Amasistimu wokujova udizili. Ukuklama, izinzuzo kanye nokubi

Ngokungafani nezinjini zikaphethiloli, izinjini zikadizili bezinomjovo kaphethiloli zisuka nje. Amasistimu omjovo kuphela, okokufaka kanye nomfutho kaphethiloli ohlinzekwa kumasilinda okushintshile.

Isimiso sokusebenza kwenjini kadizili, ngokuvamile eyaziwa ngokuthi injini kadizili, sihluke ngokuphelele kwesenjini kaphethiloli. Emalolini kaphethiloli, ingxube ye-fuel-air ingena ekamelweni elivuthayo ngaphezu kwepiston. Ngemuva kokucindezelwa, ingxube iyathungelwa ngenxa yokuqhekeka kwenhlansi kagesi kuma-electrode we-spark plug. Yingakho izinjini zikaphethroli zibuye zibizwe ngokuthi izinjini ze-spark ignition (SI).

Enjinini ye-diesel, i-piston ekamelweni elivuthayo icindezela umoya kuphela, okuthi, ngaphansi kwethonya lokucindezela okukhulu (okungenani ama-40 bar - yingakho igama elithi "high pressure") lishiswa ekushiseni kuka-600-800 ° C. Ukujova uphethiloli emoyeni oshisayo onjalo kubangela ukuba uphethiloli uzishise ngokushesha endaweni evuthayo. Ngalesi sizathu, ama-powertrains kadizili abuye abizwe ngokuthi izinjini zokuthungela ngokucindezela (CI). Kusukela ekuqaleni, banikezwa ngokujova uphethiloli ekamelweni elivuthayo, hhayi endaweni eningi yokungenisa, ehlinzeka kuphela umoya enjinini. Kuye ngokuthi igumbi elivuthayo lalihlukaniswe noma cha, izinjini zedizili zahlukaniswa zaba amayunithi amandla ngomjovo ongaqondile noma oqondile.

Umjovo ongaqondile

Idizili, nakuba iqale ngesistimu yomjovo oqondile, ayizange isetshenziswe isikhathi eside. Lesi sixazululo sidale izinkinga eziningi kakhulu futhi embonini yezimoto sathathelwa indawo umjovo ongaqondile onelungelo lobunikazi ngo-1909. Umjovo oqondile wasala ezinjinini ezinkulu ezimile nezasolwandle, kanye nakwamanye amaloli. Abaklami bezimoto zabagibeli bathanda udizili omjovo ongaqondile, osebenza kahle nomsindo omncane.

Igama elithi "okungaqondile" ezinjinini zikadizili lisho into ehluke ngokuphelele kunasezinjinini zikaphethiloli, lapho umjovo ongaqondile uwukujova ingxube kaphethiloli womoya endaweni eningi ewuthathayo. Ezinjinini zedizili ezijova ngokungaqondile, njengasemiklameni yomjovo oqondile, uphethiloli owenziwe nge-athomu wumjovo nawo ungena ekamelweni elivuthayo. Kuyinto nje ukuthi ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili - ingxenye eyisizayo, lapho i-fuel injected khona, futhi ingxenye eyinhloko, i.e. isikhala ngqo ngaphezu kwepiston lapho inqubo eyinhloko yokushiswa kukaphethiloli yenzeka khona. Amakamelo axhunywe isiteshi noma iziteshi. Ngokwefomu kanye nomsebenzi, amakamelo ahlukaniswe abe yi-preliminary, vortex kanye nama-air reservoirs.

Lezi zamuva azikwazi ukusetshenziswa, ngoba ukukhiqizwa kwazo sekuphelile. Endabeni yama-prechambers kanye nama-swirl chambers, i-nozzle ifakwe eduze kwekamelo elisizayo futhi ifaka uphethiloli kuyo. Lapho, ukuthungela kwenzeka, khona-ke uphethiloli oshiswe kancane ungena ekamelweni elikhulu futhi ushise lapho. Amadizili ane-prechamber noma i-swirl chamber asebenza kahle futhi angase abe namasistimu e-crank angasindi. Azizwelani nekhwalithi kaphethiloli futhi zingaba nemibhobho yomklamo olula. Nokho, awasebenzi kahle kunodizili womjovo oqondile, adla uphethiloli omningi, futhi anenkinga yokuqalisa injini ebandayo. Namuhla, izinjini zikadizili ezifakwa ngokungaqondile ezimotweni zabagibeli ziyinto yesikhathi esidlule futhi azisakhiqizwa. Awavamile ukutholakala ezimotweni zesimanje emakethe namuhla. Angatholakala kuphela emiklameni efana ne-Indian Hindustan ne-Tata, i-Russian UAZ, isizukulwane esidala i-Mitsubishi Pajero ethengiswa e-Brazil, noma i-Volkswagen Polo ehlinzekwa e-Argentina. Asetshenziswa ngamanani amakhulu kakhulu ezimotweni ze-aftermarket.

Umjovo oqondile

Konke kwaqala ngaye. Kodwa-ke, izinzuzo zokujova okuqondile azizange zisetshenziswe ekuqaleni. Ukubaluleka kokujikeleza okufanele kukaphethiloli bekungaziwa futhi ukuvutha kwawo bekungeyona into efanelekile. Kwakheka izigaxa zikaphethiloli, okwaba nomthelela ekwakhekeni kwensimu. Izinqubo ku-piston zahamba ngokushesha kakhulu, izinjini zasebenza kanzima, zabhubhisa ngokushesha i-crankshaft bear. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, umjovo oqondile uyekwa, kunconyelwa umjovo ongaqondile.

