Isiqalisi asisebenzi

Lapho usebenzisa izimoto, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi hlobo luni lwenjini efakiwe, ukungasebenzi okuvamile ukwehluleka kwesiqalisi, ngenxa yalokho okungenakwenzeka ukuqala injini ngemva kokuvulwa komlilo. Ngamanye amazwi, i-starter yemoto ayiphenduli lapho ukhiye uvuliwe ekuthutheni. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ngemva kokuvula ukhiye, esikhundleni sokuguqula i-crankshaft yenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi, i-starter ithule ngokuphelele, i-buzzes noma ukuchofoza, kodwa ayiqali injini. Okulandelayo, sizocabangela ukungasebenzi okuyinhloko, lapho isiqalisi singaphenduli nganoma iyiphi indlela ekuphenduleni ukhiye ekushiseni, kanye nezinye izizathu ezingaholela ekuhlulekeni kwesiqalisi.

Kungani isiqalisi singasebenzi?

I-automotive starter motor iyinjini kagesi esebenza ngebhethri eklanyelwe ukuqala injini kaphethiloli noma yedizili. Ngakho-ke, le divayisi ibonakala kokubili ukwehluleka kwemishini kanye nezinkinga kumasekhethi okuphakela amandla noma izinkinga endaweni yokuxhumana. Uma isiqalisi semoto singaphenduli ekuphenduleni ukhiye ekuthungeleni futhi singenzi imisindo (ngezinkinga ezithile, ukuchofoza isiqalisi noma umsindo), khona-ke ukuhlolwa kufanele kuqale ngokulandelayo:

• nquma ubuqotho bokushajwa kwebhethri (ibhethri);
• ukuxilonga iqembu lokuxhumana leswishi yokushisa;
• hlola i-traction relay (retractor)
• hlola ukusebenza kwe-bendix kanye ne-starter ngokwayo;

Iqembu lokuxhumana leswishi yokuthungela lingahlolwa ngokushesha okukhulu. Ukuze wenze lokhu, vele ufake ukhiye bese uvule ukuthungela. Ukukhanyisa izinkomba kudeshibhodi kuzobonisa ngokucacile ukuthi iyunithi yokuthungela isesimweni sokusebenza, okungukuthi, iphutha ekushintsheni kokushisa kufanele lilungiswe kuphela uma izinkomba ezikhonjisiwe kudeshibhodi ziphuma ngemva kokuvula ukhiye.

Uma usola ibhethri, kuyokwanela ukuvula ubukhulu noma amalambu, bese uhlola ukukhanya kwama-bulb kudeshibhodi, njll. Amathuba aphezulu okukhishwa kwebhethri okujulile. Kufanele futhi uhlole amatheminali ebhethri kanye nokuya emzimbeni noma injini. Ukuthintwa okunganele noma okungekho kumatheminali aphansi noma intambo kuzoholela ekuvuzeni okukhulu kwamanje. Ngamanye amazwi, isiqalisi ngeke sibe namandla anele ebhethri ukuqalisa injini.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ngokukhethekile ikhebula "negative" eliphuma ebhethrini futhi lixhuma emzimbeni wemoto. Inkinga evamile ukuthi ukuxhumana nomhlabathi kungase kungapheli ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa ngemvamisa ethile. Ukuyiqeda, kunconywa ukuthi unqamule umhlabathi endaweni yokunamathisela emzimbeni, uhlanze othintana naye kahle bese uzama ukuqala injini futhi.

Ukuze uhlole ibhethri yemoto ngezandla zakho, udinga ukususa i-terminal negative, ngemva kwalokho i-voltage emiphumeleni yebhethri ikalwa nge-multimeter. Inani elingaphansi kuka-9V lizobonisa ukuthi ibhethri iphansi futhi idinga ukushajwa kabusha.

Ukuchofoza izici lapho uzama ukuqalisa injini, okubuye kuhambisane nokuncipha okuphawulekayo kokukhanya noma ukucisha ngokuphelele izibani kudeshibhodi, kubonisa ukuthi i-solenoid relay iyachofoza. I-relay ecacisiwe ingachofoza kokubili uma kwenzeka kuphuma ibhethri, futhi ngenxa yokungasebenzi kahle kwe-retractor noma isiqalisi.

Ezinye izizathu zokuthi kungani isiqalisi singase singaphenduli ekukhanyiseni umlilo

Kwezinye izimo, kukhona ukungasebenzi kahle kwezinhlelo zokulwa nobugebengu zemoto (i-alamu yemoto, i-immobilizer). Amasistimu anjalo avele avimbe ukunikezwa kwamandla kagesi kusiqalisi ngemuva kokuhlakazeka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuxilongwa kubonisa ukusebenza okugcwele kwebhethri, othintana nabo bamandla nezinye izakhi zemishini kagesi ehilelekile ekuqaliseni injini kusukela ku-starter. Ukuze uthole ukuzimisela okunembile, kuyadingeka ukunikeza amandla ngokuqondile kusukela ebhethri kuya kusiqalisi, okungukuthi, ukudlula amanye amasistimu. Uma isiqalisi sisebenza, maningi amathuba okuthi uhlelo lokulwa nokwebiwa kwemoto noma i-immobilizer lungaphumeleli.

