Umdwebo wezobuchwepheshe nobunjiniyela kanye nokubonwa kwephrojekthi - umlando
Ngabe umdwebo wezobuchwepheshe nobunjiniyela uthuthuke kanjani kuwo wonke umlando? Isiphambano kusukela ngo-2100 BC kuze kube namuhla.
2100 amagremu - Isithombe sokuqala esilondoloziwe sento ekuboneni kukanxande, kucatshangelwa isikali esifanele. Umdwebo uboniswe esithombeni saseGudea (1lalela)) unjiniyela kanye nerula
Idolobha laseSumerian laseLagash, elisendaweni ye-Iraq yesimanje.
Ikhulu lesi-XNUMX BC - UMarcus Vitruvius Pollio ubhekwa njengoyise womdwebo wokuklama, i.e. Vitruvius, umakhi waseRoma, umakhi
izimoto zempi ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaJulius Caesar no-Octavian Augustus. Wadala okuthiwa i-Vitruvian Man - isithombe somuntu onqunu obhalwe embuthanweni nesikwele (2), efanekisela ukunyakaza (kamuva uLeonardo da Vinci wasakaza inguqulo yakhe yalo mdwebo). Waduma njengombhali wencwadi ethi On the Architecture of Ten Books, eyabhalwa phakathi kuka-20 no-10 BC futhi yaze yatholakala ngo-1415 emtatsheni wezincwadi wesigodlo sezindela saseSt. Gallen eSwitzerland. I-Vitruvius ichaza ngokuningiliziwe kokubili ama-oda we-Greek classical kanye nokuhlukahluka kwawo kwamaRoma. Izincazelo zengezwe ngemifanekiso efanele - imidwebo yasekuqaleni, nokho, ayizange igcinwe. Esikhathini sanamuhla, abalobi abaningi abadumile benza imifanekiso yalo msebenzi, bezama ukuvuselela imidwebo elahlekile.
3. Omunye wemidwebo kaGuido da Vigevano
Iminyaka ephakathi - Uma uklama izakhiwo nezingadi, kusetshenziswa izimiso zejometri - i-ad quadratum ne-ad triangulum, i.e. umdwebo ngokwesikwele noma unxantathu. Abakhi besonto lombhishobhi ngesikhathi somsebenzi benza imidwebo nemidwebo, kodwa ngaphandle kwemithetho eqinile nokumiswa. Incwadi yemidwebo yezinjini zokuvimbezela ngudokotela ohlinzayo wasenkantolo nomsunguli uGuido da Vigevano, ngo-13353) ibonisa ukubaluleka kwale midwebo yokuqala njengamathuluzi okuheha abaxhasi namakhasimende afisa ukuxhasa ngezimali ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezokwakha.
1230-1235 - Yakha i-albhamu kaVillard de Honnecourt (4). Lona umbhalo wesandla oqukethe amaphepha esikhumba angu-33 ahlanganiswe ndawonye, ububanzi obungu-15-16 cm no-23-24 cm ukuphakama. Imidwebo mayelana nezakhiwo, izakhi zezakhiwo, izithombe eziqoshiwe, abantu, izilwane kanye namadivayisi kuhambisana nezincazelo.
1335 - UGuido da Vigevano usebenza ku-Texaurus Regis Francie, ucezu oluvikela impi yenkolo eyamenyezelwa nguPhilip VI. Lo msebenzi uqukethe imidwebo eminingi yemishini yempi nezimoto, kuhlanganise nezinqola zempi, izinqola eziphefumulayo, nezinye izinto ezihlakaniphile zokuvimbezela. Nakuba impi kaPhilip ingakaze yenzeke ngenxa yempi neNgilandi, i-albhamu yezempi ka-da Vigevano yandulela futhi ilindele izakhiwo eziningi zempi zikaLeonardo da Vinci kanye nabanye abaqambi bekhulu leshumi nesithupha.
4. Ikhasi elivela ku-albhamu ethi Villara de Onnekura.
1400-1600 - Imidwebo yokuqala yezobuchwepheshe ngomqondo osondelene nemibono yesimanje, i-Renaissance yaletha ukuthuthukiswa okuningi kanye nezinguquko hhayi nje kumasu wokwakha, kodwa futhi ekuklanyeni nasekwethulweni kwamaphrojekthi.
