Qhathanisa ukuhanjiswa okuzenzakalelayo: okulandelanayo, i-clutch ekabili, i-CVT

Ama-automatic transmissions athola ukuduma kubanikazi bezimoto. Yiziphi izinhlobo eziyinhloko zokudluliselwa okunjalo futhi yiziphi izinzuzo kanye nokubi?

I-USA ithathwa njengendawo okwazalelwa kuyo ugesi ozishintshayo. Emuva ngo-1904, inkampani yaseBoston yanikeza i-othomathikhi enamasivinini amabili. Ukusebenza kwalo mshini, kuyavunywa, kwakungathembeki kakhulu, kodwa umbono wathola umhlabathi ovundile futhi izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zemiklamo enokushintsha kwamagiya okuzenzakalelayo kwaqala ukuvela e-United States.

Kodwa-ke, ukudluliswa kokuqala okuzenzakalelayo, okufanayo ekuklanyeni nasekusebenzeni kokudluliselwa kwesimanje, kwavela kuphela ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili. Bekuyi-Hydra-Matic transmission eyakhiwe ngabakwaGeneral Motors.

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Ukudluliswa umfutholuketshezi

Phakathi kokudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo, okuvame kakhulu (kuze kube manje) ukudluliswa kwe-hydraulic. Lena indlela eyinkimbinkimbi evame ukuba nomhlangano wokuguqula i-torque noma isiguquli se-torque esinamagiya amaningi eplanethi.

Amagiya akumagiya eplanethi axhunyiwe noma akhiywe ama-clutch afanele kanye nama-multi-disc (ama-multi-disc) noma ama-band brakes. Kulokhu, into eyisibopho yokudluliselwa kwe-hydraulic ngamafutha, ethelwa ngokuphelele ku-gearbox.

Ukushintsha amagiya kwenziwa ngokuvimba amasethi ahlukahlukene amagiya elanga asebenzisana namasondo amahhala, ama-disc clutch (imvamisa enama-multi-disc), amabhreki amabhendi nezinye izinto zokungqubuzana ezishayelwa amadrayivu angama-hydraulic.

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Intuthuko yedizayini yama-hydraulic transmissions ama-hydroelectric transmissions (ngokwesibonelo, nomsebenzi wesilinganiso segiya esengeziwe, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-kickdown) kanye nokuhanjiswa okulawulwa nge-elekthronikhi. Kulokhu, i-gearbox ingaba nezindlela eziningana zokusebenza, isibonelo, ezemidlalo noma induduzo.

Kuphinde kwandise isibalo sezilinganiso zamagiya. Imishini yokuqala ye-hydraulic yayinezilinganiso zamagiya amathathu. Njengamanje, amagiya amahlanu noma ayisithupha ajwayelekile, kodwa akhona amadizayini anesishiyagalolunye.

Uhlobo olukhethekile lokudluliswa kwe-othomathikhi ukudluliswa okulandelanayo (okubuye kwaziwe ngokuthi yi-semi-automatic transmission). Kulolu hlobo lomshini, amagiya angagudluzwa kusetshenziswa i-lever eya phambili kuphela noma emuva futhi ishintshe phezulu noma phansi igiya elilodwa, noma kusetshenziswa ama-paddles atholakala esondweni lokuqondisa.

Lesi sixazululo singenzeka ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwe-microprocessor kagesi elawula ukusebenza kwebhokisi lamagiya. Ama-gearbox alandelanayo ajwayele ukusetshenziswa ezimotweni zeFormula 1, futhi atholakala ezimotweni ezikhiqizayo, okuhlanganisa i-Audi, BMW, Ferrari.  

Ngokusho kukangoti

UVitold Rogovsky, inethiwekhi yeProfiAuto:

- Inzuzo ye-hydraulic automatic transmissions, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukushayela ukunethezeka, i.e. asikho isidingo sokushintsha amagiya ngesandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu hlobo lokudlulisa luvikela injini ekulayisheni ngokweqile, ngaphandle kokuthi ukudluliselwa kusetshenziswe ngendlela efanele. U-gearbox uhambisana nesivinini senjini bese ukhetha igiya elifanele. Kodwa-ke, i-drawback eyinhloko yomshini wayo ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuphezulu kukaphethiloli. Ama-automatic transmissions amakhulu futhi asindayo, ngakho-ke afaneleka ngokuyinhloko ezinjinini ezinkulu ezinamandla, ezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Ububi obuthile balokhu kudluliselwa futhi iqiniso lokuthi ikhophi esetshenzisiwe ingatholakala emakethe yesibili.

Ama-Gearbox Aguquguqukayo Ngokuqhubekayo

I-gearbox eguquguqukayo eqhubekayo iwuhlobo lokudlulisa okuzenzakalelayo, kodwa olunomshini othize. Kunezixazululo ezimbili - i-gearbox yendabuko yeplanethi kanye ne-CVT (Continuously Variable Transmission) ejwayeleke kakhulu manje.

Esimweni sokuqala, igiya leplanethi inesibopho sokushintsha igiya. Umklamo usikhumbuza isimiso sonozungezilanga esincane. Ukukhetha amagiya isebenzisa isethi yamagiya, elikhulu kunawo wonke anemeshing yangaphakathi (elibizwa ngegiya leringi). Ngakolunye uhlangothi kukhona isondo elimaphakathi (okuthiwa yilanga) ngaphakathi, elixhunywe ku-shaft omkhulu ka-gearbox, namanye amagiya (okungukuthi amasathelayithi) azungezile. Amagiya ashintshwa ngokuvimba nokubandakanya izinto ezingazodwana zegiya leplanethi.

