Amathangi. Iminyaka eyikhulu yokuqala, ingxenye 1
Amathangi. Iminyaka eyikhulu yokuqala, ingxenye 1
Eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, ngo-September 100, 15, emasimini asePicardy eMfuleni iSomme enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeFrance, amathangi amaningana aseBrithani aqala ukungena kule ngxabano. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ithangi lakhiwe ngendlela ehlelekile futhi kuze kube yilolu suku lidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu enkundleni yempi.
Isizathu sokuvela kwamathangi kwakuyisidingo, esazalelwa ezingxabanweni ezichitha igazi emiseleni enodaka yeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, lapho amasosha ezinhlangothi zombili echitha igazi eliningi, engakwazi ukuphuma emgodleni wezikhundla.
Impi ye-trench ayikwazanga ukuphula izindlela zokulwa ezivamile, njengezimoto ezihlomile, ezingakwazi ukungena ezicingweni zocingo oluhlabayo kanye nemisele eyinkimbinkimbi. Umshini owawukwazi ukwenza lokhu wadonsa ukunaka kowayeyiNkosi Yokuqala Yebutho Lezempi ngaleso sikhathi, uWinston S. Churchill, nakuba lokhu kwakungewona umsebenzi wakhe. Umklamo wokuqala ocatshangelwe kwakuyimoto esondweni "enemilenze", okungukuthi, izisekelo ezihambayo ezifakwe nxazonke zesondo, ezijwayele indawo. Umqondo wesondo elinjalo ungokaBrama J. Diplock, unjiniyela waseBrithani owakha ogandaganda abangekho emgwaqweni abanamasondo anjalo eNkampanini yakhe Yezokuthutha iPedrail eFulham, indawo engaphansi kweLondon. Yebo, lokhu kwakungesinye “seziphetho ezifile” eziningi; amasondo ane "legs-rails" abonakale engengcono ngaphandle komgwaqo kunamasondo ajwayelekile.
I-chassis yesibungu yaqala ukukhiqizwa ngempumelelo ngumkhandi wezinsimbi waseMaine u-Alvin Orlando Lombard (1853-1937) kumagandaganda ezolimo abakha. Ku-axle yokushayela, wafaka isethi enezibungu, futhi phambi kwemoto - esikhundleni se-axle yangaphambili - ama-skids okuqondisa. Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe, "wakhipha" 83 walaba ogandaganda umusi, wawabeka ngo 1901-1917. Wayesebenza njengesando ngoba iWaterville Iron Works yakhe eyenzelwa ngokwezifiso eWaterville, eMaine, yenza izimoto ezingaphezudlwana nje kwezinhlanu ngonyaka kuleyo minyaka eyishumi nesithupha. Kamuva, kwaze kwaba ngu-1934, "wakhiqiza" ogandaganda bezibungu zikadizili ngejubane elifanayo.
Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwezimoto ezilandelwayo kwakusahlotshaniswa ne-United States kanye nonjiniyela ababili bokuklama. Omunye wabo uBenjamin Leroy Holt (1849-1920). E-Stockton, eCalifornia, bekunefekthri encane yamasondo ezimoto ephethwe yi-Holts, i-Stockton Wheel Company, eyaqala ukukhiqiza ogandaganda bamapulazi esitimu ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-1904. NgoNovemba 1908, inkampani yethula ugandaganda wayo wokuqala olandelwa udizili, owaklanywa uBenjamin L. Holt. Lezi zimoto zazine-asili ye-torsion yangaphambili eyayithatha indawo ye-skids eyayisetshenziswa ngaphambili namasondo, ngakho-ke yayingamathrekhi ayingxenye njengamathrekhi akamuva. Ngo-XNUMX kuphela, kwathengwa ilayisense enkampanini yaseBrithani i-Richard Hornsby & Sons, ngokusho ukuthi isisindo sonke somshini sawela ku-chassis elandelwayo. Njengoba indaba yokulawula umehluko wokushayela phakathi kwamathrekhi angakwesokunxele nakwesokudla ingazange ixazululwe, izinkinga zokujika zixazululwe kusetshenziswa i-asi yangemuva enamasondo ashayayo, ukuchezuka kwayo okuphoqe imoto ukuthi ishintshe indlela. .
Ngokushesha ukukhiqizwa kwase kuhamba kahle. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe I, iHolt Manufacturing Company yahlinzeka ngogandaganda abalandelwa umkhondo abangaphezu kuka-10 abathengwe amabutho aseBrithani, eMelika nawaseFrance. Le nkampani, eyaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi iHolt Caterpillar Company ngo-000, yaba inkampani enkulu enezitshalo ezintathu e-United States. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi igama lesiNgisi lesibungu "ithrekhi" - okungukuthi, umgwaqo, umzila; isibungu siwuhlobo lomgwaqo ongapheli, olokhu ujikeleza ngaphansi kwamasondo emoto. Kodwa umthwebuli wezithombe wenkampani uCharles Clements waqaphela ukuthi ugandaganda kaHolt wawukhasa njengesibungu - isibungu sovemvane oluvamile. Lokho kusho "unwabu" ngesiNgisi. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi igama lenkampani lashintshwa futhi kwavela isibungu kuphawu lokuhweba, futhi isibungu.
