Amaqhinga omkhumbi-ngwenya e-Battle of the Atlantic 1939-1945. ingxenye 2
IsiJalimane "Inkomo Yobisi" (uhlobo XIV) - U 464 - kusukela ngo-1942, e-Atlantic, ihlinzeka ngeminye imikhumbi-ngwenya ngamafutha, ama-torpedoes nokudla.
Ukujoyina impi yase-United States kwashintsha kakhulu isithombe se-Battle of the Atlantic. Imikhumbi-ngwenya yaseJalimane ethatha uhambo olude engxenyeni yokuqala ka-1942 yaphumelela kakhulu ngasogwini lwaseMelika, isebenzisa ukuntula ulwazi kwabaseMelika ekulweni nezikebhe ze-U. Ezimpini ze-convoy phakathi ne-Atlantic, nokho, "i-Grey Wolves" yayingelula kangako. Ngenxa yamandla akhulayo okuphelezelwa kanye nokusabalala kwama-radar angcono nangcono afakwe emikhunjini engaphezulu kanye nezindiza ezihlangene, kwakudingeka ukushintsha amaqhinga ekuhlaselweni kwemikhumbi.
Kakade maphakathi no-December 1941, u-Dönitz wenza icebo lokuhlasela kokuqala kwe-U-boat ogwini olusempumalanga ye-United States neCanada. Wayenethemba lokuthi abantu baseMelika abanalo ulwazi lokulwa nemikhumbi yakhe nokuthi imikhumbi-ngwenya yohlobo IX ethunyelwa kula manzi izophumelela impela. Kwavela ukuthi wayeqinisile, kodwa kwakungase kube ngenye indlela, ngoba kuze kube sekupheleni kukaJanuwari 1942, izazi ze-cryptologists zaseBrithani zalandela ukunyakaza kwama-U-boats aseJalimane olwandle. Baxwayisa umyalo waseMelika mayelana nokuhlasela okuhleliwe kwamaJalimane, baze basho ukuthi kufanele kulindelwe nini futhi kuphi kanye nokuthi yimiphi imikhumbi yaseJalimane eyayizobamba iqhaza kukho.
I-HMS Hesperus - omunye wababhubhisi baseBrithani abalwa e-Atlantic ngemikhumbi-ngwenya yaseJalimane.
Kodwa-ke, u-Admiral Ernest King ophethe ukuvikela indawo wayeziqhenya kakhulu ukuba abuze abaseBrithani abanolwazi ukuthi bangazivikela kanjani ngokuphumelelayo ngezikebhe ze-U emanzini angashoni angasogwini. Eqinisweni, izikhulu ezingaphansi kweNkosi azenzanga lutho olungavimbela amaJalimane ukuba ahlasele eduze kwamachweba aseMelika abaluleke kakhulu, nakuba babenenyanga yokwenza lokho kusukela impi iqalile.
Kwakungenzeka ukumisa izizinda zamabhomu ngendlela yokuthi izimayini zibe yingozi kuphela kuma-U-Boats, abekwe ekujuleni okungamamitha angu-15 nangaphansi, kuyilapho imikhumbi izodlula ngokuphepha phezu kwazo. Inkosi ingaphinda ibeke umthetho othi okungenani ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yababhubhisi abakhona kufanele ijutshwe ukuthi iphelezele ama-convoys asogwini1, ngoba ngemva kokusuka emachwebeni, kwadingeka ukuthi kwakhiwe amaqembu emikhumbi okungenani ezindaweni eziyingozi kakhulu (ikakhulukazi eduze namachweba) eduze kwamachweba. ugu futhi wabanikeza ikhava yesibhubhisi noma enye iyunithi yokugada kanye nokuhlinzeka ngekhava yokudlula kwalezi zinqola ngendiza eyodwa. Izikebhe ze-U zazizohlasela kulawa manzi ngamanye futhi kude kakhulu komunye nomunye, ngakho ukuzivikela okunjalo kuphela kunganciphisa kakhulu ukulahlekelwa. Ngeshwa, lapho umsebenzi wamaJalimane uqala, imikhumbi yasuka yaya emanzini asogwini iyodwa futhi i-U-Boats yayikwazi ukucwilisa ngisho nangezikhali ezigibele ngemva kokuvinjwa. Kwakungekho futhi ukunakekelwa ogwini lwaseMelika (nasezikhumulweni ngokwazo) ukwethula ukucisha ugesi, okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwaba lula kubaphathi be-U-boat ukuhlasela ebusuku, ngoba imikhumbi yayibona kahle kakhulu ngokumelene nezibani zasogwini. Futhi izindiza ezimbalwa ezazitholakala kubantu baseMelika (ekuqaleni eziyi-100) zazingenawo ngisho nezindleko ezijulile ngaleso sikhathi!
