I-synchronous motor test drive: kusho ukuthini?
Izimoto ezisebenza ngogesi zisambozwe ukuthuthukiswa kwebhethri
Ukuthuthuka okusheshayo kwama-hybrid powertrains kanye nenqubekela phambili engakaze ibonwe eminyakeni yamuva emkhakheni wezimoto zikagesi yiyona nto okugxilwe kuyo kakhulu ekwakhiweni kobuchwepheshe bebhethri. Zidinga izinsizakusebenza eziphezulu kubathuthukisi futhi ziyinselelo enkulu kubakhi. Kodwa-ke, umuntu akufanele alithathe kancane iqiniso lokuthi inqubekela phambili ekwakhiweni kobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe be-lithium-ion ihambisana nenqubekela phambili ebonakalayo emkhakheni wokulawulwa kwamandla kwemisinga kagesi nama-motors kagesi. Kuvele ukuthi yize izinjini zikagesi zisebenza kahle kakhulu, zinenkambu enkulu yokuthuthuka.
Abaqambi balindela ukuthi imboni ikhule ngezinga eliphakeme ngokwedlulele, hhayi ngoba izimoto zikagesi seziya ngokujwayeleka, kepha futhi ngoba ukufakwa kukagesi kwezimoto ezinamandla omlilo kuyinto ebalulekile yamazinga okuphuma asethwe e-European Union.
Yize imoto kagesi inomlando wasendulo, namuhla abaklami babhekene nezinselelo ezintsha. Ama-motors kagesi, kuya ngenhloso, angaba nomklamo omncane nobubanzi obukhulu noma ububanzi obuncane nomzimba omude. Ukuziphatha kwabo ezimotweni zikagesi ezimsulwa kwehlukile kulokho okwenzekile, lapho kufanele kubhekwe ukushisa okwenziwa yinjini yomlilo yangaphakathi. Ezimotweni zikagesi, ibanga lejubane libanzi, futhi lezo ezifakwe ohlelweni lwe-hybrid olufanayo ekudlulisweni kufanele zilungiselelwe ukusebenza ngaphakathi kwebanga lejubane lenjini yomlilo. Imishini eminingi isebenza ngamandla amakhulu, kepha imishini kagesi engama-volt angama-48 izokwanda kakhulu.
Kungani ama-AC motors
Ngaphandle kokuthi umthombo kagesi kumuntu webhethri ungowamanje oqondile, abaklami bohlelo lukagesi njengamanje abacabangi ngokusebenzisa izinjini zikagesi zeDC. Ngisho nokulahleka kokuguqulwa, amayunithi we-AC, ikakhulukazi avumelanayo, adlula amayunithi e-DC. Kepha isho ukuthini imoto ehambisanayo noma evumelanayo? Sizokwethula kule ngxenye yomhlaba wezimoto, ngoba ngenkathi izimoto ezisebenza ngogesi kudala zikhona ezimotweni ezinjengama-starters nama-alternator, kusanda kwethulwa ubuchwepheshe obusha ngokuphelele kule ndawo.
IToyota, GM neBMW manje sekungabanye babakhiqizi abambalwa abathathe ukwakhiwa nokukhiqizwa kwama-motors kagesi uqobo. Ngisho neLexus engumsizi kaToyota iwaphakela le nkampani kwenye inkampani, i-Aisin yaseJapan. Izinkampani eziningi zithembele kubahlinzeki abanjengoZF Sachs, Siemens, Bosch, Zytec noma izinkampani zaseChina. Ngokusobala, ukukhula okusheshayo kwaleli bhizinisi kuvumela izinkampani ezinjalo ukuthi zizuze ebudlelwaneni nabakhiqizi bezimoto. Ngokuqondene nohlangothi lwezobuchwepheshe lwezinto, kulezi zinsuku, zezidingo zezimoto zikagesi nezinhlamvu ezixutshiwe, ama-AC motors ahambisanayo ane-Rotor yangaphandle noma yangaphakathi asetshenziswa kakhulu.
Ikhono lokuguqula kahle amabhethri e-DC abe yizigaba ezintathu ze-AC futhi okuphambene nalokho ikakhulu kungenxa yentuthuko kubuchwepheshe bokulawula. Kodwa-ke, amazinga wamanje kumandla kagesi afinyelela kumazinga ngokuphindwe kaningi kunalawo atholakala kwinethiwekhi kagesi yasendlini, futhi kaningi adlula ama-amperes ayi-150. Lokhu kudala ukushisa okuningi okufanele kubhekane nakho ngogesi. Njengamanje, ivolumu yamadivayisi wokulawula i-elektroniki isenkulu ngoba amadivayisi wokulawula ama-semiconductor kagesi awakwazi ukuncishiswa ngenduku yomlingo.
