UFritz-X kathathu

Umkhumbi wezempi wase-Italy iRoma ngemva nje kokwakhiwa.

Engxenyeni yesibili yawo-30s, kwakusenenkolelo yokuthi imikhumbi yezikhali ezinamandla kakhulu iyona enquma umphumela wezingxabano olwandle. AmaJalimane, anamayunithi anjalo ambalwa kakhulu kunawaseBrithani namaFulentshi, kwadingeka athembele kuLuftwaffe ukusiza ukuvala igebe uma kudingeka. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ukubamba iqhaza kweCondor Legion eMpini Yombango YaseSpain kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthola ukuthi ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezinhle kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto zakamuva, ukushaya into encane akuvamile, futhi akuvamile nakakhulu uma ihamba.

Lokhu akuzange kusimangaze, ngakho-ke amabhomu e-Junkers Ju 87 aphinde ahlolwe eSpain, kwaba nemiphumela engcono kakhulu yokuwa. Inkinga yayiwukuthi lezi zindiza zazinobubanzi obufushane kakhulu, futhi amabhomu ezazingawathwala ayengakwazi ukungena ezikhalini ezivundlile ezingxenyeni ezibucayi zemikhumbi ehlaselwe, okungukuthi, emagumbini ezinhlamvu nawenjini. Isixazululo kwakuwukuwisa ngokunembile ibhomu elikhulu (imoto ethwalayo efakwe okungenani izinjini ezimbili) ngangokunokwenzeka ukusuka ekuphakameni okuphezulu kakhulu okungenzeka (okwanciphisa kakhulu usongo lwe-flak) kuyilapho inikeza amandla e-kinetic anele.

Imiphumela yokuhlaselwa kokuhlolwa kwezisebenzi ezikhethiwe ze-Lehrgeschwader Greifswald yayinencazelo ecacile - nakuba umkhumbi oqondiswe ngomsakazo, umkhumbi wezempi wangaphambili i-Hessen, ubude obuyi-127,7 m no-22,2 m ububanzi, wawuhamba kahle futhi ngesivinini esingekho ngaphezu kwe-18. amafindo, ngokunemba kwe-6000-7000 m lapho amabhomu ewa phansi ayengu-6% kuphela, futhi ngokunyuka kokuphakama kuya ku-8000-9000 m, kuphela i-0,6%. Kwaba sobala ukuthi izikhali eziqondisiwe kuphela ezinganikeza imiphumela engcono kakhulu.

I-aerodynamics yebhomu eliwa mahhala, okwakuhloswe ngalo umsakazo, yacwaningwa yiqembu le-German Institute for Aviation Research (Deutsche Versuchsanstalt für Luftfahrt, DVL), elizinze esifundeni sase-Adlershof eBerlin. Yayiholwa nguDkt. Max Kramer (owazalwa ngo-1903, owathola iziqu eMunich University of Technology, oneziqu zobudokotela ezitholwe eneminyaka engu-28 ngenxa yomsebenzi wesayensi emkhakheni we-aerodynamics, umdali wezixazululo ezinelungelo lobunikazi zokwakhiwa kwezindiza, isibonelo. , mayelana nama-flaps, igunya emkhakheni we-laminar flow dynamics stream), okwathi ngo-1938, lapho ikhomishana entsha ye-Reich Air Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium, RLM) ifika, yasebenza, ikakhulukazi, emoyeni oqondiswa ngocingo-kuya- umcibisholo womoya.

Ibhomu likaFritz-X eliqondiswayo lisesesigabeni sokundiza esisezingeni ngemuva nje kokususwa ekumisweni.

Akuzange kuthathe isikhathi eside eqenjini lika-Kramer, futhi ukuhlolwa kwebhomu lokubhidliza umsila we-SC 250 DVL kwaba yimpumelelo kangangokuthi kwathathwa isinqumo sokwenza i-PC 1400 ibe isikhali "esihlakaniphile", esinye seziqhumane ezinkulu ezihloselwe ibhomu elisindayo umhlaba. I-Arsenal yeLuftwaffe. Yakhiqizwa imboni ye-Ruhrstahl AG e-Brakwede (indawo yase-Bielefeld).