Into elandelayo okufanele ihlolwe i-electromagnetic relay. Uma kwenzeka ukuhlukana, umqali angase:

• thula ngokuphelele, okungukuthi, ungenzi noma yimiphi imisindo ngemva kokuvula ukhiye endaweni "yokuqala";
• hum bese upheqa, kodwa ungayiqali injini;
• cindezela izikhathi eziningana noma kanye ngaphandle kokunyakazisa i-crankshaft;

Bendix kanye retractor

Izimpawu ezingenhla zizobonisa ukuthi ukungasebenzi kahle kufakwe endaweni yokudlulisa i-retractor noma i-bendix ayihlanganisi i-flywheel. Qaphela ukuthi esimweni se-Bendix, isibonakaliso esinesici ukuthi i-starter creaks futhi ayiqali injini. Olunye uphawu olujwayelekile lwesiqalisi esibi ukuthi isiqalisi siyakhala kodwa singayivuli injini.

Ukuze uhlole i-traction relay, sebenzisa i-voltage yebhethri kutheminali yamandla edluliselwe. Uma i-motor iqala ukujikeleza, khona-ke i-retractor starter inesici ngokucacile. Ukuhlukana okuvamisile - ukutubeka kwe-nickel koxhumana nabo. Ukuze uyisuse, uzodinga ukususa i-relay ukuze ususe ama-nickels. Ngemuva kwe-disassembly, kusadingeka ulungele ukushintshwa ngokushesha kwe-traction relay, ngoba efektri amaphedi okuxhumana ambozwe ngokuvikelwa okukhethekile okuvimbela umlilo ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Ukucwecwa kuzosho ukuthi ungqimba olushiwo lususiwe, ngakho-ke kunzima ukubikezela ukuthi uzowashisa nini kabusha amapeni e-retractor.

Manje ake sinake i-trunk bendix. I-Bendix iyigiya lapho i-torque idluliselwa khona isuka kusiqalisi iye ku-flywheel. I-Bendix ifakwe ku-shaft efanayo ne-rotor yokuqalisa. Ukuze uthole ukuqonda okungcono, kuyadingeka ukuqonda ukuthi isiqalisi sisebenza kanjani. Umgomo wokusebenza ukuthi ngemva kokuvula ukhiye wokuthungela endaweni “yokuqala”, okwamanje kunikezwa i-electromagnetic relay. I-retractor idlulisa i-voltage endaweni yokuvala i-starter, ngenxa yalokho i-bendix (igiya) isebenzisana negiya leringi ye-flywheel (indandatho ye-flywheel). Ngamanye amazwi, kunenhlanganisela yamagiya amabili okudlulisa i-torque yokuqala kuyi-flywheel.

Ngemva kokuqala injini (i-crankshaft iqala ukujikeleza ngokuzimela), lapho isiqalisi sisebenza, ukhiye okhiye wokuthungela uphonswa ngaphandle, amandla kagesi ku-relay traction uyeka ukugeleza. Ukungabikho kwe-voltage kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi i-retractor ikhipha i-bendix ku-flywheel, ngenxa yalokho umqalisi uyeka ukujikeleza.

Ukugqokwa kwegiya le-bendix kusho ukuntuleka kokuxhumana okujwayelekile negiya leringi ye-flywheel. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, umsindo ohlabayo ungazwakala lapho injini inyakaziswa, futhi isiqalisi singakwazi futhi ukuzungeza ngokukhululekile ngaphandle kokuzibandakanya nokuhum. Isimo esifanayo senzeka lapho amazinyo egiya leringi ye-flywheel egqokwa. Ukulungisa kufaka phakathi ukuqaqa isiqalisi ukuze umiselele i-bendx kanye/noma ukususa ukudlulisela esikhundleni se-flywheel. Ukuze uhlole i-bendix ngokwakho, uzodinga ukuvala abathintwayo ababili bamandla ku-relay yokudonsa. Amandla kagesi azodlula i-relay, ezonquma ukujikeleza kwesiqalisi. Uma kwenzeka i-starter iphenduka kalula futhi ibhuza, kufanele uhlole ikhwalithi yokuzibandakanya kwe-bendx nge-flywheel.

Ama-bushings okuqala

Ukuwohloka okuvamile kuhlanganisa nokungasebenzi kahle kwezihlahla eziqalayo. Ama-starter bushings (ama-starter bearings) atholakala ngaphambili nangemuva komshini. Lawa ma-bearings ayadingeka ukuze ujikeleze i-starter shaft. Njengomphumela wokuguga kwamabheringi e-starter shaft, i-traction relay iyachofoza, kodwa isiqalisi asizivuleli sona futhi asiyiqhumisi injini. Leli phutha libukeka kanje:

• i-starter shaft ayihlali endaweni efanele eduze kwe-shaft;
• kukhona futhi isifunda esifushane se-windings eyisisekelo neyesibili;

Isimo esifanayo singaholela eqinisweni lokuthi ama-windings avutha, izintambo zamandla ziyancibilika. Ngezinye izikhathi isifunda esifushane senzeka kumasekhethi kagesi wemoto, okubangela umlilo. Esimeni lapho isiqalisi sichofoza, kodwa singazivuli sona, awukwazi ukubamba ukhiye endaweni "yokuqala" isikhathi eside. Kunconywa imizamo embalwa yokuqala emifushane, njengoba kungenzeka ukuthi i-shaft ingase ibuyele endaweni yayo.