Ikhulu le-XV - Ukutholwa kabusha kombono womdwebi u-Paolo Uccello kwasetshenziswa emdwebeni wezobuchwepheshe we-Renaissance. UFilippo Brunelleschi waqala ukusebenzisa umbono oqondile emidwebeni yakhe, okwathi okokuqala ngqa wanikeza yena nabalandeli bakhe ithuba lokumelela ngokweqiniso izakhiwo zezakhiwo kanye nemishini yemishini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imidwebo yasekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX kaMariano di Jacopo, ogama lakhe linguTaccola, ikhombisa ukusetshenziswa kombono ukuveza izinto eziqanjiwe nemishini ngokunembile. I-Taccola isebenzise imithetho yokudweba ngokucacile hhayi njengendlela yokubhala izakhiwo ezikhona, kodwa njengendlela yokuklama isebenzisa ukubonwa ephepheni. Izindlela zakhe zazihluke ezibonelweni zangaphambili zokudweba kobuchwepheshe ngu-Villard de Honnecourt, u-Abbé von Landsberg noGuido da Vigevano ekusebenziseni kwabo umbono, ivolumu kanye ne-shading. Izindlela eziqalwe yi-Taccola ziye zasetshenziswa futhi zathuthukiswa ngababhali bakamuva.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX - Imikhondo yokuqala yezici zemidwebo yesimanje yobuchwepheshe, njengokubukwa kwepulani, imidwebo yemihlangano nemidwebo enemininingwane yezingxenye, ivela ezincwadini ezidwetshiwe zikaLeonardo da Vinci ezenziwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX. ULeonardo wathola ugqozi emsebenzini wababhali bangaphambili, ikakhulukazi uFrancesco di Giorgio Martini, umakhi wezakhiwo nomklami womshini. Izinhlobo zezinto eziku-projection zikhona futhi emisebenzini yenkosi yaseJalimane yokudweba kusukela ngesikhathi sikaLeonhard Albrecht Dürer. Amasu amaningi asetshenziswa u-da Vinci ayenobuhlakani obusha ngokwezimiso zesimanje zokuklama kanye nomdwebo wobuchwepheshe. Ngokwesibonelo, wayengomunye wabokuqala owasikisela ukwenza amamodeli ezinto zokhuni njengengxenye yomklamo.
1543 - Ukuqala kokuqeqeshwa okusemthethweni kumasu okudweba. I-Venetian Academy of Arts del Disegno yasungulwa. abadwebi, abaqophi nabadwebi bezakhiwo bafundiswa ukusebenzisa amasu okuklama ajwayelekile kanye nokukhiqiza kabusha amaphethini esithombeni. Lesi sikole futhi sasibaluleke kakhulu ekulweni nezinhlelo ezivaliwe zokuqeqeshwa ezinkundleni zokucobelelana ngolwazi, ezazivame ukuphikisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinkambiso nezindinganiso ezivamile ekudwebeni kokuklama.
Ikhulu le-XVII - Imidwebo yezobuchwepheshe ye-Renaissance yayithonywe ngokuyinhloko izimiso nezimiso zobuciko, hhayi ezobuchwepheshe. Lesi simo saqala ukushintsha emakhulwini eminyaka alandela. UGerard Desargues wasebenzisa umsebenzi womcwaningi wangaphambili uSamuel Maralois ukuze akhe uhlelo lwejiyomethri eqagelayo eyasetshenziswa ukumela izinto ngezibalo ngezilinganiso ezintathu. Enye yemibono yokuqala yejiyomethri ebonakalayo, ithiyori kaDesargues, iqanjwe ngaye. Ngokuya ngejometri ye-Euclidean, uthe uma onxantathu ababili belele endizeni ngendlela yokuthi imigqa emithathu echazwe ngamapheya ahambisanayo eziqongweni zabo iqondane, khona-ke amaphuzu amathathu okuphambana kwamapheya ahambisanayo ezinhlangothi (noma izandiso zawo). ) hlala u-collinear.
1799 - Incwadi ethi "Descriptive Geometry" yesazi sezibalo saseFrance sekhulu le-XVIII uGaspard Monge (5), elungiselelwe ngesisekelo sezinkulumo zakhe zangaphambili. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuvezwa kokuqala kwejiyomethri echazayo kanye nokwenza kube semthethweni kokuboniswa emdwebeni wobuchwepheshe, lokhu kushicilelwa kubuyela emuva ekuzalweni komdwebo wesimanje wobuchwepheshe. UMonge uthuthukise indlela yejiyomethri ukuze anqume umumo wangempela wezindiza eziphambanayo zomumo owenziwe. Nakuba le ndlela ikhiqiza izithombe ezicishe zifane nemibono uVitruvius aye wayikhuthaza kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, indlela yakhe yokwenza izinto ivumela abaklami ukuba bakhe imibono elinganiselwe kunoma iyiphi i-engeli noma isiqondiso, uma kubhekwa isethi eyisisekelo yokubuka. Kodwa uMonge wayengaphezu nje kokuba isazi sezibalo esiprakthiza. Wabamba iqhaza ekudaleni lonke uhlelo lwemfundo yobuchwepheshe nokuklama, eyayisekelwe kakhulu ezimisweni zakhe. Ukuthuthukiswa komsebenzi wokudweba ngaleso sikhathi akuzange kwenziwe lula umsebenzi kaMonge kuphela, kodwa futhi nenguquko yezimboni ngokuvamile, isidingo sokwenziwa kwezingxenye ezisele kanye nokwethulwa kwezinqubo zokuklama ekukhiqizeni. I-Economics nayo yayibalulekile - isethi yemidwebo yokuklama ezimweni eziningi yenza kungadingeki ukwakha isakhiwo sento esebenzayo.