Uhlelo lokulawula amabhomu omsakazo lwasungulwa esikhungweni socwaningo se-RLM e-Gröfelfing eduze kwaseMunich. Ukuhlolwa kwemishini eyakhiwe lapho, eyenziwa ehlobo lika-1940, akuzange kulethe imiphumela egculisayo. Ochwepheshe bamaqembu e-Telefunken, Siemens, Lorenz, Loewe-Opta nabanye, abaqale basebenzelana nezingxenye zephrojekthi ukuze bagcine umsebenzi wabo uyimfihlo, benze kangcono. Umsebenzi wabo uphumele ekwakhiweni kwesidlulisi se-FuG (Funkgerät) 203, esinekhodi ebizwa ngokuthi i-Kehl, kanye nesamukeli se-FuG 230 Strassburg, esifeze okwakulindelwe.

Inhlanganisela yebhomu, i-empennage kanye nesistimu yokuqondisa yanikezwa igama lefekthri i-X-1, kanye nezempi - i-PC 1400X noma i-FX 1400. Njengasezikhundleni eziphansi ze-Luftwaffe, ibhomu "elivamile" le-1400-kg laqanjwa ngokuthi uFritz, Igama elithi Fritz-X laduma, abalithatha kamuva ngezinsizakalo zabo zezobunhloli ze-Allied. Indawo yokukhiqiza isikhali esisha kwakuyisitshalo esifundeni saseBerlin saseMarienfeld, esasiyingxenye yokukhathazeka kwe-Rheinmetall-Borsig, eyathola inkontileka yokwakhiwa kwaso ehlobo lika-1939. Ama-prototypes okuqala aqala ukuphuma kulawa mafekthri. ngoFebhuwari 1942 waya ePeenemünde West, isikhungo sokuhlola iLuftwaffe esiqhingini sase-Usedom. Ngomhla ziyi-10 kuMbasa, abangu-111 uFritz-Xs base bekhishiwe kubasingathi be-Heinkli He 29H abasebenzayo abazinze e-Harz eseduze, kanti abahlanu bokugcina kuphela ababhekwa njenganelisayo.

Uchungechunge olulandelayo, ekuqaleni kweminyaka eyishumi yesithathu kaJuni, lwanikeza imiphumela engcono kakhulu. Okuhlosiwe kwakuyisiphambano esiphawulwe phansi, futhi amabhomu ayi-9 kwayi-10 ehle esuka kumamitha ayi-6000 awela phakathi kwamamitha ayi-14,5 ukusuka lapho kuwela khona, amathathu awo acishe abe ngaphezu kwawo. Njengoba inhloso enkulu kwakuyimikhumbi yempi, ububanzi obukhulu bemikhumbi yemikhumbi yayingamamitha angaba ngu-30, ngakho-ke akumangazi ukuthi iLuftwaffe yanquma ukufaka amabhomu amasha esikhalini seLuftwaffe.

Kwanqunywa ukuba kwenziwe isigaba esilandelayo sokuhlola e-Italy, esathatha isibhakabhaka esingenafu, futhi kusukela ngo-April 1942, i-Heinkle yasuka enkundleni yezindiza i-Foggia (Erprobungsstelle Süd). Phakathi nalezi zivivinyo, kwaphakama izinkinga ngokushintsha kwe-electromagnetic, ngakho-ke umsebenzi waqalwa ekusebenzeni kwe-pneumatic ku-DVL (uhlelo bekufanele lunikeze umoya ovela ekubambeni emzimbeni webhomu), kodwa abangaphansi kukaCramer, ngemva kokuhlolwa emhubheni womoya, baya umthombo wenkinga nokusebenza kukazibuthe kagesi kwalondolozwa. Ngemva kokususwa kwesici, imiphumela yokuhlolwa yaba ngcono futhi yaba ngcono, futhi ngenxa yalokho, cishe kwamabhomu ayi-100 awela, angu-49 awela esigcawini esihlosiwe ngohlangothi lwamamitha angu-5. Ukwehluleka kwakungenxa yekhwalithi embi ye- “ umkhiqizo”. noma iphutha lomsebenzisi, okungukuthi izici okulindeleke ukuthi ziqedwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngo-August 8, okuhlosiwe kwakuyipuleti lezikhali elingu-120 mm ubukhulu, ibhomu elabhoboza kahle ngaphandle kokukhubazeka okukhethekile.

