi, njengoba eshibhile ukuze asebenze futhi anakekele, asadonsa ukunaka kwabaphikisi abangaba khona, kodwa kakade ngenxa yobukhulu bawo, hhayi inani lawo langempela lokulwa.

Ukubonakala ku-Navy of the missile cruisers of the Soviet Union, ehlome ngemicibisholo elwa nomkhumbi eqondiswayo, yahlotshaniswa nesidingo sokufeza ngokuphumelelayo omunye wemisebenzi yayo eyinhloko - isidingo sokubhubhisa abathwali bezindiza neminye imikhumbi emikhulu engaphezulu "isitha esingaba khona." " ngokushesha okukhulu uma kwenzeka impi yigama elisetshenziselwa ukuchaza i-United States kanye nabalingani bayo be-NATO.

Kwakuyilokhu okubalulekile okwabekwa maphakathi nawo-50 lapho umholi weSoviet ngaleso sikhathi u-Nikita Khrushchev ebiza abathwali bezindiza baseMelika ngokuthi "izinkundla zezindiza ezinonya." Njengoba i-USSR yayingakwazi, ngenxa yobuthakathaka bayo bezomnotho kanye nokubuyela emuva kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezimboni, ukulwa nabo ngosizo lwendiza yayo, impendulo ye-asymmetric yakhethwa ngendlela yokuthuthukiswa kwemicibisholo elwa nomkhumbi yolwandle olude kanye nobuso bayo. nabathwali bangaphansi kwamanzi.

I-Varyag (phambilini eyayaziwa ngokuthi i-Krasnaya Ukraina) iqhumisa umcibisholo we-anti-moles we-4K80 P-500 Bazalt, isikhali esiyinhloko "sababulali abathwala indiza". Ngokocwaningo oluthile, i-Wariaga yayihlome ngohlelo olusha lwe-P-1000 Wulkan.

Indlela yaseSoviet eya ku-missile cruiser

Lezi zimo ezingenhla, kanye nokuqedwa kwamandla ezikhali ezicitshwayo zebutho lezempi zaseSoviet, kanye nokuqedwa kobuholi bezombangazwe baseSoviet, kwaholela ekutheni baqala ukuthuthukiswa kakhulu e-USSR ngo-50-60s. Kwasungulwa amahhovisi amasha okuklama kanye namabhizinisi okukhiqiza, aqala ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo ezintsha zemicibisholo enohlu olubanzi lwezicelo, okuhlanganisa, vele, ze-VMU.

Ngaphandle kokuhlonyiswa kabusha ngo-1955 komklamo we-artillery cruiser 68bis Admiral Nakhimov ngaphansi kwephrojekthi 67EP emkhunjini wokuhlola ofakwe isiqalisi sokuhlola esikuvumela ukuthi wethule indiza ecitshwayo ye-KSS, umkhumbi wokuqala waseSoviet ophethe ukuvikela imicibisholo. - umbhubhisi wephrojekthi kwakuyisikhali esilwa nomkhumbi esiqondiswa umkhumbi.56

Lo mkhumbi waguqulwa ngo-1958 waba iyunithi yezikhali ezicitshwayo ngaphansi kwephrojekthi engu-56E, kwase kuba ngu-56EM, eSikhunjini esiqanjwe ngalo. 61 Communards e Nikolaev. Ngo-1959, lo mkhumbi wathola ezinye izibhubhisi ezicitshwayo ezintathu, ezakhiwa kabusha ngokusho kwephrojekthi eguquliwe kancane engu-56M.

Njengasendabeni yama-Bedovs, izikhali zabo eziyinhloko kwakuyisiqalisi esijikelezayo esisodwa i-SM-59 (SM-59-1) esinojantshi we-truss wokudubula imicibisholo elwa nomkhumbi 4K32 "Pike" (KSSzcz, "Ship projectile pike") R -1. uhlelo lwe-Strela kanye nesitolo semicibisholo eyisithupha (ezimweni zokulwa, ezinye ezimbili zingathathwa - eyodwa ibekwe endaweni yokugcina impahla, enye ibekwe ngaphambi kokwethulwa kwe-KP, evuma ukuwohloka kokuphepha nezimo zokulungiselela imicibisholo ezokwethulwa) .

Ngemuva kokugunyazwa ngo-1960-1969 kwababhubhisi abayisishiyagalombili abakhulu be-Project 57bis, abakhelwe kusukela ekuqaleni njengabathuthi bemicibisholo, abaneziqhumane ezimbili ze-SM-59-1 kanye nomthamo we-missile we-Project 56E/EM/56M kabili, iSoviet Navy yayihlanganisa ababhubhisi bemicibisholo abayi-12. (kusukela ngoMeyi 19, 1966 - imikhumbi emicibisholo emikhulu) ekwazi ukushaya izindawo ezihlosiwe zesitha esikhulu ngaphandle kwendawo yokucekela phansi izikhali zakhe zomlilo (yebo, ngaphandle kwezindiza ezihamba emoyeni).

