Ukwakhiwa kwezimoto zesikole sokushayela

Izingxenye ezisemqoka ezine-unhlangothi uphethiloli injini

Izingxenye ezingaguquki: ikhanda le-cylinder, i-cylinder block, i-crankcase, amasilinda, i-pan yamafutha.

Izingxenye ezihambayo: 1. indlela yokwenza crankhaft, crankshaft, induku yokuxhuma, ipiston, amasongo e-piston, iphini le-piston, ama-seuse fuses. Indlela yesibili yesikhathi: i-camshaft, ama-pusher, iziqu ze-valve, izingalo ze-rocker, ama-valve, iziphethu zokubuyisa.

Ukusebenza kwenjini yokushaywa unhlangothi ezine

Isikhathi sokuqala: ukumunca: i-piston isuka endaweni efile ephezulu (DHW) iye endaweni ephansi efile (DHW), i-valve yokungena yegumbi elivuthayo iyingxube yokungenisa uphethiloli nomoya.

Isikhathi sesi-2: ukuminyaniswa: i-piston ibuya kusuka ku-DHW iye kwi-DHW futhi ingxube yokudonsa icindezelwe. Ama-valve wokungena nawokukhipha avaliwe.

Okwesithathu: ukuqhuma: ingxube ecindezelweyo ishiswa wumthamo wamandla aphezulu kusuka ku-spark plug, ukuqhuma kwenzeka futhi ngasikhathi sinye, amandla enjini akhiqizwa, lapho i-piston idudulwa ngamandla amakhulu kusuka ku-DH kuya ku-DHW, i-crankshaft Izungeza ngaphansi kwengcindezi kusilinda.

Isikhathi se-4: ukukhipha: i-piston ibuya kusuka ku-DH iye kwi-DH, i-valve yokukhipha ivulekile, imikhiqizo yomlilo iphoqelelwa emoyeni ngepayipi lokukhipha.

Umehluko phakathi kokushaywa unhlangothi okune nokushaywa unhlangothi

ezine-stroke injini: imivimbo emine ye-piston yenziwa, wonke amahora omsebenzi wenziwa ku-piston, i-crankshaft yenza izinguquko ezimbili, inomshini we-valve, i-lubrication ingcindezi.

injini enama-stroke amabili: amahora amabili omsebenzi wenziwa ngesikhathi esisodwa, eyokuqala iwukuncela nokucindezelwa, eyesibili ukuqhuma kanye ne-exhaust, amahora okusebenza enziwa ngenhla nangaphansi kwepiston, i-crankshaft iqeda ukuphenduka okukodwa, ukusatshalaliswa kwesiteshi, ukuthambisa kuyingxube yayo kawoyela, uphethiloli nomoya.

Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-OHV

I-camshaft itholakala endaweni yenjini. Ama-valve (i-inlet kanye ne-outlet) alawulwa yiziphakamisa, iziqu ze-valve nezingalo ze-rocker. Ama-valve avaliwe yiziphethu ezibuyayo. I-camshaft drive iyisixhumanisi seketanga. Ohlotsheni ngalunye lwesikhathi se-valve, i-crankshaft ijikeleza izikhathi ezi-2 futhi i-camshaft ijikeleza isikhathi esingu-1.

Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-OHC

Ngokwesakhiwo, kulula. I-camshaft itholakala ekhanda lesilinda futhi ama-cams ayo alawula ngqo izingalo ze-rocker. Ngokungafani nokusatshalaliswa kwe-OHV, azikho iziqu zokuphakamisa kanye neziqu ze-valve. Idrayivu yenziwe nge-crankshaft ngokusebenzisa iketanga lokuxhumanisa noma ibhande lamazinyo.

Isehlukaniso 2 OHC

Inama-camshafts amabili atholakala ekhanda lesilinda, elinye lawo lilawula ukungena kanye namanye ama-valve wokukhipha. Idrayivu iyafana nokuhanjiswa kwe-OHC.