Womabili ama-synchronous kanye nama-asynchronous motors awuhlobo lwemishini kagesi yensimu kazibuthe ezungezayo enamandla amakhulu okuminyana. Ngokuvamile, i-rotor ye-induction motor iqukethe iphakheji elula yamashidi aqinile anama-winding short-circuited. Kwamanje kugeleza kuma-windings e-stator ngamapheya aphambene, okwamanje kusuka kwesinye sezigaba ezintathu ageleza ngakunye. Njengoba ngayinye yazo iguqulwa ngesigaba ngamadigri angu-120 ngokuhlobene nomunye, okubizwa ngokuthi insimu yamagnetic ejikelezayo iyatholakala. Lokhu, futhi, kubangela insimu kazibuthe ku-rotor, futhi ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinkambu ezimbili zamagnetic - ezijikelezayo ku-stator kanye ne-magnetic field ye-rotor, kuholela ekungeneni kokujikeleza kokugcina nokulandelayo. Kodwa-ke, kulolu hlobo lwe-motor kagesi, i-rotor ihlale ihamba ngemuva kwensimu ngoba uma kungekho ukunyakaza okuhlobene phakathi kwensimu kanye ne-rotor, ngeke yenze insimu yamagnetic ku-rotor. Ngakho-ke, izinga lejubane eliphezulu linqunywa imvamisa ye-supply current kanye nomthwalo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokusebenza kahle okuphezulu kwama-motor synchronous, abakhiqizi abaningi banamathela kuwo.
Izinjini ezivumelanisiwe
Lawa manyunithi asebenza kahle kakhulu namandla amakhulu. Umehluko ophawuleka kakhulu kumoto wokungeniswa ukuthi amandla kazibuthe akulo Rotor awadalwa ngokusebenzisana ne-stator, kepha kungumphumela wokugeleza kwamanje ngama-windings angeziwe afakwe kuwo, noma odonsa abasebenza unomphela. Ngakho-ke, insimu ku-rotor nensimu ku-stator iyavumelanisa, futhi isivinini esikhulu semoto sincike nasekujikelezeni kwenkambu, ngokulandelana, kumvamisa wamanje nomthwalo. Ukugwema isidingo sokunikezwa kwamandla okungeziwe kuma-windings, okwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla futhi kuqinise umthethonqubo wamanje ezimotweni zikagesi zesimanje namamodeli we-hybrid, kusetshenziswa ama-motors kagesi analokho okuthiwa yi-excitation njalo, i.e. nge odonsa unomphela. Njengoba sekushiwo, cishe bonke abakhiqizi bezimoto ezinjalo njengamanje basebenzisa amayunithi alolu hlobo, ngakho-ke, ngokusho kochwepheshe abaningi, kusazoba nenkinga ngokushoda kwezinto ezibizayo ezingabizi zomhlaba i-neodymium ne-dysprosium. Ama-motor ahambisanayo eza ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene nezixazululo zobuchwepheshe ezihlanganisiwe njenge-BMW noma i-GM, kepha sizokutshela okuningi ngazo.
Ukwakha
Izinjini zezimoto ezisebenza ngogesi zivame ukuhlanganiswa ngqo nomehluko we-axle yedrayivu futhi amandla adluliselwe emasondweni ngama-axle shafts, kunciphisa ukulahleka kokudluliswa kwemishini. Ngalesi sakhiwo esingaphansi kwesitezi, isikhungo se-gravity siyancishiswa futhi umklamo webhulokhi uphelele uba yinkimbinkimbi. Isimo sihluke ngokuphelele ngokuhlelwa kwamamodeli ayi-hybrid. Kuma-hybrids agcwele njengemodi eyodwa (iToyota neLexus) nemodi ekabili (Chevrolet Tahoe), amamotho kagesi axhunywe ngandlela thize namagiya eplanethi ku-hybrid drivetrain, lapho ukubumbana kudinga ukuthi ukwakheka kwawo kube yinde futhi ibe mancane ububanzi. Kuma-hybrid parallel akudala, izidingo ezihlangene zisho ukuthi i-asembly elingana phakathi kwe-flywheel ne-gearbox inobubanzi obukhudlwana futhi iyisicaba, abakhiqizi abanjengoBosch no-ZF Sachs baze bathembele ekwakhiweni kwe-rotor okumise okwediski. Kukhona futhi ukuhlukahluka kwe-rotor - ngenkathi ku-Lexus LS 600h into ejikelezayo itholakala ngaphakathi, kwamanye amamodeli we-Mercedes i-rotor ejikelezayo ingaphandle. Idizayini yakamuva ibuye ibe lula kakhulu ezimeni lapho ama-motor kagesi efakwe kuma-wheel hubs.
Umbhalo: UGeorgy Kolev
