Izikena nokuskena

Iskena yidivayisi esetshenziselwa ukufunda ngokuqhubekayo: isithombe, ibhakhodi noma ikhodi kazibuthe, amaza omsakazo, njll. ibe ifomu le-elekthronikhi (ngokuvamile idijithali). Isithwebuli siskena ama-serial streams wolwazi, ukuwafunda noma ukuwabhalisa.

Ama-40's Umshini wokuqala ongabizwa ngokuthi umsunguli wefeksi/isikena wathuthukiswa ekuqaleni kwawo-XNUMXs umsunguli waseScotland. U-Alexandra Bootheyaziwa ngokuyinhloko ngokuthi umsunguli wewashi likagesi lokuqala.

Ngomhla zingama-27 kuNhlaba ngowe-1843, i-Bain yathola ilungelo lobunikazi laseBrithani (No. 9745) lokuthuthukisa ukukhiqiza nokulawula. ugesi Oraz ukuthuthukiswa kwesibali sikhathi, NS uphawu lukagesi futhi, wabe esethuthukisa enye i-patent eyakhishwa ngo-1845.

Encazelweni yakhe yelungelo lobunikazi, u-Bain uthe noma iyiphi enye indawo, ehlanganisa izinto eziqhutshwayo nezingezona e-conductive, ingakopishwa kusetshenziswa lezi zindlela. Kodwa-ke, indlela yayo yakhiqiza izithombe ezisezingeni eliphansi futhi yayingenamali ukuthi isetshenziswe, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi isidlulisi nomamukeli akuzange kuvumelaniswe. Bain fax umqondo yathuthukiswa ngandlela-thile ngo-1848 isazi sefiziksi esiyiNgisi UFrederica Bakewellkodwa idivayisi ye-Bakewell (1) nayo yakhiqiza ukukhiqizwa kwekhwalithi embi.

1861 Umshini wokuqala wefeksi we-electromechanical osetshenziswa ngokuthengiswa ubizwa ngokuthi "i-pantograph'(2) yasungulwa isazi sefiziksi sase-Italy Giovannigo Casellego. Ngeminyaka yama-XNUMX, i-pantelegraph yayiwumshini wokudlulisa umbhalo obhalwe ngesandla, imidwebo namasignesha ngemigqa yetelegraph. Isetshenziswe kabanzi njengethuluzi lokuqinisekisa isiginesha ekuhwebeni kwebhange.

Umshini owenziwe ngensimbi ekhonjiwe futhi ophakeme ngamamitha angaphezu kwamabili, kithi namuhla uyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa impela esebenza kahle ngaleso sikhathiwenza ngokuthi lowo othumele umyalezo awubhale ephepheni ngoyinki ongaconductive. Leli shidi libe selinamathiselwa epuleti lensimbi eligobile. I-stylus yomthumeli iskene idokhumenti yokuqala, ilandela imigqa yayo ehambisanayo (imigqa emithathu ngemilimitha ngayinye).

Amasignali adluliswa nge-telegraph esiteshini, lapho umlayezo wawuphawulwe ngoyinki oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka wasePrussia, otholwe ngenxa yokusabela kwamakhemikhali, njengoba iphepha emshinini owamukelayo lalifakwe i-potassium ferrocyanide. Ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi zombili izinaliti ziskenwa ngesivinini esifanayo, abaklami basebenzisa amawashi amabili anembe ngokwedlulele ashayela i-pendulum, yona exhunywe kumagiya namabhande alawula ukuhamba kwezinaliti.

1913 liyaphakama i-belinographowayekwazi ukuskena izithombe nge-photocell. Umbono Edward Belin (3) yavumela ukudluliswa kwezingcingo ngezintambo zocingo futhi yaba isisekelo sobuchwepheshe sesevisi ye-AT&T Wirephoto. I-Bellinograph lokhu kuvumela izithombe ukuthi zithunyelwe ezindaweni ezikude ngamanethiwekhi ocingo kanye nocingo.

Ngo-1921, le nqubo yathuthukiswa ukuze izithombe zihanjiswe kusetshenziswa amaza omsakazo. Endabeni ye-belinograph, idivayisi kagesi isetshenziselwa ukukala ubukhulu bokukhanya. Amazinga okushuba kokukhanya adluliselwa kumamukelilapho umthombo wokukhanya ungaphinda ukhiqize amandla akalwa yi-transmitter ngokuwaphrinta ephepheni lezithombe. Amakhophi esimanje asebenzisa isimiso esifanayo lapho ukukhanya kuthathwa khona izinzwa ezilawulwa ngekhompiyutha futhi ukuphrinta kusekelwe ubuchwepheshe be-laser.