Ngakho-ke, kwanqunywa ukuthi kudlulelwe esigabeni sokuthuthukisa izindlela zokulwa nokusetshenziswa kwezikhali ezintsha ezinabathwali abaqondiwe kanye nabashayeli bezindiza. Ngaso leso sikhathi, i-RLM yafaka i-oda kwa-Rheinmetall-Borsig lamayunithi e-serial Fritz-X, adinga ukulethwa okungenani kwamayunithi angama-35 ngenyanga (inhloso kwakuwukuba ama-300). Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuvinjelwa kwezinto (ngenxa yokuntuleka kwe-nickel ne-molybdenum, kwakudingekile ukubheka enye i-alloy yamakhanda) kanye ne-logistics, nokho, kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi ukusebenza kahle okunjalo kwatholakala eMarienfeld ngo-April 1943 kuphela.

Ngaphambilini, ngoSepthemba 1942, iyunithi yokuqeqesha nokuhlola (Lehr- und Erprobungskommando) EK 21 yasungulwa esikhumulweni sezindiza sase-Harz, endizayo i-Dornier Do 217K kanye ne-Heinklach He 111H. NgoJanuwari 1943, eseyiqanjwe kabusha ngokuthi i-Kampfgruppe 21, yayine-Staffeln Dornier Do 217K-2s emine kuphela, enama-Fritz-X mounts kanye nama-transmitters enguqulo ye-Kehl III. Ngo-April 29, i-EK 21 yaba iyunithi yokulwa ngokusemthethweni, eyaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi III./KG100 futhi izinze eSchwäbisch Hall eduze kwaseStuttgart. Maphakathi noJulayi, ukuthuthela kwakhe esikhumulweni sezindiza i-Istres eduze kwaseMarseille kwase kuqediwe, lapho aqala khona ukuhlubuka.

Augusti eduze noRomy

NgoJulayi 21, amaDorniers amathathu avela e-Istria athunyelwa ukuba ayohlasela u-Augusta (eSicily), ichweba elalithunjwe amabutho ahlangene ezinsukwini eziyisishiyagalombili ngaphambili. Amabhomu afika lapho ayeya khona kakade sekuhlwile futhi awazange aphendule lutho. Ukuhlasela okufanayo eSirakhuse ezinsukwini ezimbili kamuva kwaphela ngendlela efanayo. Amabhomu amane e-III./KG31 abambe iqhaza ekuhlaselweni ngezinga elikhulu ngokumelene ne-Palermo ngobusuku be-1 July / 100 August. Emahoreni ambalwa ngaphambili, iqembu lemikhumbi yase-US Navy langena ethekwini, linikeza indawo yokuhlala e-amphibious eSicily, ehlanganisa abagibeli ababili abalula nababhubhisi abayisithupha, emgwaqeni lapho abasebenzi bezokuthutha namasosha babelindile. Laba abane base-Istria bafike lapho babeya khona ngaphambi kokuntwela kokusa, kodwa akucaci ukuthi baphumelele yini.

Abaphathi bamayini "Skill" (AM 115) kanye ne "Aspiration" (AM 117), abathole umonakalo ngenxa yokuqhuma okuseduze (laba bamuva babenomgodi ongaba ngu-2 x 1 m ku-fuselage), babhala embikweni wabo ukuthi amabhomu ajikijelwa ezindizeni ezazindizela endaweni ephakeme. Kodwa-ke, kuqinisekile ukuthi i-9th Staffel KG100 ilahlekelwe yizimoto ezimbili ezidutshulwe izitha zasebusuku (mhlawumbe laba bekungama-Beaufighters we-600 Squadron RAF azinze eMalta). Omunye umshayeli wendiza ovela kubasebenzi baseDornier wasinda futhi waboshwa, lapho ama-scouts athola khona ulwazi mayelana nosongo olusha.

