| Okuqukethwe |
|---|
| I-Tank T-IV | | Izikhali nama-optics | | Izinguqulo: Ausf.A - D | | Ukulungiswa: Ausf.E - F2 | | Izinguqulo: Ausf.G - J | | I-TTX nesithombe |
Ithangi eliphakathi i-T-IV
I-Panzerkampfwagen IV (PzKpfw IV, также Pz. IV), Sd.Kfz.161 Ukukhiqizwa kwaleli thangi, elakhiwe nguKrupp, kwaqala ngo-1937 futhi kwaqhubeka phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili.
Njengethangi le-T-III (Pz.III), indawo yokuphehla amandla itholakala ngemuva, futhi ukuhambisa amandla namasondo okushayela kungaphambili. Igumbi lokulawula lalihlala umshayeli no-opharetha we-gunner-radio, bedubula ngesibhamu esifakwe ebhodini. Igumbi lokulwa laliphakathi nendawo. Lapha kwakubekwe umbhoshongo oshiselwe owenziwe ngezinto eziningi, lapho kwahlaliswa amalungu amathathu ezisebenzi futhi kwafakwa nezikhali.
Amathangi T-IV akhiqizwa ngezikhali ezilandelayo: - ukuguqulwa kwe-A-F, ithangi lokuhlasela eline-Howitzer engu-75 mm;
- ukuguqulwa G, ithangi eline-cannon engu-75 mm enobude obungama-43 caliber;
- ukuguqulwa kwe-N-K, ithangi eline-cannon engu-75-mm enobude bomphongolo obungama-calibers angu-48.
Ngenxa yokwanda okuqhubekayo kobukhulu bezikhali, isisindo semoto ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza sikhuphuke sisuka kumathani angu-17,1 (ukuguqulwa A) kuya ku-24,6 amathani (ukuguqulwa kwe-N-K). Kusukela ngo-1943, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuvikelwa kwezikhali, kwafakwa izikrini zempi ezinhlangothini zesikebhe kanye ne-turret. Isibhamu eside esinemibhobho, esethulwe ekuguqulweni kwe-G, NK, savumela i-T-IV ukuba imelane namathangi ezitha zesisindo esilinganayo (i-sub-caliber 75-mm projectile ehlatshwe izikhali ezingu-1000 mm ebangeni lamamitha angu-110), kodwa ukudlula kwayo. , ikakhulukazi izinguquko zakamuva zokukhuluphala ngokweqile, kwakunganelisi. Sekukonke, amathangi e-T-IV angama-9500 azo zonke izinguquko akhiqizwa phakathi neminyaka yempi.
Lapho ithangi le-Pz.IV lingakabi khona Ithangi PzKpfw IV. Umlando wendalo.Ngawo-20 nasekuqaleni kwawo-30, inkolelo-mbono yokusetshenziswa kwamasosha emishini, ikakhulukazi amathangi, yathuthukiswa ngokuzama nangephutha, imibono yabaqambi bashintsha kaningi. Iningi labasekeli bamathangi bakholelwa ukuthi ukubonakala kwezimoto ezihlomile kuzokwenza impi yesimo ngendlela yokulwa ngo-1914-1917 ingenzeki ngombono weqhinga. Ngokulandelayo, amaFulentshi athembele ekwakhiweni kwezikhundla eziqinile zokuzivikela zesikhathi eside, njengeMaginot Line. Ochwepheshe abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi isibhamu esiyinhloko sethangi kufanele sibe isibhamu somshini, futhi umsebenzi oyinhloko wezimoto ezihlomile ukulwa nebutho elihamba ngezinyawo kanye nezikhali zesitha, abameleli abacabanga kakhulu kulesi sikole babheka impi phakathi kwamathangi. kube okungenanjongo, njengoba, kuthiwa, alukho uhlangothi olungadala umonakalo komunye. Bekunombono wokuthi uhlangothi olungacekela phansi isibalo esikhulu samathangi ezitha luzoyinqoba impi. Njengendlela eyinhloko yokulwa namathangi, izikhali ezikhethekile ezinamagobolondo akhethekile zazicatshangelwa - izibhamu ezilwa nethangi ezinamagobolondo okubhoboza izikhali. Eqinisweni, akekho owayazi ukuthi ubutha buyoba njani empini ezayo. Okuhlangenwe nakho kweMpi Yombango YaseSpain nakho akuzange kusicacise isimo. ISivumelwano SaseVersailles senqabela iJalimane ukuba ibe nezimoto ezilandelwayo zokulwa, kodwa ayikwazanga ukuvimbela ochwepheshe baseJalimane ukuthi basebenze ekutadisheni izinkolelo-mbono ezihlukahlukene zokusetshenziswa kwezimoto ezihlomile, futhi ukwakhiwa kwamathangi kwenziwa amaJalimane ekusithekeni. Lapho ngo-March 1935, uHitler washiya imingcele Versailles, abasha "Panzerwaffe" kakade babenazo zonke izifundo theory emkhakheni isicelo kanye nesakhiwo senhlangano tank regiments. Kwakukhona izinhlobo ezimbili zamathangi ahlomile alula i-PzKpfw I kanye ne-PzKpfw II akhiqizwa ngobuningi ngaphansi kwesithunzi "sogandaganda bezolimo".