3. Eduard Belin ngebelinograph

1914 Izimpande ubuchwepheshe bokubona izinhlamvu (i-optical character recognition), esetshenziselwa ukubona izinhlamvu nemibhalo ephelele efayeleni eliyisithombe, ifomu le-bitmap, elisukela ekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Bese lokhu Emmanuel Goldberg i U-Edmund Fournier d'Albe ithuthukise ngokuzimela imishini yokuqala ye-OCR.

Goldberg wasungula umshini okwazi ukufunda izinhlamvu futhi uziguqule zibe ikhodi yocingo. Ngaleso sikhathi, u-d'Albe uthuthukise idivayisi eyaziwa ngokuthi i-optophone. Kwakuyisithwebuli esiphathwayo esasikwazi ukuhanjiswa onqenqemeni lombhalo onyathelisiwe ukuze kukhiqizwe amathoni ahlukile nahlukile, ngalinye lihambisana nohlamvu oluthile noma uhlamvu oluthile. Indlela ye-OCR, nakuba ithuthukiswe emashumini eminyaka, isebenza ngokufana nemishini yokuqala.

1924 Richard H. Ranger ukusungulwa i-photoradiogram engenantambo (ezine). Uyisebenzisela ukuthumela isithombe sikamengameli UCalvin Coolidge ukusuka eNew York ukuya eLondon ngo-1924, isithombe sokuqala esathunyelwa ngefeksi emsakazweni. Ukusungulwa kukaRanger kwasetshenziswa kwezentengiso ngo-1926 futhi kusasetshenziswa ukudlulisa amashadi esimo sezulu nolunye ulwazi lwesimo sezulu.

4. Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-photoroentgenogram yokuqala ka-Richard H. Ranger.

1950 Kuklanywe ngu- Benedict Cassen isithwebuli se-rectilinear yezokwelapha kwandulelwe ukuthuthukiswa okuyimpumelelo komtshina we-scintillation oqondisayo. Ngo-1950, uCassin wahlanganisa uhlelo lokuqala lokuskena oluzenzakalelayo, oluhlanganisa umtshina we-scintillation oqhutshwa yinjini ixhunywe kuphrinta edluliselwe.

Lesi sithwebuli sasetshenziselwa ukubona ngeso lengqondo indlala yegilo ngemva kokuphathwa kwe-iodine enemisebe. Ngo-1956, u-Kuhl nozakwabo bakha isithwebuli se-Cassin esathuthukisa ukuzwela nokuxazulula kwayo. Ngokuthuthukiswa kwemithi ye-radiopharmaceuticals eqondene nezitho ezithile, imodeli yezohwebo yalolu hlelo yasetshenziswa kakhulu kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-50 kuya ekuqaleni kwawo-70 ukuze kuthwetshulwe izitho ezinkulu zomzimba.

1957 liyaphakama isithwebuli sesigubhu, eyokuqala eklanyelwe ukusebenza nekhompyutha ukwenza ukuskena kwedijithali. Yakhiwe e-US National Bureau of Standards yithimba elaliholwa Russell A. Kirsch, ngenkathi isebenza kukhompyutha yaseMelika yokuqala ehlelwe ngaphakathi (egcinwe enkumbulweni), i-Standard Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC), eyavumela iqembu lika-Kirsch ukuthi lihlole ama-algorithms ayeyizandulela zokucubungula izithombe nokuqashelwa kwephethini.

URussell's Kirschs kuvele ukuthi ikhompuyutha yenhloso ejwayelekile ingase isetshenziselwe ukulingisa ama-logics amaningi okuqaphela izinhlamvu ayehlongozwe ukuthi asetshenziswe kuhadiwe. Lokhu kuzodinga idivayisi yokufaka engaguqula isithombe sibe yifomu elifanele. gcina kwimemori yekhompyutha. Ngakho-ke isithwebuli sedijithali sazalwa.

Iskena SEAK usebenzise isigubhu esizungezisayo kanye ne-photomultiplier ukuthola ukubonakaliswa kwesithombe esincane esifakwe esigubhu. Imaski ebekwe phakathi kwesithombe ne-photomultiplier yenziwe nge-tessellated, i.e. ihlukanise isithombe sibe igridi ye-polygonal. Isithombe sokuqala esiskenwe kusithwebuli kwakuyisithombe esingu-5×5 cm sendodana ka-Kirsch enezinyanga ezintathu ubudala, u-Walden (5). Isithombe esimnyama nesimhlophe sasinokulungiswa okungamaphikseli angu-176 ohlangothini ngalunye.