Izinhlobo ze-axle

ngaphambili, ngemuva, maphakathi (uma kusebenza), kuqhutshwa, kuqhutshwa (ukudluliswa kwamandla ka-injini), kuqondiswe, kungalawulwa.

Ukushisa kwebhethri

Inhloso: ukufaka ingxube ecindezelwe ngesikhathi esifanele.

Izingxenye eziyinhloko: ibhethri, ibhokisi lokuhlangana, ikhoyili yokungeniswa, umhambisi, isekhethi lesifunda, i-capacitor, izintambo zamandla aphezulu, ama-spark plugs.

Ukusebenza: ngemuva kokuvula ukhiye ebhokisini lokuhlangana futhi unqamule i-voltage (12 V) ekushintsheni, le voltage isetshenziswa ekushayweni okuyinhloko kwekhoyili yokungeniswa. I-voltage ephezulu (efinyelela ku-20 000 V) idonswa ekushayweni kwesibili, okusatshalaliswa phakathi kwama-spark plugs ngokulandelana kwe-1-3-4-2 kusetshenziswa ingalo ehlukanisayo kusihlukanisi ngezintambo ezinamandla amakhulu. I-capacitor isebenza ukuvikela ukutubeka koxhumana nabo beswishi futhi isuse amandla amaningi.

ibhethri

Kungumthombo oqhubekayo kagesi emotweni yakho.

Izingxenye eziyinhloko: ukupakisha, ama-positive (+) namaseli (-) amaseli, amapuleti okuhola, izikhala, ukuphela kwebhethri okuhle nokubi. Amaseli afakwa ku-electrolyte esikhwameni (ingxube ye-sulfuric acid enamanzi acwecwe ngobuningi be-28 kuye ku-32 Be).

Isondlo: ukufaka phezulu ngamanzi acwecwe amanzi, inhlanzeko nokuqinisa ukuxhumana okuhle nokubi.

Ikhoyili yokungeniswa

Isetshenziselwa ukuguqula (ukuguqula) i-12 V yamanje ibe namandla aphezulu kuze kufike ku-20 000 V. Inecala, i-windings eyinhloko kanye neyesibili, ingqikithi yensimbi kanye nenhlanganisela yokubumba.

Okuhlukahlukene

Isetshenziselwa ukusabalalisa amandla kagesi aphezulu kuma-spark plugs ngamanye ngesikhathi esifanele ukuze kugcinwe injini isebenza njalo nangokushelela. Umsabalalisi uqhutshwa yi-camshaft. Ishafti yokusabalalisa iphetha ngamakhamera alawula i-lever ehambayo (contact) yeswishi, lapho i-voltage engu-12 V iphazamiseka, futhi ngesikhathi sokuphazamiseka i-voltage ephezulu ifakwa kukhoyili yokungeniswa, ethwalwa ngekhebula ukuya. umsabalalisi. Lapha i-voltage isakazwa emakhandleleni. Ingxenye yokusabalalisa i-capacitor, esebenza ukuvimbela ukushiswa koxhumana nabo be-switch. Enye ingxenye isilawuli se-vacuum centrifugal. Ngokuya ngengcindezi yokumunca endaweni edonsayo kanye nesivinini senjini, zilawula isikhathi sokuvutha lapho isivinini senjini sikhuphuka.

Izinto ezisebenza ngogesi emotweni

ukuqala (ithuluzi elikhulu kunawo wonke), amalambu okuqala, amalambu okuxwayisa nawokuxwayisa, uphondo, ama-wiper ewindow, ilambu eliphathekayo, umsakazo, njll.

Isiqalo

Inhloso: ukuqala injini.

Imininingwane: stator, Rotor, stator emazombezombe, commutator, ikhoyili kagesi, igiya, igiya imfoloko.

