Ukugeleza kweziyaluyalu
Okuqukethwe
Ubuchwepheshe besimanje buyishintsha kanjani i-aerodynamics yemoto
Ukumelana nomoya ophansi kusiza ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli. Kulokhu, nokho, kunamathuba amakhulu entuthuko. Kuze kube manje, izazi ze-aerodynamics ziyavumelana nombono wabaklami.
"I-Aerodynamics yalabo Abangakwazi Ukwenza Izithuthuthu." Lawa magama akhulunywa ngu-Enzo Ferrari ngeminyaka yama-60s futhi akhombisa ngokusobala isimo sabaklami abaningi besikhathi maqondana nalesi sici sobuchwepheshe bemoto. Kodwa-ke, kwaphela iminyaka eyishumi kuphela lapho inkinga yokuqala kawoyela yafika futhi lonke uhlelo lwazo lwashintsha ngokuphelele. Izikhathi lapho wonke amandla okumelana nokunyakaza kwemoto, futhi ikakhulukazi lawo aqhamuka ngenxa yokudlula kwayo ezingqimbeni zomoya, enqotshwa yizixazululo ezibanzi zobuchwepheshe, njengokukhulisa ukufuduka namandla ezinjini, kungakhathalekile inani likaphethiloli osetshenzisiwe, ziyahamba, futhi onjiniyela baqala funa izindlela eziphumelelayo zokufeza izinhloso zakho.
Okwamanje, isici sobuchwepheshe se-aerodynamics simbozwe ungqimba lothuli lokulibala, kepha akuyona into entsha ngokuphelele kubaklami. Umlando wezobuchwepheshe ukhombisa ukuthi ngisho naseminyakeni engamashumi amabili, ubuchopho obuthuthukile nobusunguliwe njenge-German Edmund Rumpler kanye neHungary uPaul Jaray (owadala ihlelo leTatra T77) okwakheke ngendlela ehlelekile futhi wabeka izisekelo zendlela yokushushumbisa umzimba ekuklanyeni komzimba wemoto. Balandelwa igagasi lesibili lochwepheshe be-aerodynamic abanjengoBaron Reinhard von Könich-Faxenfeld noWunibald Kam, abasungula imibono yabo ngawo-1930.
Kucacela wonke umuntu ukuthi ngejubane elikhulayo kufika umkhawulo, ngaphezu kwalokho ukumelana komoya kuba yisici esibalulekile ekushayeleni imoto. Ukwakhiwa komumo owenziwe kahle nge-aerodynamically kungagudluza lo mkhawulo phezulu kakhulu futhi kuvezwa yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-flow coefficient Cx, njengoba inani elingu-1,05 line-cube ehlanekezelwe i-perpendicular perpendicular to airflow (uma izungeziswe ngamadigri angu-45 nge-eksisi yayo, ukuze umkhawulo wayo okhuphukayo wehliselwe ku-0,80). Nokho, le-coefficient iyingxenye eyodwa kuphela ye-equation yokumelana komoya - ubukhulu bendawo engaphambili yemoto (A) kufanele yengezwe njengento ebalulekile. Umsebenzi wokuqala we-aerodynamicists ukudala izindawo ezihlanzekile, ezisebenza kahle nge-aerodynamic (izici zazo, njengoba sizobona, ziningi emotweni), okuholela ekunciphiseni kokugeleza kwe-coefficient. Ukukala lokhu kwakamuva, kudingeka umhubhe womoya, okuyindawo ebizayo neyinkimbinkimbi ngokwedlulele – isibonelo salokhu umhubhe wakwaBMW wama-euro ayizigidi eziyi-2009 owasungulwa ngo-170. Ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu kuyo ayilona i-fan enkulu, edla ugesi omningi kangangokuthi idinga isiteshi se-transformer esihlukile, kodwa i-roller stand enembile ekala wonke amandla kanye nezikhathi indiza yomoya esebenza ngayo emotweni. Umsebenzi wakhe ukuhlola konke ukusebenzisana kwemoto nokugeleza komoya nokusiza ochwepheshe ukuba bafunde yonke imininingwane futhi bayishintshe ngendlela yokuthi ingagcini nje ngokuyenza isebenze kahle emoyeni, kodwa futhi ihambisane nezifiso zabaqambi. . Ngokuyisisekelo, izingxenye eziyinhloko zokudonsa imoto ehlangana nazo zivela lapho umoya ophambi kwayo uminyanisa futhi ushintsha futhi - into ebaluleke kakhulu - kusukela kusiphithiphithi esinamandla ngemuva kwayo ngemuva. Lapho, kwakhiwa indawo yokucindezela ephansi evame ukudonsa imoto, yona ixube nethonya elinamandla le-vortex, i-aerodynamicists nayo ebiza ngokuthi "i-excitation efile". Ngenxa yezizathu ezinengqondo, ngemuva kwamamodeli wefa, izinga lokucindezela elincishisiwe liphakeme, ngenxa yalokho i-coefficient yokugeleza iyancipha.