60s-90s Ikhulu lamashumi amabili Ubuchwepheshe bokuskena be-3D bokuqala yadalwa kuma-60s ekhulwini elidlule. Izikena zakuqala zazisebenzisa izibani, amakhamera, nama-projektha. Ngenxa yemikhawulo ye-hardware, ukuskena ngokunembile izinto ngokuvamile kuthatha isikhathi esiningi nomzamo. Ngemuva kuka-1985, zathathelwa indawo izikena ezingasebenzisa ukukhanya okumhlophe, amalaser, kanye nokuthungatha indawo ethile. Ukuskena kwe-laser yobubanzi obuphakathi komhlaba (I-TLS) yathuthukiswa kusukela kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezisemkhathini nasezinhlelweni zokuvikela.

Umthombo oyinhloko wemali yala maphrojekthi asezingeni eliphezulu uvela ezikhungweni zikahulumeni wase-US ezifana ne-Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). Lokhu kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngawo-90, lapho ubuchwepheshe buqashelwa njengethuluzi elibalulekile lezicelo zezimboni nezohwebo. Impumelelo uma kukhulunywa ngokuqaliswa kwezentengiso Ukuskena kwe-laser ye-3D (6) kwaba ukuvela kwezinhlelo ze-TLS ezisekelwe kunxantathu. Idivayisi yokuguquguquka yadalwa ngu-Xin Chen we-Mensi, eyasungulwa ngo-1987 ngu-Auguste D'Aligny noMichel Paramitioti.

5. Isithombe sokuqala esiskenwe yisithwebuli se-SEAC

6. Ukubona ngeso lengqondo i-TLS yokuskena i-laser esekelwe phansi

1963 Umsunguli waseJalimane U-Rudolph Ad imele enye intuthuko emisha, i-chromograph, esichazwe ezifundweni "njengeskena sokuqala emlandweni" (nakuba kufanele siqondwe njengethuluzi lokuqala lokuhweba lalolu hlobo embonini yokunyathelisa). Ngo-1965 wasungula ikhithi uhlelo lokuqala lokuthayipha lukagesi olunenkumbulo yedijithali (ikhithi yekhompyutha) yashintsha imboni yokunyathelisa emhlabeni wonke.. Ngawo lowo nyaka, "umqambi wedijithali" wokuqala wethulwa - Digiset. Isithwebuli sezentengiso sika-Rudolf Hella sika-DC 300 sango-1971 sinconywe njengempumelelo yesithwebuli esisezingeni lomhlaba.

7. Umsunguli womshini wokufunda i-Kurzweil.

1974 isiqalo Amadivayisi we-OCRnjengoba sisazi namuhla. Yasungulwa ngaleso sikhathi I-Kurzweil Computer Products, Inc. Kamuva owaziwa njenge-futurist kanye nomgqugquzeli "wobunye bezobuchwepheshe", wasungula ukusetshenziswa okuguquguqukayo kwesu lokuskena nokuqashelwa kwezimpawu nezimpawu. Umbono wakhe wawuthi ukwakha umshini wokufunda wezimpumputhe, okuvumela abantu abangaboni kahle ukuthi bafunde izincwadi ngekhompyutha.

URay Kurzweil nethimba lakhe bakha Umshini wokufunda kaKurzweil (7) kanye Isoftware ye-Omni-Font OCR Technology. Le softhiwe isetshenziselwa ukubona umbhalo entweni eskeniwe futhi iguqulelwe kudatha esesimweni sombhalo. Imizamo yakhe yaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwamasu amabili kamuva namanje abaluleke kakhulu. Ekhuluma ngayo i-synthesizer yenkulumo i isithwebuli se-flatbed.

Iskena se-Kurzweil flatbed kusuka kuma-70s. yayingenayo inkumbulo engaphezu kuka-64 kilobytes. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, onjiniyela baye bathuthukisa ukulungiswa kwesithwebuli namandla enkumbulo, okuvumela la madivayisi ukuthi athwebule izithombe ezifika ku-9600 dpi. Ukuskena kwesithombe okubonakalayo, umbhalo, imibhalo ebhalwe ngesandla noma izinto nokuziguqulela esithombeni sedijithali kwatholakala kabanzi ekuqaleni kwawo-90s.

Ngekhulu lama-5400, izikena ze-flatbed zaba izingcezu zemishini engabizi futhi enokwethenjelwa, okokuqala okwasemahhovisi futhi kamuva kwamakhaya (okuvame ukuhlanganiswa nemishini yefeksi, amakhophi, namaphrinta). Ngezinye izikhathi kubizwa ngokuthi ukuskena okukhanyayo. Isebenza ngokukhanyisa into eskeniwe ngokukhanya okumhlophe nokufunda ubukhulu nombala wokukhanya ovela kukho. Idizayinelwe ukuskena amaphrinti noma ezinye izinto eziyisicaba, ezikhanyayo, zinendawo engaphezulu elungisekayo, okusho ukuthi zingakwazi ukuthwala kalula izincwadi ezinkulu, omagazini, nokunye.Uma sekuyisilinganiso sezithombe zekhwalithi, izikena eziningi ze-flatbed manje zikhiqiza amakhophi afika kumaphikseli angu-XNUMX iyintshi ngayinye. .