Umgomo wokusebenza: lapho kusetshenziswa i-voltage kukoyilo lwekhoyili, umnyombo we-electromagnet udonselwa kwekhoyili. Iphini lifakwa eringini lamazinyo le-flywheel kusetshenziswa ijoka le-pinion. Lokhu kuvala oxhumana naye we-rotor, osebenzisa i-starter.

Umkhiqizi

Injongo: umthombo wamandla kagesi emotweni. Ngenkathi injini isebenza, inika amandla kuzo zonke izinto zikagesi ezisetshenziswayo futhi ishaja ibhethri ngasikhathi sinye. Iqhutshwa kusuka ku-crankshaft usebenzisa i-V-belt. Ikhiqiza ukushintshana kwamanje, okulungiswa kumbane oqhubekayo ngama-diode wokulungisa.

Imininingwane: stator ne emazombezombe, Rotor ne emazombezombe, rectifier diode, ibhethri, carbon umzingeli, fan.

dynamo

Sebenzisa njengenye indlela. Umehluko ukuthi unikeza okuqhubekayo njengamanje, unamandla amancane.

Amakhandlela kagesi

Inhloso: ukushisa ingxube emuncele futhi icindezelwe.

Izingxenye: i-electrode enhle nengakhi, i-ceramic insulator, intambo.

Isibonelo sokuqokwa: N 14-7 - N intambo evamile, ububanzi bentambo engu-14, amapulagi akhanyayo angu-7.

Izinhlobo zokupholisa

Inhloso: ukususwa kokushisa okweqile enjinini nokuqinisekisa ukushisa kokusebenza kwayo.

i-liquid: isebenzela ukususa ukushisa, okudalwa ngenxa yokungqubuzana kwezingxenye zokuhlikihla zenjini nokususwa kokushisa ngesikhathi sokushisa (ukuqhuma). Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa amanzi acwecwe, futhi ebusika - i-antifreeze. Ilungiswa ngokuxuba amanzi acwecwe ne-antifreeze coolant (Fridex, Alycol, Nemrazol). Isilinganiso sezingxenye sincike endaweni yokuqandisa oyifunayo (isb. -25°C).

umoya: 1. okusalungiswa, 2. okuphoqelelwe: a) isikhala, b) ukucindezelwa ngokweqile.

Izingxenye zohlelo lokupholisa: irediyetha, impompo yamanzi. ibhantshi lamanzi, i-thermostat, inzwa yokushisa, i-thermometer, amapayipi namapayipi, umgodi wokukhipha amanzi.

Ukusebenza: ngemva kokuguqula injini, iphampu yamanzi (eqhutshwa yi-crankshaft ngokusebenzisa i-V-belt) isebenza, umsebenzi wawo uwukujikeleza uketshezi. Lolu ketshezi luzungeza lapho injini ibanda kuphela engxenyeni ehlukene yenjini kanye nekhanda le-cylinder. Uma ishisisa kufika cishe ku-80°C, i-thermostat ivula ukugeleza koketshezi ngevalvu ukuya endaweni epholile, lapho iphampu yamanzi impompa khona uketshezi olupholile. Lokhu kuphusha uketshezi olushisayo luphume kusilinda lungene kurediyetha. I-thermostat yakhelwe ukugcina izinga lokushisa elingaguquki lokusebenza lesipholisi (80-90°C).

Geza

Injongo: gcoba izingxenye ezihambayo nezindawo zokungqubuzana, kupholile, kusayine, kugeze ukungcola futhi kuvikele izingxenye ezihambayo ekugqobeni.

