Iziphi izinto ezisetshenziswayo ekukhiqizeni izidumbu zemoto?

Izinto zomzimba wemoto ziyahlukahluka futhi zisetshenziselwa ukuthola izinzuzo, izimfanelo noma izici umuntu ngamunye okufanele anikele ngazo. Ngakho-ke, kujwayelekile ukuthola izingxenye, izakhiwo noma imizimba yemoto ehlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinto.

Njengomthetho, izizathu eziyinhloko ezinquma ukuba khona kwezinto ezihlukahlukene ekwenziweni komzimba yizinjongo zokufeza ukunciphisa isisindo nokwandisa amandla nokuphepha kweqoqo ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezilula kodwa ezinamandla.

Izinto eziyisisekelo zemizimba yemoto

Izinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizeni umsebenzi womzimba eminyakeni edlule zimi kanje:

•  Ama-alloys ensimbi: izinsimbi zensimbi nezingxubevange
• Ama-aluminium alloys
• Ama-alloys we-Magnesium
• Amapulasitiki nama-alloys awo, noma aqinisiwe noma cha
• Izinhlaka ze-Thermosetting ezine-fiberglass noma i-carbon
• Izibuko

Kulezi zinto ezinhlanu zomzimba wemoto, insimbi iyona esetshenziswa kakhulu, ilandelwa oplastiki, i-aluminium ne-fiberglass, manje engasasetshenziswa kakhulu kumaSUV. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwezinye izimoto ezisezingeni eliphakeme, izingxenye ze-magnesium ne-carbon fiber ziqala ukuhlanganiswa.

Mayelana nendima yento ngayinye, kubalulekile ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi insimbi ikhona ezimotweni eziningi, ikakhulukazi emabangeni aphakathi naphakathi. Futhi ezimotweni eziphakathi nohlu, ungavame ukuthola ezinye izingxenye ze-aluminium njengama-hoods njll. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma kukhulunywa ngezimoto eziphambili, izingxenye ze-aluminium zihamba phambili. Kukhona izimoto emakethe ezinemizimba ecishe yenziwe nge-aluminium, njenge-Audi TT, Audi Q7 noma Range Rover Evoque.

Kumele kuqashelwe futhi ukuthi amarimu angaba yinsimbi eyakhiwe, ehlotshiswe ngamahabhubhu enziwe ngepulasitiki noma i-aluminium noma i-magnesium alloy.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ipulasitiki ikhona ngezinga elibaluleke kakhulu ezimotweni zanamuhla (kufika ku-50% wezingxenye, kwezinye izimoto - ipulasitiki), ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi kwemoto. Ngokuqondene nezinto zomzimba wemoto, ipulasitiki ingatholakala kumabhampa angaphambili nangemuva, ama-body kits, umzimba kanye nezindlu zezibuko ezibuka ngemuva, kanye nokubunjwa nezinye izinto zokuhlobisa. Kukhona izinhlobo zeRenault Clio ezinezinsimbi zangaphambili zepulasitiki noma esinye isibonelo esingajwayelekile, njengeCitroen C4 Coupe, enamathele emnyango wangemuva, izinto zokwenziwa.

Ama-plastiki alandelwa i-fiberglass, evamise ukusetshenziselwa ukuqinisa ipulasitiki, kwakheke izinto ezihlanganayo zezinto zokwakha ezinjengama-bumpers angaphambili nangemuva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-polyester ezinzile ngokushisa noma ama-epoxy resins nawo asetshenziselwa ukwakha izinhlanganisela. Basetshenziswa ikakhulu kuzinsiza ukulungisa, yize kwezinye izinhlobo zeRenault Space umzimba wonke wenziwe ngalolu daba. Zingasetshenziswa futhi nakwezinye izingxenye zemoto, njengezifenda zangaphambili (iCitroen C8 2004), noma ingemuva (iCitroen Xantia).

Imininingwane izici nokuhlukaniswa kwezinto ezisemqoka ezisetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwemizimba

Njengoba izinto ezihlukahlukene zomzimba wemoto zingalimala futhi zidinga ukulungiswa endaweni yokusebenzela, kuyadingeka ukwazi izici zabo ukuze ulethe izinqubo zokulungisa, ukuhlanganisa kanye nokuxhuma, esimweni ngasinye esithile.

Ama-alloys ensimbi

I-ayoni, kanjalo, iyinsimbi ethambile, esindayo futhi ezwela kakhulu emiphumeleni yokugqwala nokugqwala. Naphezu kwalokhu, ukwaziswa kulula ukwakha, ukukhanga nokushisela, futhi ukonga. I-ayoni esetshenziswa njengempahla yemizimba yezimoto ihlanganiswe nephesenti elincane lekhabhoni (0,1% kuya ku-0,3%). Lawa ma-alloys aziwa ngokuthi ama-low carbon steels. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-silicon, i-manganese ne-phosphorus nayo yengezwa ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini, ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile. Kwezinye izimo, izithasiselo zinezinhloso eziqondile, ubulukhuni bensimbi buthintwa ama-alloys anephesenti elithile lezinsimbi ezifana ne-niobium, i-titanium, noma i-boron, futhi izindlela ezikhethekile zokucubungula zisetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa izici, njengokucisha noma ukushisa khiqiza izinsimbi ezinamandla noma ezinokuziphatha okucacisiwe kokushayisana.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukunciphisa ukuzwela kwe-oxidation noma ukuthuthukiswa kwezimonyo kutholakala ngokungeza iphesenti elincane le-aluminium, kanye nokuqinisa kanye nokufaka amandla noma ukukhanyisa.