1994 Izikena ze-3D zethula isisombululo esibizwa ngokuthi Impendulo. Lolu hlelo lwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuskena izinto ngokushesha nangokunembile ngenkathi kugcinwa imininingwane ephezulu. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, inkampani efanayo yanikela Indlela ye-ModelMaker (8), okubhekwa njengendlela yokuqala enembayo "yokuthwebula izinto zangempela ze-XNUMXD".

2013 U-Apple uyajoyina Izithwebuli zeminwe ye-ID yokuthinta (9) kuma-smartphone ewakhiqizayo. Uhlelo luhlanganiswe kakhulu namadivayisi we-iOS, okuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bavule idivayisi, futhi bathenge ezitolo ezihlukahlukene ze-Apple digital (iTunes Store, App Store, iBookstore) futhi baqinisekise izinkokhelo ze-Apple Pay. Ngo-2016, ikhamera ye-Samsung Galaxy Note 7 ingena emakethe, ifakwe hhayi kuphela ngesithwebuli seminwe, kodwa futhi nesithwebuli se-iris.

8. Enye yamamodeli wesithwebuli se-3D ModelMaker

9. Isithwebuli se-ID ye-iPhone Touch

Ukuhlukaniswa kweskena

Iskena yidivayisi esetshenziselwa ukufunda ngokuqhubekayo: isithombe, ibhakhodi noma ikhodi kazibuthe, amaza omsakazo, njll. ibe ifomu le-elekthronikhi (ngokuvamile idijithali). Isithwebuli siskena ama-serial streams wolwazi, ukuwafunda noma ukuwabhalisa.

Ngakho-ke akusona isifundi esivamile, kodwa isifundo sesinyathelo nesinyathelo (isibonelo, isithwebuli sesithombe asithwebuli sonke isithombe ngesikhathi esisodwa njengekhamera, kodwa kunalokho sibhala imigqa yesithombe elandelanayo - ukuze isithwebuli sifundeke. ikhanda liyanyakaza noma okuphakathi kuskenwa ngaphansi).

isithwebuli se-optical

Iskena esibonakalayo kumakhompyutha idivayisi yokufaka ye-peripheral eguqula isithombe esimile sento yangempela (isibonelo, iqabunga, ubuso bomhlaba, i-retina yomuntu) ibe ifomu ledijithali ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokucubungula ikhompuyutha. Ifayela lekhompyutha eliwumphumela wokuskenwa kwesithombe libizwa ngokuthi ukuskena. Izikena ze-Optical zisetshenziselwa ukulungiswa kokucubungula izithombe (i-DTP), ukuqashelwa kokubhala ngesandla, izinhlelo zokuvikela nokulawula ukufinyelela, ukugcinwa kwemibhalo nezincwadi ezindala, ucwaningo lwesayensi nezokwelapha, njll.

Izinhlobo zezikena ezibonakalayo:

• isithwebuli esiphathwa ngesandla
• isithwebuli se-flatbed
• isithwebuli sesigubhu
• isithwebuli sesilayidi
• isithwebuli sefilimu
• Iskena sebhakhodi
• Iskena se-3D (indawo)
• isithwebuli sencwadi
• isithwebuli sesibuko
• isithwebuli se-prism
• isithwebuli se-fiber optic

I-Magnetic

Laba bafundi banamakhanda afunda ukwaziswa ngokuvamile okubhalwe emgqeni kazibuthe. Lena yindlela ulwazi olugcinwa ngayo, isibonelo, emakhadini amaningi okukhokha.

Idijithali

Umfundi ufunda ulwazi olugcinwe esikhungweni ngokuthintana ngqo nesistimu esikhungweni. Ngakho, phakathi kwezinye izinto, umsebenzisi wekhompyutha ugunyazwe esebenzisa ikhadi ledijithali.

Umsakazo

Umfundi ngomsakazo (RFID) ufunda ulwazi olugcinwe entweni. Ngokuvamile, ububanzi bomfundi onjalo busuka kumasentimitha ambalwa kuya eziningana, nakuba abafundi abanebanga lamashumi amaningana amasentimitha nabo bayathandwa. Ngenxa yokusebenziseka kalula kwazo, ziya ngokuya zishintsha izixazululo zokufunda kazibuthe, isibonelo ezinhlelweni zokulawula ukufinyelela.