I-pressure lubrication: eyenziwa ngamafutha enjini. Indawo kawoyela igcina iphampu yegiya edonsa uwoyela ngobhasikidi wokumunca bese icindezela izingxenye ezihambayo (i-crank-timing mechanism) ngamashaneli okuthambisa. Ngemuva kwephampu yegiya kunevalvu yokukhulula evikela ikhithi yokugcoba ekucindezelweni okuphezulu kuwoyela awugqinsi, abandayo. Amafutha aphoqwa ngesicoci samafutha (isihlungi) esibamba ukungcola. Enye imininingwane inzwa yomfutho kawoyela ene-alamu kuphaneli yensimbi. Amafutha asetshenziselwa ukugcoba abuyiselwa epanini likawoyela. Amafutha enjini kancane kancane alahlekelwa izakhiwo zawo zokugcoba, ngakho-ke kufanele ashintshwe ngemva kokugijima kwe-15 kuya ku-30 km ayizinkulungwane (okunqunywe umenzi). Ukushintshwa kwenziwa ngemva kokushayela, kuyilapho injini isafudumele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, udinga ukufaka esikhundleni sokuhlanza amafutha.

Gcoba: Isetshenziswa ezinjini ezinama-stroke amabili. Kumele sengeze kuphethiloli wenjini kaphethiloli owenzelwe izinjini zikaphethiloli ezinama-stroke amabili, ngesilinganiso esiboniswe ngumenzi (isibonelo, 1:33, 1:45, 1:50).

Futha ukuthambisa: Uwoyela ufuthwa ezingxenyeni ezihambayo.

Uhlelo lokushayela imoto

Imininingwane: injini, i-clutch, u-gearbox, u-propeller shaft, u-gearbox, umehluko, ama-asi, amasondo. Amandla adluliselwa ngezingxenye eziqanjiwe futhi imoto iyaqhutshwa. Uma injini, bamba, ukudluliswa nokwehluka kuxhunywe ndawonye, ayikho i-PTO shaft.

Ukuxhumana

Inhloso: kusetshenziselwa ukudlulisa amandla enjini kusuka enjini kuya ku-gearbox nasekucimeni kwesikhashana, kanye nokuqala okuthambile.

Imininingwane: i-clutch pedal, i-clutch cylinder, i-lever eyodwa, ukukhululwa kokuthwala, ukukhulula izixhumo, iziphethu zokuminyanisa, ipuleti lengcindezi elinolwelwesi, isihlangu se-clutch. Ipuleti lengcindezi bamba itholakala ku-flywheel, exhunywe ngokuqinile ku-crankshaft. Nqamula futhi uhlanganyele i-clutch ne-pedal bamba.

Ukudluliswa kokutheleleka

Injongo: isebenza ngokusetshenziswa kahle kwamandla enjini. Ngokushintsha amagiya, imoto ingahamba ngejubane elihlukile ngesivinini senjini njalo, inqobe isimo esibi lapho ushayela, iya phambili, emuva nasemajubane angasebenzi.

Imininingwane: i-gearbox, idrayivu, imiphini eqhutshwa kanye naphakathi, amagiya, amagiya ahlehlayo, izimfoloko ezihambisa, ukulawula isigwedlo, ukugcwaliswa kukawoyela.

I-Gearbox

Inhloso: ukusabalalisa amandla emoto kumasondo e-ekseli lokushayela.

Imininingwane: u-gearbox, igiya, isondo lediski.

Refueling: uwoyela wokudlulisa.

Ukwehluka

Inhloso: Isetshenziselwa ukwahlukanisa ijubane lamasondo angakwesokunxele nangakwesokudla lapho ujika khona. Kuhlala kuphela ku-axle drive.

Izinhlobo: tapered (abagibeli izimoto), ngaphambili (amanye amaloli)

Izingxenye: izindlu ezehlukene = ikheji elihlukanisayo, isathelayithi kanye nezixhobo zeplanethi.

Uhlelo lwe-Fuel lwenjini kaphethiloli

Inhloso: ukuletha uphethiloli ku-carburetor.

Imininingwane: ithangi, i-fuel cleaner, i-diaphragm pump fuel fuel, i-carburetor.

