Indaba emnyama. Izinkinga eziyisithupha ze-cosmological

Ukunyakaza kwezinto ngesilinganiso se-cosmic kuthobela inkolelo-mbono kaNewton endala. Kodwa-ke, ukutholakala kukaFritz Zwicky ngawo-30 kanye nokubhekwa okuningi okwalandela kwemithala ekude ezungeza ngokushesha kunalokho obekungabonisa ubukhulu bayo, kwenza izazi zezinkanyezi nezazi zefiziksi ukubala ubuningi bezinto ezimnyama, ezingenakunqunywa ngokuqondile kunoma yiluphi uhla olutholakalayo lokubuka. . kumathuluzi ethu. Lo mthethosivivinywa ubonakale uphakeme kakhulu - manje sekulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe ama-27% obunzima bomkhathi yizinto ezimnyama. Lokhu kungaphezu kokuphindwe kahlanu kunodaba "oluvamile" olutholakala esiluphawulile.

Ngeshwa, izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo azibonakali zikubona kusengaphambili ukuba khona kwezinhlayiya ezingakha lesi sisindo esiyimpicabadala. Kuze kube manje, asikwazanga ukuzibona noma ukukhiqiza imishayo enamandla amakhulu kuma-accelerator ashayisanayo. Ithemba lokugcina lososayensi kwaba ukutholakala kwama-neutrino "ayinyumba", angakha izinto ezimnyama. Nokho, kuze kube manje imizamo yokubathola nayo ayiphumelelanga.

amandla amnyama

Njengoba kwatholakala ngawo-90 ukuthi ukwanda kwendawo yonke akuhlali njalo, kodwa kuyashesha, kwakudingeka okunye okungeziwe ekubaleni, kulokhu ngamandla endaweni yonke. Kwavela ukuthi ukuchaza lokhu kusheshisa, amandla engeziwe (okungukuthi izixuku, ngoba ngokusho kwenkolelo ekhethekile yokuhlobana ziyafana) - i.e. amandla amnyama - kufanele enze cishe u-68% wendawo yonke.

Lokho kungasho ukuthi ngaphezu kwezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zendawo yonke zakhiwe ... unkulunkulu uyazi! Ngoba, njengasendabeni yento emnyama, asikwazanga ukubamba noma ukuhlola ubunjalo bayo. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi lawa amandla e-vacuum, amandla afanayo lapho izinhlayiya "eziphuma lutho" zivela ngenxa yemiphumela ye-quantum. Abanye basikisela ukuthi "i-quintessence", amandla esihlanu emvelo.

Kukhona futhi umbono wokuthi isimiso se-cosmological asisebenzi nhlobo, i-Universe ayinalutho, inokuminyana okuhlukene ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, futhi lokhu kuguquguquka kudala inkohliso yokusheshisa ukwanda. Kule nguqulo, inkinga yamandla amnyama ingaba nje inkohliso.

U-Einstein wethula emibonweni yakhe - wabe esesusa - umqondo i-cosmological njalookuhambisana namandla amnyama. Lo mqondo waqhutshekiselwa phambili ngabafundisi be-quantum mechanics abazama ukufaka esikhundleni umbono we-cosmological constant. i-quantum vacuum field energy. Nokho, lo mbono wanikeza 10¹²⁰ amandla engeziwe kunalawo adingekayo ukuze kwandiswe indawo yonke ngezinga esilaziyo...

ukwehla kwamanani

Umbono ukwehla kwamandla emali yesikhala ichaza okuningi ngokugculisayo, kodwa yethula inkinga encane (kahle, hhayi kuwo wonke umuntu omncane) - iphakamisa ukuthi esikhathini sokuqala sokuba khona kwayo, izinga layo lokukhulisa lalishesha kunejubane lokukhanya. Lokhu kungachaza ukwakheka okukhona njengamanje kwezinto zasemkhathini, izinga lokushisa lazo, amandla, njll. Nokho, iphuzu liwukuthi akukho mikhondo yalesi senzakalo sasendulo etholakele kuze kube manje.

Abacwaningi base-Imperial College London, London kanye namaNyuvesi ase-Helsinki nase-Copenhagen bachaza ngo-2014 ku-Physical Review Letters ukuthi amandla adonsela phansi anikeze kanjani ukuzinza okudingekayo ukuze indawo yonke ihlangabezane nokwehla kwamandla emali okukhulu ekuqaleni kokuthuthuka kwayo. Ithimba lihlaziye ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinhlayiya ze-Higgs namandla adonsela phansi. Ososayensi baye babonisa ukuthi ngisho nokusebenzisana okuncane kwalolu hlobo kungamisa indawo yonke futhi kusindise enhlekeleleni.

Igrafu yejubane lokuzungeza lomthala ovunguzayo i-M33

“Imodeli evamile ye- primary particle physics, ososayensi abayisebenzisayo ukuze bachaze uhlobo lwezinhlayiya eziyisisekelo nokusebenzisana kwazo, awukawuphenduli umbuzo othi kungani Umkhathi ungazange ubhidlizwe ngokushesha ngemva kokuqhuma Okukhulu,” kusho uprofesa. Artu Rajanti kusuka eMnyangweni wePhysics we-Imperial College. “Ocwaningweni lwethu, sigxile kupharamitha engaziwa ye-Standard Model, okungukuthi, ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinhlayiya ze-Higgs namandla adonsela phansi. Le parameter ayikwazi ukukalwa ekuhlolweni kwe-particle accelerator, kodwa inethonya elinamandla ekungazinzini kwezinhlayiya ze-Higgs phakathi nesigaba sokwehla kwamandla emali. Ngisho nenani elincane lale pharamitha lanele ukuchaza izinga lokusinda.”