Ithangi le-PzKpfw I lalibhekwa njengemoto yokuqeqesha, kanti i-PzKpfw II yayihloselwe ukuhlonishwa kabusha, kodwa kwavela ukuthi "okubili" kwahlala kuyithangi elikhulu kunawo wonke lokuhlukaniswa kwe-panzer kwaze kwathathelwa indawo amathangi aphakathi PzKpfw III, ehlome nge-37. -mm inganono kanye nezibhamu zomshini ezintathu. Ukuqala kokuthuthukiswa kwethangi le-PzKpfw IV kwaqala ngoJanuwari 1934, lapho ibutho lanikeza imboni incazelo yethangi elisha lokusekela umlilo elinesisindo esingaphezu kwamathani angu-24, imoto yesikhathi esizayo yathola igama elisemthethweni elithi Gesch.Kpfw. (75 mm)(Vskfz.618). Ezinyangeni eziyi-18 ezalandela, ochwepheshe base-Rheinmetall-Borzing, Krupp kanye ne-MAN basebenze kumaphrojekthi amathathu aqhudelanayo emoto yomphathi webutho (“battalionführerswagnen” efushanisiwe ngokuthi BW). Iphrojekthi ye-VK 2001/K, eyethulwa ngu-Krupp, yaqashelwa njengephrojekthi engcono kakhulu, ukwakheka kwe-turret ne-hull kuseduze nethangi le-PzKpfw III. Kodwa-ke, umshini we-VK 2001 / K awuzange ungene ochungechungeni, ngoba amasosha ayenganeliseki ngenqola engaphansi eyisithupha ene-medium-diameter wheels ekumisweni kwentwasahlobo, kwakudingeka kushintshwe ibha ye-torsion. Ukumiswa kwe-torsion bar, uma kuqhathaniswa nokumiswa kwentwasahlobo, kunikeze ukunyakaza okushelelayo kwethangi futhi kwaba nokuhamba okuthe xaxa kwamasondo omgwaqo. Onjiniyela bakwa-Krupp, kanye nabamele i-Arms Procurement Directorate, bavumelene ngokuthi kungenzeka kusetshenziselwe ukumiswa okuthuthukisiwe kwentwasahlobo ethangini elinamasondo omgwaqo angamamitha angu-2001 amancane. Nokho, u-Krupp kwadingeka abuyekeze kakhulu umklamo ohlongozwayo wokuqala. Enguqulweni yokugcina, i-PzKpfw IV yayiyinhlanganisela ye-hull ne-turret yemoto ye-VK XNUMX / K ene-chassis esanda kwakhiwa ngu-Krupp. Lapho ithangi le-Pz.IV lingakabi khona Ithangi le-PzKpfw IV laklanywa ngokwesakhiwo sakudala esinenjini yangemuva. Indawo yomkhuzi yayitholakala eduze kwe-axis yombhoshongo ngqo ngaphansi kwe-cupola yomlawuli, isibhamu sasitholakala kwesokunxele se-breech yesibhamu, umlayishi wayengakwesokudla. Engxenyeni yokulawula, ephambi kwethangi, kwakukhona imisebenzi yomshayeli (ngakwesokunxele kwe-eksisi yemoto) kanye nesibhamu somqhubi womsakazo (ngakwesokudla). Phakathi kwesihlalo somshayeli nomcibisholo bekuyi-transmission. Isici esithakazelisayo sokwakhiwa kwethangi kwakuwukususwa kombhoshongo cishe ngo-8 cm kwesokunxele se-axis longitudinal yemoto, kanye nenjini - ngo-15 cm kwesokudla ukudlula shaft exhuma injini nokudlulisa. Isixazululo esinjalo esakhayo senza kube nokwenzeka ukwandisa ivolumu egodliwe yangaphakathi ngakwesokudla kwe-hull ukuze kubekwe isibhamu sokuqala, okuyinto umlayishi angayithola kalula. I-tower turn drive isebenza ngogesi. I-suspension kanye ne-undercarriage bekunamasondo omgwaqo angu-1935-diameter amancane aqoqwe abe yizinqola ezinamasondo amabili alengiswe kuma-leaf springs, amasondo okushayela afakwe ngemuva kwe-sloth tank nama-roller amane asekela isibungu. Kuwo wonke umlando wokusebenza kwamathangi e-PzKpfw IV, ukuthutha kwawo kwahlala kungashintshiwe, ukuthuthukiswa okuncane kuphela okwethulwa. I-prototype yethangi yakhiqizwa embonini ye-Krupp e-Essen futhi yahlolwa ngo-36-XNUMX. Incazelo yethangi le-PzKpfw IVUkuvikelwa kwezikhali.