Izici ze-aerodynamic donsa
Lokhu kokugcina akuxhomekile kuphela ezicini ezifana nokuma kwemoto yonke, kodwa futhi ezingxenyeni ezithile nasezindaweni ezithile. Empeleni, ukwakheka okuphelele nezilinganiso zezimoto zesimanje zinesabelo esingamaphesenti angu-40 sokungazweli komoya okuphelele, ingxenye yesine yakhona enqunywa ukwakheka kwendawo nezici ezifana nezibuko, izibani, ipuleti lelayisense, nothi. U-10% wokumelana komoya udalwa ukugeleza kwezimbobo kumabhuleki, injini kanye no-gearbox. I-20% ingumphumela we-vortex ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zesitezi kanye ne-suspension, okungukuthi, konke okwenzekayo ngaphansi kwemoto. Futhi into ethakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi kuze kufike ku-30% wokumelana komoya kungenxa yama-vortices adalwe ezungeze amasondo namaphiko. Ukuboniswa okusebenzayo kwalesi simo kunikeza inkomba ecacile yalokhu - i-coefficient yokusetshenziswa isuka ku-0,28 ngemoto ngayinye iyancipha ibe ngu-0,18 lapho amasondo ekhishwa futhi izimbobo ephikweni zimbozwe ngokuqedwa komumo wemoto. Akukona nje ukuqondana ukuthi zonke izimoto ezihamba ibanga eliphansi ngokumangazayo, njengemoto yokuqala yakwa-Honda Insight kanye nemoto kagesi ye-GM's EV1, zifihle izinsimbi zangemuva. Umumo we-aerodynamic jikelele kanye nesiphetho esivaliwe sangaphambili, ngenxa yokuthi i-motor kagesi ayidingi inani elikhulu lomoya opholile, ivumele abathuthukisi be-GM ukuthi bathuthukise imodeli ye-EV1 nge-coefficient yokugeleza kwe-0,195 kuphela. Imodeli 3 yeTesla ine-Cx 0,21. Ukunciphisa i-vortex ezungeze amasondo ezimotweni ezinezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi, okuthiwa. "Amakhethini omoya" ngendlela yomoya omncane oqondile oqondile uqondiswa kusukela ekuvuleni ku-bumper yangaphambili, uphephetha amasondo futhi uzinze ama-vortices. Ukugeleza enjinini kunqunyelwe ama-shutter aerodynamic, futhi phansi kuvaliwe ngokuphelele.
Amandla aphansi akalwa yi-roller stand, i-Cx ephansi. Ngokwendinganiso, ikalwa ngesivinini esingu-140 km/h - inani lika-0,30, isibonelo, lisho ukuthi amaphesenti angu-30 omoya imoto edlula kuwo asheshisa isivinini sayo. Ngokuqondene nendawo yangaphambili, ukufundwa kwayo kudinga inqubo elula kakhulu - kulokhu, ngosizo lwe-laser, i-contour yangaphandle yemoto ichazwe lapho ibukwa ngaphambili, futhi indawo evaliwe ngamamitha-skwele ibalwa. Ngokulandelayo iphindaphindwa yi-flow factor ukuze kutholwe ukumelana komoya okuphelele kwemoto ngamamitha-skwele.