Iwebhu yento emnyama ekhanyiswa i-quasar

Ezinye izazi zikholelwa ukuthi ukwehla kwamandla emali, uma sekuqalile, kunzima ukukumisa. Baphetha ngokuthi umphumela wako kwaba ukudalwa kwendawo yonke entsha, ehlukene ngokoqobo neyethu. Futhi le nqubo izoqhubeka kuze kube namuhla. Izinhlobonhlobo zisazala ama-universe amasha ngesivinini sokwehla kwamandla emali.

Uma sibuyela esivinini esingaguquki sesimiso sokukhanya, ezinye izazi ze-inflation zisikisela ukuthi ijubane lokukhanya, yebo, liwumkhawulo oqinile, kodwa aliwona njalo. Ekuqaleni yayiphezulu, ivumela ukwehla kwamandla emali. Manje iyaqhubeka nokuwa, kodwa kancane kangangokuthi asikwazi ukukuqaphela.

Ukuhlanganisa Ukuxhumana

Ibhalansi yamanje yento evamile, into emnyama namandla amnyama

I-Standard Model, ngenkathi ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezintathu zamandla emvelo, ayikuhlanganisi ukusebenzisana okubuthakathaka nokuqinile ukuze kugculiseke bonke ososayensi. Amandla adonsela phansi ami eceleni futhi awakwazi ukufakwa kumodeli evamile nomhlaba wezinhlayiya eziyisisekelo. Noma yimuphi umzamo wokuvumelanisa amandla adonsela phansi ne-quantum mechanics wethula okungapheli ezibalweni kangangokuthi izibalo zilahlekelwa ivelu yazo.

i-quantum theory of gravity kudinga ukuphumula ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwesisindo somzimba kanye nesisindo esingenasici, okwaziwa kusukela kumgomo wokulingana (bona isihloko: "Izimiso Eziyisithupha Zomhlaba Wonke"). Ukwephulwa kwalesi simiso kubukela phansi ukwakhiwa kwefiziksi yesimanje. Ngakho-ke, inkolelo-mbono enjalo, evula indlela yombono wamaphupho mayelana nayo yonke into, ingaphinde ibhubhise i-physics eyaziwa kuze kube manje.

Nakuba amandla adonsela phansi ebuthakathaka kakhulu ukuba angabonakali esikalini esincane sokusebenzisana kwe-quantum, kunendawo lapho eba namandla ngokwanele ukuze enze umehluko kumakhenika we-quantum phenomena. Lokhu izimbobo ezimnyama. Kodwa-ke, izigigaba ezenzeka ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwazo zisafundwa futhi zifunda kancane.

Ukusetha indawo yonke

Imodeli Ejwayelekile ayikwazi ukubikezela ubukhulu bamandla noquqaba oluvela emhlabeni wezinhlayiya. Sifunda ngalezi zibalo ngokulinganisa nokwengeza idatha kuthiyori. Ososayensi bahlala bethola ukuthi umehluko omncane nje kumanani alinganisiwe wanele ukwenza indawo yonke ibukeke yehluke ngokuphelele.

Ngokwesibonelo, inesisindo esincane kakhulu esidingekayo ukuze kugcinwe indaba ezinzile yakho konke esikwaziyo. Inani lezinto ezimnyama namandla lilinganiswe ngokucophelela ukuze kwakhiwe imithala.

Enye yezinkinga ezidida kakhulu ngokulungisa amapharamitha wendawo yonke inzuzo yendaba kune-antimatterokuvumela yonke into ukuthi ibe khona ngokuzinzile. Ngokusho kwe-Standard Model, inani elifanayo le-matter ne-antimatter kufanele likhiqizwe. Yebo, ngokombono wethu, kuhle ukuthi izinto zinenzuzo, njengoba amanani alinganayo esho ukungazinzi Kwendawo Yonke, enyakaziswa ukuqhuma okunamandla kokuqothula zombili izinhlobo zendaba.

Ukubona ngeso lengqondo ama-multiverse nama-universes akhulayo kanye nenkontileka

Inkinga yokulinganisa

Isixazululo ubukhulu izinto ze-quantum kusho ukuwa komsebenzi wamagagasi, okungukuthi "ushintsho" lwesimo sawo ukusuka kokubili (ikati lika-Schrödinger elisesimweni esinganqunyelwe "eliphilayo noma elifile") ukuya kwesisodwa (siyazi ukuthi kwenzekani ekatini).

Enye yemibono egqamile ehlobene nenkinga yokulinganisa umqondo "wemihlaba eminingi" - amathuba esikhetha kuwo lapho sikala. Imihlaba ihlukana ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngakho-ke, sinezwe lapho sibheka khona ebhokisini elinekati, kanye nezwe lapho singabheki khona ebhokisini elinekati ... Okokuqala - izwe lapho ikati lihlala khona, noma elinye. lapho angahlali khona, njll. d.

wayekholelwa ukuthi kukhona okwakungalungile ngokujulile nge-quantum mechanics, futhi umbono wakhe kwakungamelwe uthathwe kalula.

Ukusebenzisana okune okuyinhloko