Ngo-1942, onjiniyela bezobuchwephesha uMerz noMcLillan benza ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwethangi elithunjiwe le-PzKpfw IV Ausf, ikakhulukazi, bahlolisisa izikhali zayo. - Amapuleti ezikhali amaningana ahlolwe ubulukhuni, wonke enziwe ngomshini. Ukuqina kwamapuleti ezikhali ezenziwe ngomshini ngaphandle nangaphakathi kwakungu-300-460 Brinell.
- Amapuleti ezikhali angaphezulu angama-20 mm ubukhulu, aqinise izivikelo zezinhlangothi zesikebhe, enziwe ngensimbi elinganayo futhi anokuqina okungaba ngu-370 Brinell. Izivimbelo eziseceleni eziqinisiwe azikwazi "ukubamba" ama-projectiles angu-2-pound axoshwe ukusuka kumayadi angu-1000.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlasela kwethangi okwenziwa eMpumalanga Ephakathi ngo-June 1941 kwabonisa ukuthi ibanga elingamayadi angu-500 (457 m) lingathathwa njengomkhawulo wokusebenzelana okuphumelelayo kwangaphambili kwe-PzKpfw IV ngesibhamu esinamandla amabili. Umbiko owalungiselelwa e-Woolwich ocwaningweni lokuvikelwa kwezikhali ethangini laseJalimane uphawula ukuthi “izikhali zingcono ngo-2% kunesiNgisi esishiwo ngomshini, futhi ngandlela thile singcono nakakhulu kunendlela efanayo.” Ngesikhathi esifanayo, indlela yokuxhuma amapuleti ezikhali yagxekwa, uchwepheshe wakwa-Leyland Motors waphawula ngocwaningo lwakhe ngale ndlela: “Izinga lokushisela liphansi, amashisela amabili kwamathathu amapuleti ezikhali endaweni lapho i-projectile yashaya i-projectile yahlukana." Ukushintsha ukwakheka kwengxenye engaphambili yethangi I-Power Point.
Injini yeMaybach yakhelwe ukuthi isebenze ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezimaphakathi, lapho ukusebenza kwayo kugculisayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ezindaweni ezishisayo noma ezinothuli oluphezulu, liyaphuka futhi lijwayele ukushisa ngokweqile. Ubuhlakani baseBrithani, ngemva kokutadisha ithangi le-PzKpfw IV elathunjwa ngo-1942, baphetha ngokuthi ukwehluleka kwenjini kwakubangelwa ukungena kwesihlabathi ohlelweni lukawoyela, umsabalalisi, i-dynamo kanye nesiqalisi; izihlungi zomoya azanele. Kwakukhona izikhathi eziningi zesihlabathi esingena ku-carburetor. IManuwali yenjini yeMaybach idinga ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kuphela enesilinganiso se-octane esingu-74 esinoshintsho oluphelele lwe-lubricant ngemva kokugijima kuka-200, 500, 1000 kanye no-2000 km. Ijubane lenjini elinconyiwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile zokusebenza ngu-2600 rpm, kodwa ezindaweni ezishisayo (izifunda eziseningizimu ye-USSR neNyakatho Afrika), lesi sivinini asihlinzeki ngokupholisa okujwayelekile. Ukusetshenziswa kwenjini njengebhuleki kuvunyelwe ku-2200-2400 rpm, ngesivinini se-2600-3000 le modi kufanele igwenywe. Izingxenye eziyinhloko zesistimu yokupholisa kwakungama-radiator amabili afakwe nge-engeli engu-25 degrees emkhathizwe. Ama-radiator apholiswa ukugeleza komoya okuphoqelelwe ngabalandeli ababili; fan drive - ibhande eliqhutshwa kusuka ku-motor shaft enkulu. Ukujikeleza kwamanzi ohlelweni lokupholisa kwahlinzekwa yiphampu ye-centrifuge. Umoya wawungena egunjini lenjini ngembobo embozwe ngesivalo sezikhali esisuka kwesokudla somkhumbi futhi waphonswa ngembobo efanayo ohlangothini lwesobunxele. I-synchro-mechanical transmission ibonakale iphumelela, nakuba amandla okudonsa kumagiya aphezulu ayephansi, ngakho-ke igiya lesi-6 lalisetshenziswa kuphela lapho ushayela emgwaqeni omkhulu. Ama-shaft okukhiphayo