Ukubuyela ezimpandeni, kodwa enguqulweni yanamuhla, kwenzeka kuphela ngo-1987, lapho i-Fiat Croma 1.9 TD ingena ekukhiqizeni okuningi. Ukujova uphethiloli oqondile kudinga okokusebenza okusebenzayo komjovo, umfutho womjovo ophezulu, uphethiloli wekhwalithi enhle, kanye ne-crankset enamandla kakhulu (ngakhoke isindayo). Kodwa-ke, inikeza ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu nokuqala okulula kwenjini ebandayo. Izixazululo zesimanje zomjovo oqondile wezinjini zikadizili zisekelwe ikakhulukazi emakhanda ayisicaba ngokuphelele namapiston anamagumbi amise ngendlela efanele (imigodi). Amakamelo anesibopho sokunyakaziswa okulungile kukaphethiloli. Umjovo oqondile usetshenziswa kabanzi namuhla ezinjinini zedizili zezimoto zabagibeli.

Umjovo Oqondile - Izijovo Zephampu

Ezinjinini zendabuko zikadizili, izinhlobo ezahlukene zamaphampu zinesibopho sokuhlinzeka ngophethiloli. Ezikhathini zokuphayona, ukujova uphethiloli kwenziwa ngomoya ocindezelwe; ngeminyaka yawo-20, lokhu kwenziwa ngamaphampu kawoyela aklanywe kabusha. Ngama-300s, amaphampu akhethekile aklanyelwe izinjini ze-diesel asevele esetshenziswa kabanzi. Ekuqaleni, yayisekelwe kumaphampu we-serial adala ukucindezela okuphansi (kufika ku-60 bar). Kwaze kwaba ngama-1000s lapho amaphampu asebenza kahle ane-axial distributor (ngaphezu kwamabha angama-80) avela. Maphakathi nawo-524 bathola ukulawulwa komjovo ngomshini, kwathi maphakathi nawo-1986 bathola ukulawulwa ngogesi (BMW XNUMXtd, XNUMX).

Ama-pump-injection asetshenziswa emalolini asevele eminyakeni yama-30s ayeyindlela ehluke kancane yokujova uphethiloli, ayesetshenziswa kakhulu ezimotweni zabagibeli yiVolkswagen ukukhathazeka, okokuqala ngqa ngo-1998 (Passat B5 1.9 TDI). Ngamafuphi, i-pump injector iyi-injector enepompo yayo, eqhutshwa yi-camshaft. Ngakho-ke, yonke inqubo yokucindezela nokujova ku-cylinder inqunyelwe ekhanda le-cylinder. Uhlelo luhlangene kakhulu, azikho imigqa yamafutha exhuma ipompo kuma-injection. Ngakho-ke, akukho pulsation ye-nozzle, okwenza kube nzima ukulawula umthamo wamafutha nokuvuza. Njengoba uphethiloli uhwamuka kancane egunjini lomjovo weyunithi, isikhathi somjovo singase sibe sincane (ukuqala okulula). Okubaluleke kakhulu, nokho, ingcindezi yomjovo ephezulu kakhulu ye-2000-2200 bar. Umthamo kaphethiloli kusilinda uxubana ngokushesha nomoya futhi ushise kahle kakhulu.

Ngokuvamile, injini ye-diesel ye-pump-injector ibonakala ngokusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ukusetshenziswa kancane kukaphethiloli, isivinini esikhulu kanye nethuba lokuthola amandla aphezulu. Kodwa injini yomjovo weyunithi iyabiza ukuyikhiqiza, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yobunkimbinkimbi bekhanda lesilinda. Umsebenzi wakhe unzima futhi unomsindo. Uma inikwa amandla ngama-unit injector, kuphinde kube nezinkinga ze-emissions, okube nomthelela omkhulu ekulahlekeni kwe-VW kwalesi sixazululo.

Umjovo Oqondile - Isitimela Esivamile

Isici esibaluleke kakhulu sohlelo lomjovo we-Common Rail "i-Common Rail", uhlobo lwethangi elaziwa nangokuthi "i-pressurized fuel accumulator", lapho iphampu iphampa uphethiloli wedizili. Ingena kuma-nozzles hhayi ngokuqondile epompo, kodwa kusukela ethangini, kuyilapho igcina ukucindezela okufanayo kwe-cylinder ngayinye.

Ngokomfanekiso, singasho ukuthi i-injection ngayinye ayilindi ingxenye yamafutha epompo, kodwa isenayo uphethiloli ngokucindezela okukhulu kakhulu. Ama-impulses kagesi asebenzisa ama-injection anele ukuhlinzeka ngophethiloli emakamelweni avuthayo. Uhlelo olunjalo likuvumela ukuthi udale imijovo yezigaba eziningi (ngisho nezigaba eziyi-8 ngomjovo ngamunye), okuholela ekushisweni okuqondile kukaphethiloli ngokukhuphuka kancane kwengcindezi. Ingcindezi yomjovo ephezulu kakhulu (ibha engu-1800) ivumela ukusetshenziswa kwama-injection anezimbobo ezincane kakhulu eziletha uphethiloli cishe ngesimo senkungu.

Konke lokhu kuhambisana nokusebenza kahle kwenjini ephezulu, ukusebenza kahle nomsindo ophansi (naphezu komjovo oqondile), ukuhamba kahle nokukhipha umoya omncane. Nokho, izinjini ezivamile zikaloliwe zidinga uphethiloli wekhwalithi ephezulu nezihlungi ezihamba phambili. Izinto ezingcolisa uphethiloli zingacekela phansi ama-injection futhi zidale umonakalo obiza kakhulu ukuwulungisa.