Ngakho-ke, imikhumbi-ngwenya emihlanu yohlobo lwe-IX (U 123, U 66, U 109, U 130 kanye no-U 125) ayizange ibhekane neze nokuphikiswa lapho, ngoJanuwari 14, 1942, amanzi aseCanada esuka ogwini oluseningizimu yeNova Scotia eduze naseCape Breton Island. , lapho imikhumbi nezindiza ezimbalwa zaseCanada zahlasela khona ngendlela eyingozi. Noma kunjalo, ukuqala kwe-Operation Paukenschlag kwaba yimpumelelo enkulu kumaJalimane. Bacwilisa imikhumbi engu-2 enamandla angu-23 150 GRT futhi balimaza eminye emi-510 (2 15 GRT) ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngokwabo. UDönitz, azi manje ukuthi imikhumbi yakhe yayingeke ijeziswe kula manzi okwamanje, wahlela "amagagasi" amasha, okungukuthi amaqembu amasha namakhudlwana e-U-boats, eqhubeka nezenzo eziphumelelayo kakhulu (lapho iqembu elilodwa libuyela ezisekelweni zaseFrance ngemuva kokugijima. ngaphandle kukaphethiloli kanye nama-torpedoes, bekukhona ukushintshwa kwawo). Emini, izikebhe ze-U zehlela ekujuleni okungamamitha angu-192 kuya ku-45 futhi zazilele olwandle amakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka emigwaqweni yemikhumbi, zibuya ebusuku, ziqhubeka nokuhlasela kwazo. Imizamo yokulwa nemikhumbi yaseMelika engxenyeni yokuqala ka-135 ayizange iphumelele. Babegada izingxenye ezimisiwe zogu bebodwa njalonjalo kangangokuthi abaphathi bezikebhe zakwa-U babeka amawashi abo ngokuvumelana nawo futhi babekwazi ukugwema ukulwa nawo kalula, noma babengahlasela ngokwabo umkhumbi ongaphezulu osondelayo. Yile ndlela umbhubhisi u-USS Jacob Jones acwiliswa ngayo, wadutshulwa ngoFebhuwari 1942, 28 umkhumbi-ngwenya waseJalimane u-U 1942.
Engxenyeni yokuqala ka-1942, ama-U-Boats acwilisa amayunithi angama-203 anamandla angu-1 GRT kuwo wonke amanzi, kanti amaJalimane alahlekelwa imikhumbi engu-133. Ababili kubo (U 777 kanye no-U 12) bacwilisa izindiza nabasebenzi baseMelika ngoMashi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umbhubhisi u-USS Roper wacwilisa i-U-boat yokuqala (U 656) eduze kwaseNyakatho Carolina ngo-April 503, 85. AmaBrithani, ekuqaleni ayesaba ukuntuleka kwamakhono amaMelika okuvikela ugu lwawo oluseMpumalanga, ekugcineni abathumela. usizo ngo-March 14 ngendlela yama-corvettes angu-1942 nama-trawlers angu-1942, nakuba babeyidinga ngokwabo le mikhumbi. U-Admiral King ekugcineni wancengwa ukuthi ethule ama-convoys phakathi kweNew York neHalifax naphakathi kwe-Key West neNorfolk. Imiphumela yafika ngokushesha okukhulu. Ukucwila kwemikhumbi kwehle kusuka ku-10 ngo-Ephreli kuya ku-24 ngoMeyi kanye no-zero ngoJulayi. I-U-boats yathuthela emanzini aseGulf of Mexico kanye nogu lwaseNingizimu Melika kanye nesifunda saseCaribbean, ibiza ngokuthi "i-U-boat paradise" entsha ngoba yayisaphumelela kakhulu lapho. Engxenyeni yesibili ka-24, imikhumbi-ngwenya yaseJalimane yacwilisa amayunithi angama-5 anamandla angu-1942 GRT kuzo zonke izindawo ze-Atlantic nezilwandle eziseduze. Izikebhe ezi-U-328 zacwila empini, kuhlanganise nezimbili emanzini aseMelika.
Engxenyeni yesibili ye-1942, ukuhlasela kwe-U-boat ogwini olusempumalanga yaseMelika kwaqhubeka, futhi amaJalimane akwazi ukunweba ukusebenza kwawo olwandle phakathi nalesi sikhathi, njengoba ethola amandla okufaka uphethiloli, ama-torpedoes kanye nokudla okuvela kuhlobo lwe-XIV yezimpahla ezingaphansi kwamanzi, eyaziwa ngokuthi "Izinkomo Zobisi". Noma kunjalo, ukuzivikela kwamaMelika ogwini lwawo kwaqiniswa kancane kancane, ikakhulukazi amandla okuzulazula kwezindiza kanye nokulahlekelwa kwamaJalimane kancane kancane kwaqala ukwanda, njengoba kwenza imisebenzi e-Atlantic, ikakhulukazi ezimpini ze-convoy.