1822 Enye yezindlela ezithandwayo zokumelwa kwezobuchwepheshe, umdwebo we-axonometric, wamiswa ngokusemthethweni nguMfundisi uWilliam Farish waseCambridge ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-1822 emsebenzini wakhe wesayensi esetshenziswayo. Wachaza indlela yokukhombisa izinto ezisemkhathini onezinhlangothi ezintathu, uhlobo lokuqagela okuhambisanayo okwenza imephu yendawo endizeni kusetshenziswa isistimu yokuhlanganisa engunxande. Isici esihlukanisa i-axonometry kwezinye izinhlobo ze-parallel projection isifiso sokugcina ubukhulu bangempela bezinto ezibonisiwe okungenani indlela eyodwa ekhethiwe. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-axonometry nazo zikuvumela ukuthi ugcine izilinganiso zamakhona zihambisana nendiza ekhethiwe. UFarish wayevame ukusebenzisa amamodeli ukuze afanekise izimiso ezithile ezinkulumweni zakhe. Ukuze achaze ukuhlanganiswa kwamamodeli, wasebenzisa inqubo ye-isometric projection - ukwenza imephu yendawo enezinhlangothi ezintathu endizeni, okungenye yezinhlobo zokuqagela okufanayo. Nakuba umqondo ojwayelekile we-isometrics wawukhona ngaphambili, kwakunguFarish owaziwa kakhulu njengomuntu wokuqala ukusungula imithetho yokudweba kwe-isometric. Ngo-120, esihlokweni esithi “On Isometric Perspective,” wabhala “ngesidingo semidwebo yobuchwepheshe enembile, engenakho ukuhlanekezelwa kokubona.” Lokhu kwamholela ekubeni enze izimiso ze-isometry. I-Isometric isho "izilinganiso ezilinganayo" ngoba isikali esifanayo sisetshenziselwa ukuphakama, ububanzi nokujula. Ingqikithi yokuqagela kwe-isometric ukulinganisa ama-engeli (XNUMX°) phakathi kwepheya ngalinye lama-eksisi, ukuze ukuncishiswa kokubuka kwe-eksisi ngayinye kufane. Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, isometry isiphenduke ithuluzi elivamile lonjiniyela (6), futhi ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho i-axonometry ne-isometry zafakwa ezinhlelweni zocwaningo lwezakhiwo eYurophu nase-United States.
6. Umdwebo wezobuchwepheshe ekubukeni kwe-isometric
Ama-80's - Isenzo esisha sakamuva esilethe imidwebo yobuchwepheshe esimweni sayo samanje kwaba ukusungulwa kokuyikopisha ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ekufothopheni kuya ekwenzeni amakhophi. Inqubo yokuqala yokuzala edumile, eyethulwa ngawo-80s, kwakuyi-cyanotype (7). Lokhu kuvumele ukusatshalaliswa kwemidwebo yobuchwepheshe kuze kufike ezingeni lezindawo zokusebenzela ngazinye. Abasebenzi baqeqeshelwe ukufunda ipulani futhi kwadingeka banamathele ngokuqinile kubukhulu nokubekezelelana. Lokhu-ke kube nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni kokukhiqizwa ngobuningi, njengoba kunciphisa izidingo zezinga lobungcweti kanye nesipiliyoni somenzi womkhiqizo.
7. Ikhophi yomdwebo wobuchwepheshe
1914 - Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-1914, imibala yayisetshenziswa kakhulu emidwebeni yobuchwepheshe. Kodwa-ke, ngonyaka we-100, lo mkhuba wawusushiywe cishe yi-XNUMX% emazweni anezimboni. Imibala emidwebeni yobuchwepheshe yayinemisebenzi ehlukene-yayisetshenziselwa ukumela izinto zokwakha, yayisetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokugeleza nokunyakaza ohlelweni, futhi nje ukuhlobisa izithombe zamadivayisi nazo.