Iphampu kaphethiloli iqhutshwa yi-camshaft. Ukuhambisa ipompo kusuka phezulu kuye ezansi, uphethiloli uyamunzwa ethangini futhi, uma ulinyusa, uphusha uphethiloli ungene egumbini le-carburetor's float. Ithangi likaphethiloli lifakwe iflothi elithola izinga likaphethiloli ethangini.

Ukuhamba okuphoqelelwe (ithangi lehlisiwe, i-carburetor up).

Ngamandla adonsela phansi (tank up, carburetor phansi isithuthuthu).

Carburetor

Inhloso: kusetshenziselwa ukulungisa ingxube yomoya-uphethiloli ngesilinganiso esingu-1: 16 (uphethiloli 1, umoya 16).

Imininingwane: ikamelo lokuntanta, iflothi, inaliti yeflothi, ikamelo lokuxuba, i-diffuser, umbhobho omkhulu, umlomo ongasebenzi, ibhomu le-accelerator ****, i-valve mpintsha, impintsha.

I-Sytic

Lokhu kuyingxenye ye-carburetor. Isetshenziselwa ukucebisa ingxube lapho kuqala injini endaweni ebandayo. I-throttle isebenza nge-lever noma nge-othomathikhi uma ifakwe isiphethu se-bimetallic, esivula ngokuzenzekelayo ngemuva kokupholisa.

Ipompo ye-Accelerator ****

Lokhu kuyingxenye ye-carburetor. Ibhomu le-accelerator lixhunywe ku-pedator ye-accelerator. Isetshenziselwa ukucebisa ingxube ngokushesha lapho ipedali ye-accelerator icindezelekile.

Ukubusa

Injongo: hambisa imoto ngendlela efanele.

Izingxenye: isiteringi, ikholomu yokuqondisa, igiya lokuqondisa, ingalo enkulu yokuqondisa, induku yokuqondisa, isigwedlo sokuqondisa amandla, amalunga ebhola.

isidumbu
isikulufa
isikulufa

amabhuleki

Inhloso: ukunciphisa ijubane nokumisa imoto ngokuphepha, ukuyivikela ekuzinyakaziseni.

Ngokuqokwa:

isisebenzi (sithinta wonke amasondo)
ukupaka (kuphela ngamasondo e-asi engemuva)
isimo esiphuthumayo (ibhuleki yokupaka isetshenzisiwe)
indawo (amaloli kuphela)

On ukulawula amasondo:

umhlathi (isigubhu)
shayela

Ukubopha umfutholuketshezi

Isetshenziswa njenge-brake service, kungukubhoboza unyawo lwesifunda okubili.

Imininingwane: i-brake pedal, i-master cylinder, i-brake fluid reservoir, amapayipi, amasilinda amabhuleki amasondo, amapayipi amabhuleki anezindwangu, isigubhu samabhuleki (amasondo angemuva), ibhuleki lediski (lamasondo angaphambili), isihlangu sebhuleki.

Ukubopha mechanical

Isetshenziswa njenge-brake yokupaka, eqhutshwa ngesandla, isebenza kuphela kumasondo e-axle angemuva, isebenza njenge-brake ephuthumayo.

Imininingwane: i-lever brake lever, induku yokuphepha, izimoto zekhebula ezinezintambo zensimbi, i-brake shoe tensioner.

Izinto zokuhlanza umoya

Injongo: kusetshenziselwa ukuhlanza umoya wokungenisa ku-carburetor.

Okomile: iphepha, uzizwe.

Okumanzi: iphakethe liqukethe uwoyela obamba ukungcola, futhi umoya ohlanziwe ungene ku-carburetor. Ama-ejenti wokuhlanza angcolile kufanele ahlanzwe futhi afakwe amanye kamuva.

Ukumiswa

Injongo: ihlinzeka ukuthintana njalo kwesondo nomgwaqo futhi kudlulise kalula ukungalingani komgwaqo emzimbeni.