Kodwa-ke, ngokushesha - ngenxa yokuguga okusheshayo kwemicibisholo ye-KSSzcz (ebolekwe ekuthuthukisweni kweJalimane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II), izinga eliphansi lomlilo, inani elincane lemicibisholo e-salvo, ukubekezelelana kwamaphutha aphezulu kwemishini, njll. Uchungechunge lwe-57bis imikhumbi yayekwa. Kucatshangelwa intuthuko eguquguqukayo e-USA kanye namazwe e-NATO yezinhlelo zesimanje zokuvikela emoyeni ezihamba ngomkhumbi, okuhlanganisa ukuvikela imicibisholo, i-KSSzch enkulu nephelelwe yisikhathi, edinga ukulayishwa kabusha kwemizuzu eyisishiyagalolunye kwesiqalisi nokusilungiselela ukuqhunyiswa kabusha (ukulawula ngaphambi kokwethulwa). , ukuhlanganisa iphiko, ukufaka amafutha, ukubeka kumhlahlandlela, njll. d.), alikho ithuba lokushaya ngempumelelo ithagethi ezimweni zokulwa.

Olunye uchungechunge lwemikhumbi engaphezulu eklanyelwe ukulwa nabathwali bezindiza kwakuyi-Project 58 Grozny missile cruisers (kusukela ngo-September 29, 1962 - ama-missile cruisers), ahlome ngeziqhumane ezimbili ezicitshwayo ze-SM-70 P-35 anti-ship quad quad, nazo eziqhutshwa injini ye-turbojet ewuketshezi. , kodwa ekwazi ukugcina isikhathi eside esimweni sokufuthelwa. I-warhead yayinemicibisholo engu-16, eyisishiyagalombili yayo bekuyiziqhumane, kanti enye isezitolo (emine ngesiqalisi ngasinye).

Lapho ukudubula ku-salvo ye-R-35 ecitshwayo eyisishiyagalombili, amathuba okushaya okungenani eyodwa yawo endaweni okuhloswe ngayo eqenjini elihlaselwe imikhumbi (othwala indiza noma omunye umkhumbi obalulekile) anda kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, ngenxa yokushiyeka okuningi, okuhlanganisa nezikhali zokuzivikela ezibuthakathaka zabahamba ngomkhumbi be-Project 58, uchungechunge belukhawulelwe emikhunjini emine (kweyi-16 ebihleliwe ekuqaleni).

Amayunithi azo zonke lezi zinhlobo nawo ahlushwa eyodwa, kodwa i-drawback eyisisekelo - ukuzimela kwabo kwakuncane kakhulu ukulandelela isikhathi eside kweqembu lesiteleka esithwala indiza ngesikhathi sokugada kwalo, ikakhulukazi uma kudingekile ukuphelezela umthwali wezindiza zenuzi izikhathi eziningana. izinsuku zilandelana ukwenza umsuthu wokuhlehla. . Lokhu kwakungaphezu kwamandla emikhumbi ecitshwayo elingana nombhubhisi.

Indawo enkulu yombango phakathi kwemikhumbi ye-USSR kanye ne-NATO ngeminyaka yama-60s kwakuwuLwandle LwaseMedithera, lapho i-14th Operational Squadron ye-VMP (Medithera) yasebenza kusukela ngoJulayi 1967, 5, eyayihlanganisa imikhumbi engama-70-80 evela phakathi kwemikhumbi. imikhumbi yoLwandle Olumnyama, imikhumbi yaseBaltic neNyakatho. Kulawa, cishe imikhumbi yempi ye-30: imikhumbi-ngwenya ye-4-5 yenuzi kanye nemikhumbi-ngwenya esebenza ngodizili kagesi efika ku-10, amaqembu e-1-2 ateleka ngomkhumbi (uma kwenzeka isimo sishubile noma ngaphezulu), iqembu lama-trawl, abanye bebengabombutho wezokuphepha. (inkundla yokusebenzela, amathangi, izidonsa zolwandle, njll.) .

I-US Navy yayihlanganisa i-6th Fleet oLwandle iMedithera, eyadalwa ngoJuni 1948. Ku-70-80s. ehlanganisa imikhumbi yempi engama-30-40: abathwali bezindiza ezimbili, indiza enophephela emhlane, izikebhe ezimbili ezicitshwayo, imikhumbi ephelezelwa imisebenzi eminingi eyi-18-20, imikhumbi engu-1-2 yomhlaba wonke kanye nemikhumbi-ngwenya efinyelela kweziyisithupha ezinezinjongo eziningi. Imvamisa, iqembu elilodwa lenkampani yesiteleka lalisebenza endaweni yaseNaples, kanti elinye eHaifa. Uma kunesidingo, abaseMelika badlulisela imikhumbi evela kwezinye izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini ukuya eMedithera. Ngaphezu kwabo, kwakukhona nemikhumbi yempi (kuhlanganise abathwali bezindiza kanye nemikhumbi-ngwenya yenuzi), kanye nezindiza ezisekelwe phansi ezivela kwamanye amazwe NATO, kuhlanganise Great Britain, France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Germany kanye Netherlands. ngokusebenza kanzima kule ndawo.