Lokhu kwakungesona isimanga esiphelele. Isixwayiso sokuqala kwakuyincwadi eyatholwa ngo-5 November 1939 yi-British Naval Attaché enhloko-dolobha yaseNorway futhi yasayina "usosayensi waseJalimane ohlangothini lwakho." Umbhali wayo kwakunguDkt. Hans Ferdinand Maier, inhloko yesikhungo socwaningo se-Siemens & Halske AG. I-Briton yathola ngakho ngo-1955 futhi, ngenxa yokuthi yayifuna, ayizange iveze kuze kube sekufeni kukaMayer nomkakhe, eminyakeni engu-34 kamuva. Nakuba olunye ulwazi "ingcebo" lwalwenza luthembeke kakhulu, lwalubanzi futhi lungalingani ngekhwalithi.

Umbiko wase-Oslo ubukwe ngokungathenjwa. Ngakho-ke ingxenye emayelana "nezilayidi ezilawulwa kude" zemikhumbi elwa nomkhumbi eyehliswa endizeni endizayo endaweni ephakeme yashiywa ngaphandle. U-Mayer uphinde wanikeza imininingwane ethile: ubukhulu (nganye ubude obuyi-3 m ne-span), ibhendi yefrikhwensi esetshenzisiwe (amagagasi amafushane) kanye nesayithi lokuhlola (i-Penemünde).

Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni eyalandela, ubuhlakani baseBrithani baqala ukuthola "ukugconwa" "ngezinto ze-Hs 293 kanye ne-FX", okwathi ngoMeyi 1943 kwaqinisekisa ukuqoshwa komyalelo we-Bletchley Park wokubakhulula ezinqolobaneni futhi bazivikele ngokucophelela ebunhlolini nasekucekelweni phansi. Ekupheleni kukaJulayi, ngenxa yokukhishwa kwekhodi, abaseBrithani bafunda ngokulungela ukulwa kwemishini yabo yezindiza: i-Dornierów Do 217E-5 kusukela ku-II./KG100 (Hs 293) kanye ne-Do 217K-2 kusukela ku-III./KG100. Ngenxa yokungazi ngaleso sikhathi indawo yazo zombili izingxenye, izixwayiso zathunyelwa kuphela kumyalo wamabutho asolwandle eMedithera.

Ngobusuku buka-9/10 Agasti 1943, izindiza ezine ze-III./KG100 zaphinde zangena emoyeni, kulokhu phezu kweSirakuse. Ngenxa yamabhomu abo, abambisene nabo abazange balahlekelwe, futhi uDornier, obekungokhiye ojwayelekile, wadutshulwa washona. Umshayeli wendiza owabanjwa kanye netilosi (abanye abasebenzi bashonile) ngesikhathi bephenywa ngemibuzo baqinisekisa ukuthi iLuftwaffe inezinhlobo ezimbili zezikhali ezilawulwa ngomsakazo. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukukhipha ulwazi mayelana nemvamisa kubo - kwavela ukuthi ngaphambi kokusuka esikhumulweni sezindiza, amapheya amakristalu amakwe ngezinombolo ukusuka ku-1 kuya ku-18 abekwe nje ezinsimbini zokuqondisa, ngokuhambisana nomyalo owamukelwe.

Emasontweni alandelayo, abakwaDorniers base-Istria baqhubeka nokusebenza ngezinga elincane futhi ngaphandle kwempumelelo, ngokuvamile behlanganyela ekuhlaselweni okuhlangene noJu 88s. UPalermo (23 Agasti) noReggio Calabria (3 Septemba). Ukulahlekelwa kwakhe kwakunqunyelwe ku-wrench, eyacekelwa phansi ukuqhuma kwebhomu lakhe ngenkathi indiza phezu kweMessina.

