Qala-Stop izinhlelo. Kuyasebenza?
Enye yezindlela zokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, eyaziwa iminyaka eminingi, ukucisha injini ngisho ime kancane imoto. Ezimotweni zesimanje, izinhlelo ze-Start-Stop zinesibopho salo msebenzi.
Esivivinyweni sokushayela okwenziwa eJalimane ngeminyaka yawo-55 kwi-Audi LS enenjini engu-0,35 kW, kwatholakala ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli uma ingenzi lutho kungu-1,87 cm5. XNUMX./s, futhi ekuqaleni kuka-XNUMX, bona i-XNUMX. Le datha ibonise ukuthi ukucisha injini ngokumisa imizuzwana engaphezu kwe-XNUMX konga uphethiloli.
Cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlolwa okufanayo kwenziwa abanye abakhiqizi bezimoto. Ikhono lokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli ngokumisa injini ngisho isitobhini esifushane kakhulu bese uyiqalisa kabusha kuholele ekuthuthukisweni kwemishini yokulawula eyenza lezi zenzo ngokuzenzakalelayo. Eyokuqala cishe kwakuyiToyota, okwathi ngeminyaka yawo-1,5 yasebenzisa umshini wogesi wohlobo lweCrown owacisha injini esitobhini isikhathi esingaphezu kwemizuzwana engu-10. Ukuhlolwa kwesiminyaminya eTokyo kukhombise ukwehla ngo-1% kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli. Isistimu yokusebenza efanayo ihlolwe ku-Fiat Regata kanye ne-2st Formel E Volkswagen Polo. Umshini osemotweni yakamuva uvumele umshayeli ukuthi amise injini, noma ngokuzenzakalelayo, kuye ngesivinini, izinga lokushisa lenjini, nendawo yegiya lever. Injini yaqalwa kabusha i-starter ivuliwe ngesikhathi umshayeli ecindezela i-accelerator pedal nge-clutch pedal depressed kanye negiya lesi-5 noma lesi-XNUMX. Lapho ijubane lemoto lehla ngaphansi kuka-XNUMX km/h, uhlelo lwacisha injini, lwavala umzila ongasebenzi. Uma injini ibibanda, inzwa yokushisa ivimbe ukuvalwa kwenjini ukuze kunciphe ukuguga kusiqalisi, ngoba injini efudumele ithatha isikhathi esincane kakhulu ukuqalisa kunebandayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo lokulawula, ukunciphisa umthwalo ebhethri, lucime iwindi elishisayo elingemuva lapho imoto imile.
Ukuhlolwa komgwaqo kukhombise ukwehla kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli okufika ku-10% ezimeni zokushayela ezimbi. Ukukhishwa kwe-carbon monoxide nakho kwehle ngo-10%. Ingaphezulu kancane kwamaphesenti ama-2. ngakolunye uhlangothi, okuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen oxides kanye nama-hydrocarbons acishe abe ngu-5 kumagesi aphumayo kuye kwanda. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kwakungekho mphumela omubi wesistimu ekuqineni kwesiqalisi.
Izinhlelo zesimanje zokumisa
Izinhlelo zesimanje zokumisa injini ziyazivala ngokuzenzakalelayo injini uma zime (ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile) bese ziyiqalisa kabusha ngokushesha nje lapho umshayeli ecindezela i-clutch pedal noma ekhulula ibhuleki emotweni eshintshashintshayo. Lokhu kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kanye nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni, kodwa esiminyaminya sasemadolobheni kuphela. Ukusebenzisa isistimu ye-Start-Stop kudinga izingxenye zemoto ezithile, njengesiqalisi noma ibhethri, ukuthi zihlale isikhathi eside futhi zivikele ezinye emiphumeleni yokuvalwa kwenjini okuvamile.
Amasistimu e-Start-Stop afakwe izinhlelo zokuphatha amandla eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Imisebenzi yabo eyinhloko ihlanganisa ukuhlola isimo sokushaja kwamabhethri, ukulungisa abamukelayo ebhasini ledatha, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokuthola i-voltage yokushaja efanelekile okwamanje. Konke lokhu ukuze ugweme ukujula kakhulu kwebhethri futhi uqinisekise ukuthi injini ikwazi ukuqalwa noma nini. Ngokuhlala ehlola isimo sebhethri, isilawuli sesistimu siqapha izinga lokushisa, i-voltage, isikhathi samanje nesikhathi sokusebenza. Lawa mapharamitha anquma amandla okuqalisa asheshayo kanye nesimo samanje sokushaja. Uma isistimu ithola ileveli yebhethri ephansi, inciphisa inombolo yabamukeli abanikwe amandla ngokuya ngohlelo lokuvala shaqa oluhleliwe.
Amasistimu okuqalisa-Stop angafakwa ngokuzithandela ngokuthola amandla okubhuleka.
Izimoto ezinamasistimu e-Start Stop zisebenzisa amabhethri e-EFB noma e-AGM. Amabhethri ohlobo lwe-EFB, ngokungafani nalawo asendulo, anamapuleti amahle ahlanganiswe ne-polyester coating, okwandisa ukumelana kwenqwaba esebenzayo yamapuleti ekukhishweni okuvamile kanye nezindleko zamanje eziphezulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amabhethri e-AGM anomucu wengilazi phakathi kwamapuleti, athatha ngokuphelele i-electrolyte. Cishe akukho ukulahlekelwa kuyo. I-voltage ephakeme kancane ingatholakala kumatheminali alolu hlobo lwebhethri. Aphinde amelane nalokhu okubizwa ngokuthi yi-deep discharge.