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I-CVT, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iyi-CVT eshintshwayo ngokuqhubekayo. Inamasethi amabili amasondo e-bevel axhunywe elinye nelinye ngebhande le-V noma iketango lama-multi-disc. Kuye ngesivinini senjini, ama-cones asondelana, i.e. ububanzi lapho ibhande ligijima khona liyalungiseka. Lokhu kushintsha isilinganiso segiya.

Ngokusho kukangoti

UVitold Rogovsky, inethiwekhi yeProfiAuto:

- Ama-CVT, ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obuncane nesisindo esiphansi, asetshenziswa ezimotweni ezihlangene nezedolobha ezinezinjini ezincane. Inzuzo yalezi zinto ezithunyelwayo ukuthi azinasondlo mahhala. Ngisho nokushintsha uwoyela akunconyiwe futhi angakwazi ukumelana nebanga elilingana nelenjini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhathi sokushintsha igiya cishe asibonakali. Awabizi njengebhokisi lamanzi futhi awengezi kakhulu inani lemoto. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlehla okukhulu kakhulu ukubambezeleka okuphawulekayo kokusabela ekucindezeleni i-pedal yegesi, i.e. ukulahlekelwa amandla. Kuphinde kuhlotshaniswe nokwenyuka kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli. Ama-CVT transmission awafanele izinjini ze-turbo.

Okwezixhakaxhaka ezimbili

I-dual clutch transmission ibilokhu yenza umsebenzi kuwo iminyaka eminingana manje. U-gearbox onjalo waqala ukubonakala emakethe ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka ezimotweni zakwaVolkswagen, nakuba ngaphambili wawutholakala ezimotweni ze-rally kanye nezinhlobo ze-Porsche racing. Lona wu-gearbox we-DSG (Direct Shift Gearbox). Njengamanje, abakhiqizi abaningi sebevele banamabhokisi anjalo, kuhlanganisa. ezimotweni zakwaVolkswagen Group kanjalo nakuBMW noma iMercedes AMG noma iRenault (isb. iMegane neScenic).

I-dual clutch transmission iyinhlanganisela yamandla ashintshwayo kanye nezishintshayo. U-gearbox uyakwazi ukusebenza ngazo zombili i-automatic mode kanye ne-manual gearshift function.

Isici esibaluleke kakhulu sokuklama salokhu kudluliselwa yizintambo ezimbili, i.e. ama-clutch discs, angaba omile (izinjini ezibuthakathaka) noma abe manzi, agijima emanzini okugeza amafutha (izinjini ezinamandla kakhulu). I-clutch eyodwa ithwala amagiya angajwayelekile kanye negiya elihlehlayo, enye i-clutch ibhekene namagiya ambala. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, singakhuluma ngamabhokisi amabili afanayo afakwe endlini evamile.

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Ngaphandle kwama-clutch amabili, kukhona nama-clutch shaft amabili nama-shaft amabili amakhulu. Ngenxa yalo mklamo, igiya eliphezulu elilandelayo lisakulungele ukusebenzelana ngokushesha. Isibonelo, imoto isebenza ngegiya lesithathu, kanti eyesine isivele ikhethiwe kodwa ayikasebenzi. Uma i-shift torque ifinyelelwa, i-odd clutch yegiya lesithathu iyavuleka bese kuthi i-clutch ivale igiye lesine, ngakho amasondo e-axle yokushayela ayaqhubeka nokuthola i-torque enjinini. Inqubo yokushintsha ithatha cishe izingxenye ezingamakhulu amane zesekhondi, okungaphansi kokucwayiza kwejwabu leso.

Cishe wonke ama-dual clutch transmission afakwe ezinye izindlela zokusebenza njengokuthi "Sport".

Ngokusho kukangoti

UVitold Rogovsky, inethiwekhi yeProfiAuto:

- Akukho ukuphazamiseka kwe-torque ekudlulisweni kwe-clutch ekabili. Ngenxa yalokhu, imoto inokusheshisa okuhle kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, injini isebenza ku-optimum torque range. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona enye inzuzo - ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli ezimweni eziningi kuphansi kunesimo sokudlulisa ngesandla. Okokugcina, ama-gearbox we-clutch amabili ahlala isikhathi eside. Uma umsebenzisi elandela ukushintsha kwamafutha njalo ngezinkulungwane ezingama-60 km, aziphuki. Kodwa-ke, emakethe yesibili kukhona izimoto lapho imitha ivuliwe futhi kulokhu kunzima ukugcina impilo efanele yesevisi yokudlulisela okunjalo. Ngandlela thize ungase uhlangane nezimoto ezingakenziwanga la masheke kanti no-gearbox usugugile nje. Ukulimala kwe-dual-mass flywheel nakho kubangela ingozi kulokhu kudluliselwa, ngoba ukuvevezela okungafuneki kudluliselwa kumshini we-gearbox. Ububi bokudluliswa kwe-clutch ekabili futhi kuyintengo yabo ephezulu. 

Wojciech Frölichowski