Ngobusuku buka-September 8, 1943, amaNtaliyane amemezela isivumelwano nama-Allies. Ngokunye kwezinhlinzeko zayo, iqembu elingaphansi komyalo ka-Adm. UCarlo Bergamini, ohlanganisa imikhumbi yempi emithathu - i-flagship i-Roma, i-Italia (owayengu-Littorio) kanye ne-Vittorio Veneto - inani elifanayo labagibeli abahamba kancane kanye nababhubhisi abangu-8, abahlanganiswe yiqembu laseGenoa (abagibeli abathathu abalula kanye nesikebhe se-torpedo). Njengoba amaJalimane ayazi ukuthi abalingani bawo babelungiselelani, izindiza ze-III./KG100 zafakwa ukuqapha, futhi kwaxoshwa i-Dornier engu-11 e-Istra ukuze ihlasele. Bafika emikhunjini yase-Italy ngemva kuka-15:00 ntambama lapho befika emanzini aphakathi kweSardinia neCorsica.

Amaconsi okuqala ayengalungile, yingakho amaNtaliyane avula umlilo futhi aqala ukugwema. Abazange baphumelele - ngo-15: 46 uFritz-X, engene emgodini we-Roman, waqhuma ngaphansi kwayo, cishe emngceleni phakathi kwezingxenye zenjini kwesokudla nangemuva, okwaholela ekukhukhuleni kwabo. I-flagship ye-Bergamini yaqala ukuwa ekubunjweni, futhi ngemva kwemizuzu engu-6 ibhomu lesibili lashaya indawo yedeski phakathi kwe-turret engu-2 mm yesibhamu esikhulu esingu-381 kanye nezibhamu ze-152 mm zangaphambili. Umphumela wokuqhuma kwawo kwaba ukushiswa kwamacala ashukumisayo ekamelweni ngaphansi kweyokuqala (amagesi ajikijela phezu kwesakhiwo esinesisindo esingamathani angu-1600 1) futhi, ngokunokwenzeka, ngaphansi kombhoshongo No. Intuthu enkulu yenyuka ngaphezu komkhumbi, futhi waqala ukucwila, wakhothama kuqala, utshekela ohlangothini lwenkanyezi. Wagcina ephendukile ku-keel yakhe futhi waphuka endaweni yomthelela wesibili, wanyamalala ngaphansi kwamanzi ngo-16:15. Ngokwemininingwane yakamuva, bekunabantu abangama-2021 esikebheni kwathi abantu abayi-1393, beholwa nguBergamini, bashona kanye nayo.

I-light cruiser Uganda, umkhumbi wempi wokuqala waseBrithani owabamba iqhaza ku-Operation Avalanche, yonakaliswa ukuqhuma kwebhomu eqondiswa ngqo.

Ngo-16:29 uFritz-X wangena emphemeni wase-Italy kanye nebhande eliseceleni phambi kwe-turret 1, waqhuma emanzini ohlangothini lwenkanyezi yomkhumbi. Lokhu kwakusho ukwakheka kwembobo elinganiselwa ku-7,5 x 6 m kanye nokuwohloka kwesikhumba, idlulele phansi endaweni engu-24 x 9 m, kodwa izikhukhula (amathani angu-1066 amanzi) zazilinganiselwe kuma-cofferdams phakathi kwesikhumba. kanye ne-longitudinal anti-torpedo bulkhead. Ngaphambilini, ngo-15:30, ukuqhuma kwebhomu ethekwini lase-Italy kwaphumela ekuminyenekeni kwephini lokuqondisa.

Ibhomu lokuqala elashaya amaRom lakhishwa endizeni ka-Major III./KG100. Bernhard Jope, kanye neqembu lamqondisa lapho laliqondiswe khona. Klaproth. Owesibili, ovela kuDornier, wahlolwa ngu-Sgt. abasebenzi. U-Kurt Steinborn wayehola ithimba. Degan.