Uma sibuyela ohlakeni lomlando lwencazelo yethu ye-aerodynamic, sithola ukuthi ukwakhiwa komjikelezo wokulinganisa uphethiloli ojwayelekile (i-NEFZ) ngo-1996 empeleni kwaba nendima engalungile ekuguqukeni kwe-aerodynamic kwezimoto (okwathuthuka kakhulu ngeminyaka yawo-1980). ) ngenxa yokuthi isici se-aerodynamic sinomthelela omncane ngenxa yesikhathi esifushane sokunyakaza kwesivinini esikhulu. Nakuba i-coefficient yokugeleza iyancipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukwandisa ubukhulu bezimoto ekilasini ngalinye kubangela ukwanda kwendawo yangaphambili ngakho-ke ukwanda kokumelana nomoya. Izimoto ezifana neVW Golf, Opel Astra kanye neBMW 7 Series zazinokungazwa kahle komoya kunezandulela zazo ngeminyaka yawo-1990. Lo mkhuba ugqugquzelwa iqoqo lamamodeli e-SUV ahlaba umxhwele anendawo yawo enkulu engaphambili kanye nokuwohloka kwethrafikhi. Lolu hlobo lwemoto luye lwagxekwa ikakhulukazi ngesisindo salo esikhulu, kodwa empeleni lesi sici sithatha ukubaluleka okuphansi kwesihlobo ngesivinini esikhulayo - kuyilapho ushayela ngaphandle kwedolobha ngesivinini esingaba ngu-90 km / h, ingxenye yokumelana nomoya cishe amaphesenti angu-50, Ezivinini zomgwaqo omkhulu, inyuka ibe amaphesenti angu-80 engqikithi yokuhudulwa kwemoto okuhlangatshezwana nayo.
Ishubhu le-aerodynamic
Esinye isibonelo sendima yokumelana nomoya ekusebenzeni kwezimoto imodeli ejwayelekile yedolobha leSmart. Imoto enezihlalo ezimbili ingaba nimble futhi ibe nimble emigwaqweni yedolobha, kepha umzimba omfishane futhi olinganiselayo awusebenzi ngokwedlulele ngokubuka kwe-aerodynamic. Ngokuphikisana nokwakheka kwesisindo esincane, ukumelana nomoya kuya ngokuya kuba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu futhi ngeSmart iqala ukuba nomthelela oqinile ngejubane lama-50 km / h. Akumangalisi ukuthi yahluleka ukulindelwa ngezindleko eziphansi yize yayakhiwe kalula.
Naphezu kwamaphutha e-Smart, nokho, indlela yenkampani engumzali i-Mercedes ku-aerodynamics iyisibonelo sendlela yokwenza, engaguquki futhi esebenzayo enqubweni yokudala izimo eziphumelelayo. Kungaphikiswana ngokuthi imiphumela yokutshalwa kwezimali emihubheni yomoya nokusebenza kanzima kule ndawo ibonakala ikakhulukazi kule nkampani. Isibonelo esigqama kakhulu somphumela wale nqubo iqiniso lokuthi i-S-Class yamanje (Cx 0,24) inokumelana nomoya omncane kuneGolf VII (0,28). Enqubweni yokuthola indawo yangaphakathi eyengeziwe, ukwakheka kwemodeli ehlangene kuthole indawo enkulu yangaphambili, futhi i-coefficient yokugeleza imbi kakhulu kune-S-class ngenxa yobude obufushane, obungavumeli izindawo ezilula ezilula. futhi ikakhulukazi ngenxa yenguquko ebukhali eya ngemuva, ekhuthaza ukwakheka kwama-vortices. Kwa-VW bebesamile ekutheni iGolf entsha yesizukulwane sesishiyagalombili izoba nokuncane ukumelana komoya kanye nesimo esiphansi futhi esilula, kodwa naphezu kwekhono elisha lokuklama nokuhlola, lokhu kube yinselelo enkulu emotweni. ngale fomethi. Kodwa-ke, nge-factory engu-0,275, lena iGalofu ye-aerodynamic kunayo yonke eyake yenziwa. Isilinganiso esiphansi sokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli esirekhodiwe esingu-0,22 ngemoto ngayinye enenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi yileso seMercedes CLA 180 BlueEfficiency.