Sicela uqaphele ukuthi ngisho nangemva kokuqala ngempumelelo kwenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi, isiqalisi sizodinga ukulungiswa ngokushesha futhi okuphoqelekile ukuze kuthathelwe indawo ama-bearings. Qaphela ukuthi ukulungisa i-shaft yokuqalisa kungabangela ukujikeleza okufushane nomlilo. Siphinde sengeze ukuthi isiqalisi esinezihlahla ezinenkinga singasebenza “ngokubanda” ngokuphelele, kodwa senqabe ukuphotha “kushisa”.

Uma isiqalisi singashisi noma injini ingajiki kahle ngemuva kokufudumala, kuyadingeka:

• hlola ibhethri, amatheminali ebhethri kanye nokuxhumana namandla. Uma ibhethri lisesimeni esihle futhi lishajwe ngo-100% ngaphambi kohambo, bese likhishwa, khona-ke udinga ukuhlola isilawuli se-generator, ibhande le-generator, i-tension roller kanye nejeneretha ngokwayo. Lokhu kuzoqeda ukuphuma kwebhethri kanye nokushajwa okungaphansi okulandelayo;
• khona-ke udinga ukunaka uhlelo lokuthungela kanye nesistimu yokunikezela uphethiloli, hlola ama-spark plugs. Ukuntuleka kwempendulo ekusebenzeni kwalezi zinhlelo, okuhambisana neqiniso lokuthi isiqalisi asiguquki kahle ngebhethri eshajiwe, kuzobonisa ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-starter.

Sicela uqaphele ukuthi idivayisi ithola ukushisa kakhulu kanye nenjini endaweni yenjini. Ukushisisa isiqalisi kubangela ukwanda okushisayo kwezinye izakhi ngaphakathi kwedivayisi. Ngemuva kokulungisa i-starter nokushintsha ama-bushings, ukunwetshwa okucacisiwe kwama-starter bearings kwenzeka. Iphutha ekukhetheni osayizi behlathi abalungile lingaholela ekuvaleni kwe-shaft, okuholela ekutheni isiqalisi singajiki noma sivule kancane kakhulu injini eshisayo.

Amabhulashi kanye ne-starter winding

Njengoba isiqalisi siyinjini kagesi, isithuthuthu sikagesi sisebenza ngokusebenzisa i-voltage kumawindi aphambili asuka ebhethrini ngamabhulashi. Amabhulashi enziwe nge-graphite, ngakho aguga ngesikhathi esifushane.

Isikimu esivamile lapho, lapho, lapho ukuguga okubucayi kwamabhulashi okuqala kufinyelelwa, ugesi awunikezwa ku-solenoid relay. Kulesi simo, ngemva kokuguqula ukhiye wokushisa, i-starter ngeke isabele nganoma iyiphi indlela, okungukuthi, umshayeli ngeke ezwe ukuduma kwemoto kagesi kanye nokuchofoza kwe-relay traction yokuqala. Ukuze ulungise, uzodinga ukuqaqa isiqalisi, ngemva kwalokho kuyadingeka ukuhlola amabhulashi, angase aguge futhi adinge ukushintshwa.

Ekwakhiweni kwesiqalisi semoto, ama-windings nawo angagqokwa. Uphawu lwesici iphunga lokushisa lapho uqala injini, okuzobonisa ukwehluleka kwesiqalisi okuzayo. Njengamabhulashi, i-starter kufanele ihlakazwe, bese ihlola isimo se-windings. Amawindi ashile abe mnyama, ungqimba lokuvanisha olukuwo luyasha. Sengeza ukuthi imvamisa ukujikajika okuqalile kuyasha ngenxa yokushisa ngokweqile uma injini isebenza isikhathi eside, lapho kuba nzima ukuqalisa injini evuthayo yangaphakathi.

Ukufingqa, ngingathanda ukuqaphela ukuthi isiqalisi singashintshwa imizuzwana engu-5-10, ngemva kwalokho ikhefu lemizuzu engu-1-3 liyadingeka. Ukungawunaki lo mthetho kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi abashayeli abangenalwazi bayakwazi ukubeka ibhethri futhi bashise ngokushesha isiqalisi esisebenza ngokugcwele uma injini ingaqali isikhathi eside. Esimweni esinjalo, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukushintsha isiqalisi, ngoba ukubuyisela emuva i-winding starter eshisiwe akushibhile kakhulu kunokuthenga isiqalo esisha.