1963 - U-Ivan Sutherland, kuthesis yakhe ye-Ph.D. e-MIT, wenza i-Sketchpad yokuklama (8). Bekuwuhlelo lokuqala lwe-CAD (Compute Aided Design) olufakwe isikhombimsebenzisi esibonakalayo - uma ungalubiza kanjalo, ngoba olwakwenza kwakuwukudala imidwebo ye-xy. Ukuqamba okusha kwenhlangano okusetshenziswe ku-Sketchpad kuqalise ukusetshenziswa kohlelo olugxile entweni ezinhlelweni zesimanje ze-CAD ne-CAE (Computer Aided Engineering).
8. U-Ivan Sutherland wethula i-Sketchpad
Ama-60. – Onjiniyela abavela ezinkampanini ezinkulu njengeBoeing, Ford, Citroën kanye neGM bakha izinhlelo ezintsha zeCAD. Izindlela zokuklama ezisizwa ngamakhompiyutha nokuklama ngeso lengqondo kuba yindlela yokwenza lula amaphrojekthi ezimoto nezokundiza, futhi ukuthuthuka okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe obusha bokukhiqiza, ikakhulukazi amathuluzi omshini anokulawula izinombolo, akusho ngaphandle kokubaluleka. Ngenxa yokuntuleka okukhulu kwamandla ekhompuyutha uma kuqhathaniswa nemishini yanamuhla, ukuklama kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kwe-CAD kwakudinga amandla amaningi ezezimali nawobunjiniyela.
9. U-Porter Pierre Bezier namafomula akhe ezibalo
1968 – Ukusungulwa kwezindlela ze-XNUMXD CAD/CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) kunikezwa unjiniyela waseFrance uPierre Bézier.9). Ukuze kube lula ukuklama izingxenye namathuluzi embonini yezimoto, wasungula uhlelo lwe-UNISURF, kamuva olwaba yisisekelo sokusebenza sezizukulwane ezalandela zesofthiwe ye-CAD.
1971 - I-ADAM, i-Automated Drafting and Machining (ADAM) iyavela. Kwakuyithuluzi le-CAD elakhiwa uDkt. Patrick J. Hanratty, inkampani yakhe Yezokukhiqiza Nezokubonisana (MCS) enikezela ngesofthiwe ezinkampanini ezinkulu ezifana noMcDonnell Douglas kanye neComputervision.
Ama-80. – Inqubekelaphambili ekuthuthukisweni kwamathuluzi ekhompyutha wokumodela okuqinile. Ngo-1982, uJohn Walker wasungula i-Autodesk, umkhiqizo oyinhloko okuwuhlelo oludumile emhlabeni wonke lwe-2D AutoCAD.
1987 - I-Pro/ENGINEER ikhululiwe, imemezela ukusetshenziswa okwandisiwe kwamasu okumodela asebenzayo kanye nokubophezela kwepharamitha yokusebenza. Umkhiqizi walesi senzakalo esiyingqopha-mlando esilandelayo ekwakhiweni kwakuyinkampani yaseMelika i-PTC (Parametric Technology Corporation). I-Pro/ENGINEER yadalelwa ama-Windows/Windows x64/Unix/Linux/Solaris kanye namaphrosesa we-Intel/AMD/MIPS/UltraSPARC, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi umenzi uye wakhawulela kancane kancane inani lezinkundla ezisekelwayo. Kusukela ngo-2011, amapulatifomu asekelwayo kuphela amasistimu avela emndenini we-MS Windows.
10. Ukuklama amarobhothi ohlelweni lwesimanje lweCAD
1994 - I-Autodesk AutoCAD R13 ivela emakethe, i.е. inguqulo yokuqala yohlelo lwenkampani eyaziwayo esebenza ngamamodeli anezinhlangothi ezintathu (10). Bekungelona uhlelo lokuqala olwakhelwe ukumodela kwe-3D. Imisebenzi yalolu hlobo yathuthukiswa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-60s, kwathi ngo-1969 i-MAGI yakhipha i-SynthaVision, uhlelo lokuqala lokumodela oluqinile oluthengiswayo. Ngo-1989, i-NURBS, ukumelwa kwezibalo kwamamodeli e-3D, yaqala ukuvela ezindaweni zokusebenza ze-Silicon Graphics. Ngo-1993, i-CAS Berlin yasungula uhlelo lokulingisa lwe-NURBS lwe-PC olubizwa nge-NöRBS.
2012 - I-Autodesk 360, umklamo osuselwe efwini kanye nesoftware yokumodela, ingena emakethe.
