Izinhlobo zamadrayivu namasistimu wokushayela wonke amasondo

Namuhla akekho umshayeli onjalo noma ngisho nomshayeli wezimfundamakhwela ongeke awuqonde umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwezinhlobo zokushayela imoto. Ingqikithi yokunquma idrayivu emotweni ilula futhi icacile: ukuze imoto iqale ukuhamba, i-torque evela enjini kufanele idluliselwe kumasondo. Mangakhi amasondo azothola i-torque nokuthi iyiphi i-ekseli (engemuva, ngaphambili noma womabili) izoncika ohlotsheni lokushayela.

Ukushayela emuva

Endabeni yokushayela ngamasondo angemuva, i-torque izodluliselwa kuphela emasondweni atholakala ku-axle yangemuva yemoto. Kuze kube manje, lesi simiso sedivayisi sibhekwa njengesijwayelekile kakhulu. Izimoto zokuqala ezidonsa ngamasondo angemuva zaphuma emuva ngawo-1930, futhi kuze kube namuhla lolu hlobo lusetshenziswa kokubili ekukhiqizeni izimoto zesabelomali kanye nokuhlomisa izimoto ezibizayo. Ngokwesibonelo, Chevrolet Corvette 3LT 6.2 (amahhashi angu-466) owethulwe ezinkampanini "Favorit Motors" futhi ifakwe ezingemuva-wheel drive. Lokhu kuvumela umshayeli ukuthi ezwe ngokujulile wonke amandla atholakalayo emoto.

Imininingwane yokubekwa kwalolu hlobo lwedrayivu iphinde isho ukusetshenziswa kwe-cardan shaft. I-shaft ikhulisa amandla avela kumishini yenjini.

Заднеприводные автомобили часто используются не только в повседневной жизни, но и в гонках. Несмотря на то, что кардан увеличивает вес автомобиля, движение задней пары колес равномерно распределяет эту тяжесть.

Embonini yezimoto esebenzisa i-rear-wheel drive, izinhlobo ezine zesakhiwo seyunithi ye-propulsion zisetshenziswa:

• Okokuqala, iyinjini yangaphambili yedrayivu yamasondo angemuva, ebizwa nangokuthi "i-classic". Injini ngokwayo ezimotweni ezinjalo itholakala ngaphambili (ngaphansi kwe-hood), kodwa isikhungo sayo sesisindo kufanele sibalwe ngokunembe ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze ukudluliselwa kwamandla kumasondo angemuva kuphumelele kakhulu. Ukuhlelwa kwenjini yangaphambili yiyona ndlela esetshenziswa kakhulu ukuhlomisa izimoto ezidonsa ngamasondo angemuva.
• Okwesibili, i-front mid-injini ye-rear-wheel drive layout nayo isetshenziswa. Ngokujwayelekile iphinde ifakwe enguqulweni "yakudala" yendawo yenjini. Nokho, kulokhu, iyunithi amandla itholakala endaweni front wheelset. Namuhla, lokhu kuhlelwa kwezinjini ezimotweni ezidonsa ngamasondo angemuva kutholakala kuphela kumamodeli wemijaho ukuze kuncishiswe umthwalo ku-asi yangaphambili.
• Okwesithathu, ingemuva le-mid-injini edonsa ngamasondo angemuva. I-motor itholakala ngqo ku-axle yangemuva, okwenza kube lula ukusebenzisa isisindo semoto ukwandisa ukusebenza kwayo okunamandla.
• Okwesine, i-rear-wheel drive layout iyinketho lapho iyunithi yamandla ngokwayo, kanye ne-axle yokudlulisa kanye ne-drive, itholakala engxenyeni engezansi yemoto. Namuhla, lolu hlobo lokuhlelwa kwenjini lungatholakala kuphela kubakhiqizi abathile, ikakhulukazi, iVolkswagen.

Izinzuzo zemoto yokushayela ngamasondo angemuva

Izimoto ezifakwe idivayisi yokudlulisa i-axle yangemuva zinezinzuzo eziningi ekuphatheni nasekuguquleni amandla:

• ukungabikho kokudlidliza emzimbeni ngesikhathi sokunyakaza (lokhu kufinyelelwa ngenxa yokuhlelwa kwe-longitudinal yeyunithi yamandla, ehlelwe ngokuhlelekile ekunciphiseni "imicamelo");
• irediyasi encane yokujika, ekuvumela ukuthi usebenzise imoto endaweni ematasatasa yokupaka izimoto noma emigwaqweni emincane (amasondo angaphambili abeka kuphela isiqondiso sokunyakaza, ukunyakaza ngokwayo kwenziwa yipheya elingemuva);
• ukusebenza kahle kokusheshisa.