Ngakho-ke, ngokwezinto ezifakiwe ekwakhiweni kwengxubevange, izinsimbi zihlukaniswa futhi zahlukaniswa ngale ndlela elandelayo:

• Insimbi, ejwayelekile noma enesitampu.
• Izinsimbi eziphakeme.
• Insimbi enamandla kakhulu.
• Izinsimbi zamandla aphezulu kakhulu: amandla aphezulu kanye nokuqina (i-Fortiform), ene-boron, njll.

Ukunquma ngokunembile ukuthi isakhi semoto senziwe ngensimbi, kwanele ukwenza isivivinyo ngozibuthe, kuyilapho uhlobo oluthile lwe-alloy lungatholakala ngokubhekisa kwimibhalo yezobuchwepheshe yomkhiqizi.

Ama-aluminium alloys

I-Aluminium iyinsimbi ethambile enamazinga amaningana aphansi ngamandla kunezinsimbi eziningi futhi ibiza kakhulu futhi kunzima ukuyilungisa kanye nokudayiswa. Nokho, kunciphisa isisindo uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi kuze kufike ku-35%. futhi ayikho ngaphansi kwe-oxidation, okuyinto ama-alloys ensimbi angenwa kalula kuyo.

I-Aluminium isetshenziswa njengezinto zemizimba yezimoto futhi ingama-alloys anezinsimbi ezifana ne-magnesium, i-zinc, i-silicon noma ithusi, futhi ingaqukatha nezinye izinsimbi ezifana ne-iron, i-manganese, i-zirconium, i-chromium noma i-titanium ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zazo zomshini. ... Uma kunesidingo, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwale nsimbi ngesikhathi sokushisela, i-scandium nayo yengezwe kuyo.

Ama-alloys e-aluminium ahlukaniswa ngokochungechunge angaphansi kwawo, ukuze wonke ama-alloys asetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yezimoto ayingxenye yochungechunge lwe-5000, 6000 kanye ne-7000.

Enye indlela yokuhlukanisa lawa ma-alloys ukuthi kungenzeka ukuqina. Lokhu kungenzeka ochungechungeni lwe-alloy engu-6000 no-7000, kuyilapho uchungechunge lwe-5000 lungekho.

Izinto zokwenziwa

Ukusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki sekukhulile ngenxa yesisindo sayo esincane, amathuba amahle wokuklama okunikezayo, ukumelana kwawo ne-oxidation nezindleko eziphansi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinkinga zayo eziyinhloko ukuthi kwehlisa ukusebenza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi kubuye kube nobunzima ngokumboza, okudinga izinqubo eziningana zokulungiselela, ukunakekelwa nokubuyiselwa.

Ama-polymers asetshenziswa embonini yezimoto aqoqwe ngale ndlela elandelayo:

• I-Thermoplastics, isibonelo, i-Polycarbonate (PC), i-Polypropylene (i-PP), i-Polyamide (i-PA), i-Polyethylene (i-PE), i-Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) noma inhlanganisela.
• I-Thermosetting efana ne-Resins, i-Epoxy resins (EP), ama-plastiki aqinise ingilazi (GRP) afana ne-PPGF30, noma izinhlaka ze-polyester ezingagcwali (UP).
• Ama-Elastomers.

Uhlobo lweplastiki lungabonakala ngekhodi lalo lokufaka ilebula, imibhalo yezobuchwepheshe noma izivivinyo ezithile.

Izibuko

Ngokwesikhundla abakuso, ingilazi yemoto ihlukaniswe yaba:

• Amawindi angemuva
• Amafasitela wangaphambili
• Amafasitela asemaceleni
• Izibuko zokuphepha

Ngokuqondene nohlobo lwengilazi, ziyehluka:

• Ingilazi laminated. Kuqukethe izingilazi ezimbili ezinamathele ndawonye nepulasitiki i-Polivinil Butiral (PVB), ehlala isongwe phakathi kwabo. Ukusetshenziswa kwefilimu kuqeda ubungozi bokuphuka kwengilazi, kuvumela ukuthinta noma ukwenza mnyama, kukhuthaza ukunamathela.
• Ingilazi omnene. Lezi yizibuko lapho ukufakwa kusetshenziswa khona ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza, kuhlanganiswe nokucindezela okunamandla. Lokhu kukhulisa kakhulu iphuzu lokwephuka, yize ngemuva kokudlula lo mkhawulo, ingilazi ihlukana izingcezu eziningi.

Ukukhonjwa kohlobo lwengilazi, kanye neminye imininingwane ngalo, kutholakala kusilika / ukumaka engilazini uqobo. Okokugcina, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi amawindi angaphambili ayisici sokuphepha esithinta ngqo umbono womshayeli, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuwagcina esesimweni esihle, awalungise noma afake amanye esikhundleni sawo uma kunesidingo, kusetshenziswa izindlela eziqinisekisiwe zokuklanywa, ukukhushulwa nokuqiniswa komenzi wengilazi.

isiphetho

Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezahlukahlukene zemizimba yezimoto kuyasanelisa isidingo sabakhiqizi sokuzivumelanisa nemisebenzi ethile yengxenye ngayinye yemoto. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imithetho eqinile yokuvikela imvelo iphoqa ukwehlisa isisindo semoto, yingakho inani lama-alloys amasha ensimbi nezinto zokwenziwa ezisetshenziswa embonini yezimoto liyakhula.