Ingabe ilimaza injini?
Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule, kwakunenkolelo yokuthi injini ngayinye iqala inyusa imayela layo ngamakhilomitha angamakhulu amaningana. Uma bekunjalo, uhlelo lwe-Start-Stop, olusebenza emotweni eshayela kuphela esiminyaminya sedolobha, bekuzodingeka luqede injini ngokushesha okukhulu. Ukugcina nokuvala cishe akuyona into izinjini eziyithanda kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, inqubekelaphambili yobuchwepheshe kufanele inakwe, isibonelo emkhakheni wamafutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo lwe-Start-Stop ludinga ukuvikelwa okuphumelelayo kwezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene, ngokuyinhloko injini, emiphumeleni yokuvalwa njalo. Lokhu kuyasebenza, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuqinisekisa ukugcotshwa okwengeziwe okuphoqelelwe kwe-turbocharger
I-Starter ohlelweni lwe-Start-Stop
Ezinhlelweni eziningi zokuqalisa ezisetshenziswayo, injini iqalwa kusetshenziswa isiqalisi esivamile. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yenani elikhulayo lemisebenzi, liye landa ukuqina. Isiqalisi sinamandla kakhudlwana futhi sihlome ngamabhulashi angagugi. I-clutch mechanism ine-clutch yendlela eyodwa eklanywe kabusha futhi igiya linomumo wezinyo olungisiwe. Lokhu kuphumela ekusebenzeni kokuqalisa okuthule, okubalulekile ekushayeleni ukunethezeka lapho injini iqala njalo.
Ijeneretha ebuyiseleka emuva
Idivayisi enjalo ebizwa ngokuthi i-StaRS (Starter Alternator Reversible System) yathuthukiswa yi-Valeo yezinhlelo ze-Start-Stop. Uhlelo lusekelwe emshinini kagesi obuyiselwa emuva, ohlanganisa imisebenzi yesiqalisi kanye ne-alternator. Esikhundleni se-generator yakudala, ungakwazi ukufaka kalula i-generator ebuyiselekayo.
Idivayisi inikeza isiqalo esibushelelezi kakhulu. Uma kuqhathaniswa nesiqalisi esivamile, ayikho inqubo yokuxhuma lapha. Uma uqala, i-stator winding ye-alternator eguquguqukayo, okwamanje eba injini kagesi, kufanele inikezwe nge-voltage eshintshanayo, kanye ne-rotor ejikelezayo nge-voltage eqondile. Ukuthola i-voltage ye-AC ebhethrini elingaphakathi kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwalokho okubizwa nge-inverter. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-stator windings akufanele inikezwe nge-voltage eshintshanayo ngokusebenzisa i-voltage stabilizer namabhuloho e-diode. I-voltage regulator kanye namabhuloho e-diode kumele anqanyulwe kuma-windings e-stator ngalesi sikhathi. Ngesikhathi sokuqalisa, i-generator reversible iba injini kagesi enamandla angu-2 - 2,5 kW, ithuthukisa i-torque engu-40 Nm. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi uqale injini phakathi kuka-350-400 ms.
Lapho nje injini iqala, i-voltage ye-AC evela ku-inverter iyayeka ukugeleza, ijeneretha ehlehlayo iba enye futhi enama-diode axhunywe kuma-windings e-stator kanye nesilawuli sikagesi ukuze sinikeze amandla kagesi e-DC ohlelweni lukagesi lwemoto.
Kwezinye izixazululo, ngaphezu kwejeneretha ebuyela emuva, injini nayo ifakwe isiqalisi sendabuko, esisetshenziselwa isiqalo sokuqala ngemva kwesikhathi eside sokungasebenzi.
I-accumulator yamandla
Kwezinye izixazululo ze-Start-Stop system, ngaphezu kwebhethri evamile, kukhona okuthiwa. i-energy accumulator. Umsebenzi wayo ukuqongelela ugesi ukuze kube lula ukuqala kwenjini yokuqala futhi iqalise kabusha kumodi ethi "Qala-Stop". Iqukethe ama-capacitor amabili axhunywe ochungechungeni nomthamo wama-farad angamakhulu amaningana. Ngesikhathi sokukhishwa, iyakwazi ukusekela uhlelo lokuqala olunama-ampere angamakhulu amaningana.
Izimo zokusebenza
Ukusebenza kohlelo lwe-Start-Stop kungenzeka kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo eziningana ezahlukene. Okokuqala, kufanele kube namandla anele ebhethrini ukuze iqalise kabusha injini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuhl. isivinini semoto kusukela ekuqaleni kufanele sidlule inani elithile (isibonelo, 10 km/h). Isikhathi esiphakathi kokuma okubili okulandelanayo kwemoto sikhulu kunesilinganiso esincane esibekwe wuhlelo. Amazinga okushisa kaphethiloli, i-alternator nebhethri angaphakathi kwebanga elishiwo. Inani lokuma alidlulanga umkhawulo ngomzuzu wokugcina wokushayela. Injini isezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa lokushisa.
Lezi ngezinye zezidingo okumele kuhlangatshezwane nazo ukuze uhlelo lusebenze.