Ukungalungi kwemoto yokushayela ngamasondo angemuva

Njenganoma yiluphi olunye uhlelo, i-back-wheel drive nayo inezinkinga zayo:

• ukudluliswa kwamandla avela enjini kudinga i-cardan shaft, futhi izici zayo zokuklama azivumeli ukusebenzisa wonke amathuba ngaphandle kokuba khona kwemigudu ekhethekile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imigudu ye-cardan ithatha indawo esetshenziswayo ngokunciphisa isikhala ekamelweni;
• i-patency ephansi yomgwaqo, ukukhukhuleka njalo kungenzeka.

Isondo elihamba phambili

I-front wheel drive ithathwa njengephambene ne-back wheel drive. Kulokhu, i-torque idluliselwa kuphela kumasondo angaphambili, okubangela ukuthi ajikeleze. Ngokokuqala ngqá, isimiso esinjalo ekushayeleni imoto yethulwa kwezentengiselwano emuva ngo-1929.

Izinzuzo ze-front-wheel drive zivumela ukuthi isetshenziswe kakhulu ezimotweni emkhakheni wesabelomali (isibonelo, i-Renault Logan). Kodwa-ke, izimoto zentengiso ezihlome ngamasondo angaphambili (Citroen Jumper) nazo zingathengwa kwaFavorit Motors Group of Companies.

Isimiso esibaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwemoto edonsa ngamasondo angaphambili ukuhambisana okugcwele komshini wokudlulisa i-torque kanye nedivayisi yokulawula umshini. Le nhlanganisela, ngakolunye uhlangothi, yenza kube lula ukwenza inqubo yokushayela ngokwayo, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, ihlanganisa umklamo wedrayivu ngokwayo.

Embonini yezimoto usebenzisa i-front-wheel drive, izimiso zendawo yeyunithi yamandla kanye ne-gearbox kufanele zisetshenziswe ngokucacile ukuze ukulawula kungavinjelwa lutho:

• Okokuqala, ukuhlelwa okuyinhloko kubizwa ngokuthi i-layout elandelanayo (okungukuthi, injini kanye nebhokisi legiya zibekwe ngokulandelana ngokulandelana kwe-eksisi efanayo);
• Okwesibili, ukuhlelwa okuhambisanayo nakho kungenzeka, lapho iyunithi yamandla kanye nokudluliselwa kubekwe endaweni ephakeme, kodwa kufana komunye nomunye;
• Okwesithathu, isakhiwo esibizwa ngokuthi "phansi" sisetshenziswa futhi - okungukuthi, injini itholakala ngaphezu kwendawo yokuhlola.

Izinzuzo zemoto yokushayela ngamasondo angaphambili

Izimoto ezinamasondo angaphambili zibhekwa njengesabelomali, ngoba ukukhiqizwa kwazo akubandakanyi ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezisizayo (njenge-driveshaft kanye nemigudu). Nokho, amanani aphansi akuyona inzuzo kuphela izimoto front-wheel drive:

• umthamo omuhle wangaphakathi (ngenxa yokuntuleka kwe-cardan shaft);
• ikhono elihle lokunqamula izwe ngisho nasezimeni ezingekho emgwaqeni;
• ikhono lokulawula eqhweni ngaphandle kokushushuluza.

Ukungalungi kwemoto yokushayela ngamasondo angaphambili

Ngenxa yokwakheka kwemoto, umshayeli uzoqaphela ukungalungi okulandelayo ekushayeleni:

• ukudlidliza komzimba okubucayi ngenkathi ushayela;
• I-radius enkulu ephendukayo, njengoba i-hinge emasondweni ihambisana ngokugcwele nomshini wokuqondisa;
• izindleko eziphakeme zomsebenzi wokulungisa, ngoba kuzodingeka ushintshe izingxenye hhayi kuphela kudivayisi ye-front-wheel drive, kodwa futhi ekuqondiseni.

Ukushayela okuhamba ngamasondo amane

I-All-wheel drive iyithuluzi elikhethekile lokudlulisa imoto elikuvumela ukuthi udlulise i-torque kuwo womabili ama-ekseli ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kulokhu, ngokuvamile isondo ngalinye lithola inani elilinganayo lamandla okunyakaza.

Ekuqaleni, izimoto ezihlome nge-wheel drive zazibhekwa njengezimoto ezihamba kuzo zonke izindawo, kodwa kamuva, ngawo-1980, intuthuko eyisisekelo yokukhathazeka okukhulu yenza kube nokwenzeka ukwethula isimiso se-4WD ezimotweni, okwandisa ikhono labo lokuwela izwe ngaphandle. ukuzidela induduzo. Kuze kube manje, enye yezinhlelo eziphumelela kakhulu zokushayela wonke amasondo zingabizwa ngokuthi i-AWD (Volvo) ne-4Motion (Volkswagen). Izimoto ezintsha ezinomshini onjalo zihlala zikhona e-Favorit Motors.

Ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo emkhakheni we-All-wheel drive kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuhlukanisa izikimu ezine eziyinhloko ukuze zisetshenziswe ngesikhathi esisodwa:

• Plug-in 4WD (uma kungenjalo: Ingxenye Yesikhathi). Lona uhlelo olulula futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo oluthembekile wonke amasondo okushayela. Ingqikithi yomsebenzi wayo itholakala eqinisweni lokuthi ngesikhathi sokusebenza okujwayelekile kwemoto, i-eksisi eyodwa kuphela esebenzayo. Uma kwenzeka ushintsho ezimweni zomgwaqo (ukungcola, imigodi, iqhwa, njll.), i-All-wheel drive iyasebenza. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuxhumana okubucayi phakathi kwama-axles amabili okushayela, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ukujikeleza kwamandla" kungenzeka, okuthinta ukuguga okuqinile kwezakhi nokulahlekelwa kwe-torque.
• I-4WD Engunaphakade (ngaphandle kwalokho Isikhathi Esigcwele). Izimoto ezixhunywe kuwo wonke amasondo ngale ndlela zihlala zisebenzisa wonke amasondo njengamasondo okushayela. Ngokuvamile Isikhathi Esigcwele sihilela ukusetshenziswa kwebhokisi elihlukile, elilawula ukuhlinzekwa kwe-torque emasondweni kuye ngezimo zomgwaqo.
• I-4WD efunwa unomphela (uma kungenjalo: Isikhathi Esigcwele Esidingekayo). Emgogodleni wayo, lokhu kungenye yezinhlobonhlobo ze-wheel drive, kodwa uxhumano lwenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ngokuvamile, i-axle eyodwa (ngokuvamile engaphambili) ixhunywe unomphela ku-4WD, kanti eyesibili ixhunywe kancane, okuvumela ukuthi ungasebenzisi ama-axles amabili endaweni evamile, futhi, uma kunesidingo, ukwenza uxhumano.
• I-4WD yemodi eminingi (uma kungenjalo: Iyakhetheka). Isetshenziswa kumamodeli akamuva. Ukushayela ngamasondo amane kungaba nezindlela ezihlukene zokusebenza futhi kulungiswe kokubili umshayeli ngokwakhe kanye ne-automation, kuye ngezimo zomgwaqo.

Izimoto ezidonsa ngamasondo amane zingaba nezinketho ezintathu zesakhiwo:

• Okokuqala, ukuhlelwa kwe-classic yeyunithi yamandla kanye nebhokisi le-gearbox - i-propulsion system itholakala ngaphansi kwe-hood, kanye nokudlulisa, futhi ibekwe ubude. I-torque kuleli cala idluliselwa nge-cardan.
• Okwesibili, kungenzeka ukwenza isakhiwo esisekelwe ku-front-wheel drive. Okusho ukuthi, isistimu ye-4 WD ifakwe emotweni ye-front-wheel drive, evumela ukuthi i-axle yangemuva isetshenziswe kuphela njenge-axiliary. Injini no-gearbox kubekwe phambi kwemoto.
• Okwesithathu, ngokubekwa kwangemuva kweyunithi yamandla. Injini kanye nokudlulisa kutholakala kumasondo angemuva, kanti i-main drive nayo iwela ku-axle yangemuva. I-axle yangaphambili ixhunywe ngesandla nangokuzenzakalelayo.

Izinzuzo zemoto edonsa ngawo wonke amasondo

Yiqiniso, inzuzo enkulu yezimoto ezinesistimu ye-4WD yikhono labo lokuwela izwe. Ukunqoba ngaphandle komgwaqo kulula, ngenxa yokusabalalisa okunengqondo kwamandla enjini ku-asili ngayinye nesondo ngokuhlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-All-wheel drive inezinye izinzuzo eziningi:

• ukuqiniswa kokunyakaza (ngisho nalapho i-corning futhi ngesivinini esikhulu, imoto ngeke ingene ku-skid);
• akukho ukushelela;
• ikhono lokuthutha ama-trailer asindayo kunoma iyiphi indawo yomgwaqo.

Ububi bemoto edonsa ngawo wonke amasondo

Ukwenyuka kokudonsa kuthinta, okokuqala, ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli:

• ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli okuphezulu;
• ngenxa yobunzima bedivayisi, ukulungiswa kubaluleka kakhulu;
• umsindo nokudlidliza ekamelweni.

Imiphumela

Lapho uzikhethela imoto, kufanelekile ukuhlola idatha yayo yangaphandle kanye nezici zobuchwepheshe kuphela, kodwa futhi nezimo lapho izosebenza khona. Uma uhamba edolobheni, alikho iphuzu ekukhokheleni ngokweqile i-4 WD uma ukwazi ukudlula ngebhajethi yemoto edonsa ngamasondo angaphambili.

Kuyafaneleka futhi ukukhumbula izindleko zokunakekelwa kwemoto. Uma kwenzeka noma yikuphi ukukhubazeka noma ukuwohloka, akudingekile ukuthi ube nemali eyengeziwe yokulungisa, kodwa futhi ukwazi ukuthi uphendule kuphi. I-Favorit Motors inikezela ngokulungiswa okusebenzayo kanye nokulungisa zonke izinhlobo zokushayela ngamanani athengekayo.

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