ahlanganiswa ne-braking kanye nendlela yokuqondisa ibe idivayisi eyodwa. Ukupholisa le divayisi, ifeni yafakwa kwesokunxele sebhokisi le-clutch. Ukukhishwa ngesikhathi esisodwa kwezinsimbi zokuqondisa kungasetshenziswa njengebhuleki elisebenzayo lokupaka. Emathangini ezinguqulo zakamuva, ukumiswa kwentwasahlobo kwamasondo omgwaqo kwakugcwele kakhulu, kodwa ukufaka esikhundleni se-bogie enamasondo amabili eyonakele kubonakala kuwumsebenzi olula. Ukushuba kwesibungu kwakulawulwa ukuma kwebheja elibekwe phezu kwe-eccentric. E-Eastern Front, kwasetshenziswa izandisi zethrekhi ezikhethekile, ezaziwa ngokuthi "i-Ostketten", ezathuthukisa ubunikazi bamathangi ezinyangeni zasebusika zonyaka. Isisetshenziswa esilula kakhulu kodwa esisebenza kahle sokugqokisa isibungu esigxumayo sahlolwa ethangini lokuhlola le-PzKpfw IV. Kwakuyiteyipu eyenziwe efekthri enobubanzi obufanayo namathrekhi kanye nokubhobozwa ukuze kubandakanyeke nerimu legiya lesondo lokushayela. . Uhlangothi olulodwa lweteyipu lwalunanyathiselwe emzileni owawuphumile, omunye, ngemva kokuba usudluliselwe phezu kwamarola, esondweni lokushayela. I-motor yavulwa, isondo lokushayela laqala ukuzungeza, lidonsa i-tape futhi amathrekhi afakwe kuyo kuze kube yilapho amarimu esondo lokushayela engena ezikhaleni ezikumathrekhi. Konke ukuhlinzwa kwathatha imizuzu embalwa. Injini iqalwe yinjini kagesi engu-24-volt. Njengoba isisizi sejeneretha kagesi sigcine amandla ebhethri, bekungenzeka ukuzama ukuqala injini izikhathi eziningi “kune” kunasethangini le-PzKpfw III. Esimeni lapho isiqalo sihluleka, noma lapho amafutha eqina esithwathwaneni esinamandla, kwasetshenziswa isiqalisi esingenasici, isibambo saso esasixhunywe ku-shaft yenjini ngembobo yepuleti lezikhali ezingemuva. Isibambo sasiphendulwa abantu ababili ngesikhathi esisodwa, inani elincane lokujika kwesibambo esidingekayo ukuqala injini lalingama-60 rpm. Ukuqala injini kusuka ku-inertial starter sekuyinto evamile ebusika baseRussia. Izinga lokushisa elincane lenjini, lapho iqale khona ukusebenza ngokujwayelekile, lalingu-t = 50 ° C lapho shaft izungeza ngo-2000 rpm. Ukuze kube lula ukuqalisa injini esimweni sezulu esibandayo sase-Eastern Front, kwasungulwa uhlelo olukhethekile, olwaziwa ngokuthi “Kuhlwasserubertragung” - isishintshi sokushisa samanzi abandayo. Ngemva kokuba injini yethangi elilodwa iqalisiwe futhi ifudunyezwa izinga lokushisa elivamile, amanzi afudumele aphuma kulo ampontshelwa ohlelweni lokupholisa ithangi elilandelayo, futhi amanzi abandayo anikezwa injini evele isebenza - kwakukhona ukushintshaniswa kweziqandisi phakathi kokusebenza. kanye nezinjini ezingasebenzi. Ngemva kokuba amanzi afudumele efudumeza injini kancane, kwakungenzeka ukuzama ukuqala injini ngesiqalisi sikagesi. Isistimu ye-"Kuhlwasserubertragung" yayidinga ukulungiswa okuncane ohlelweni lokupholisa ithangi. |
Injini yeMaybach yakhelwe ukuthi isebenze ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezimaphakathi, lapho ukusebenza kwayo kugculisayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ezindaweni ezishisayo noma ezinothuli oluphezulu, liyaphuka futhi lijwayele ukushisa ngokweqile. Ubuhlakani baseBrithani, ngemva kokutadisha ithangi le-PzKpfw IV elathunjwa ngo-1942, baphetha ngokuthi ukwehluleka kwenjini kwakubangelwa ukungena kwesihlabathi ohlelweni lukawoyela, umsabalalisi, i-dynamo kanye nesiqalisi; izihlungi zomoya azanele. Kwakukhona izikhathi eziningi zesihlabathi esingena ku-carburetor.