Ubuhle bezimoto zikagesi
Esinye isibonelo sokubaluleka kokuma kwe-aerodynamic kuqhathaniswa nesisindo amamodeli we-hybrid wesimanje nezimoto zikagesi ezengeziwe. Endabeni ye-Prius, ngokwesibonelo, isidingo sokwakheka kwe-aerodynamic futhi silawulwa iqiniso lokuthi njengoba ijubane landa, ukusebenza kahle kwe-powertrain ye-hybrid kuyancipha. Endabeni yezimoto ezisebenza ngogesi, noma yini ehlobene nokwanda kwe-mileage kumodi kagesi kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, ukwehla kwesisindo esingu-100 kg kuzokwenyusa ibanga lemoto ngamakhilomitha ambalwa kuphela, kepha ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-aerodynamics ibaluleke kakhulu emotweni kagesi. Okokuqala, ngoba inqwaba yalezi zimoto izivumela ukuthi zithole amanye amandla asetshenziswe ukululama, futhi okwesibili, ngoba i-torque ephezulu yemoto kagesi iyivumela ukuthi ikhokhele umphumela wesisindo ngesikhathi sokuqala, futhi ukusebenza kwayo kwehla ngesivinini esikhulu nangejubane eliphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla kagesi kanye nemoto kagesi kudinga umoya opholile kancane, ovumela ukuvula okuncane ngaphambili kwemoto, okuyinto, njengoba sibonile, iyimbangela enkulu yokwehla kokuhamba komzimba. Enye into yabaklami abashukumisayo ukuthi bakhe amafomu asebenza kahle emoyeni kumamodeli wesimanje we-plug-in hybrid yimodi yokushayela kagesi engasetshenziswanga kuphela, noma okuthiwa. ukuhamba ngomkhumbi. Ngokungafani nezikebhe, lapho leli gama lisetshenziswa khona futhi nomoya kufanele uhambise isikebhe, ezimotweni, amamayela anika amandla kagesi angakhuphuka uma imoto ingamelana nomoya omncane. Ukwakha isimo esisebenza kahle ngokwasemoyeni kuyindlela ebiza kakhulu yokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli.
Ama-coefficients wokusebenzisa ezinye izimoto ezidumile:
UMercedes Simplex
Ukukhiqiza 1904, Cx = 1,05
Inqola yokudonsa iRumpler
Ukukhiqiza 1921, Cx = 0,28
IModel Model T
Ukukhiqiza 1927, Cx = 0,70
Imodeli yokuhlola ye-Kama
Yenziwe ngo-1938, Cx = 0,36.
Imoto eqoshwa iMercedes
Ukukhiqiza 1938, Cx = 0,12
Ibhasi le-VW
Ukukhiqiza 1950, Cx = 0,44
I-Volkswagen "Turtle"
Ukukhiqiza 1951, Cx = 0,40
IPanhard Dina
Yenziwe ngo-1954, Cx = 0,26.
IPorsche 356 A
Yenziwe ngo-1957, Cx = 0,36.
UMG EX 181
Ukukhiqizwa kuka-1957, i-Cx = 0,15
ICitroen DS 19
Ukukhiqiza 1963, Cx = 0,33
NSU Sport Prince
Ukukhiqiza 1966, Cx = 0,38
IMercedes S 111
Ukukhiqiza 1970, Cx = 0,29
IVolvo 245 Estate
Ukukhiqiza 1975, Cx = 0,47
I-Audi 100
Ukukhiqiza 1983, Cx = 0,31
IMercedes W 124
Ukukhiqiza 1985, Cx = 0,29
I-Lamborghini Countach
Ukukhiqiza 1990, Cx = 0,40
IToyota Prius 1
Ukukhiqiza 1997, Cx = 0,29
