Abadlali be-Chessmen

Izingcezu nezingcezu ezivame ukusetshenziswa emiqhudelwaneni nakwimidlalo ye-chess izingcezu ze-Staunton. Zakhiwe nguNathaniel Cook futhi zaqanjwa ngoHoward Staunton, umdlali we-chess ophambili wamaphakathi nekhulu le-1849, owasayina futhi wabala amasethi angamakhulu amahlanu okuqala enziwe ngo-XNUMX yinkampani yomndeni iJaques yaseLondon. Lezi zingcezu ngokushesha zaba indinganiso yezingcezu zomqhudelwano nezicucu ezisetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke.

Okwe-cradle of chess, eyaqanjwa ekuqaleni Chaturangaibhekwa njengeNdiya. Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX AD, uChaturanga walethwa ePheresiya futhi waguqulwa waba chatrang. Ngemva kokunqotshwa kwePheresiya ngama-Arabhu ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, i-chatrang yaba nezinguquko ezengeziwe futhi yaziwa ngokuthi chatranj. Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX, i-chess yafinyelela eYurophu. Amasethi ambalwa kuphela asindile kuze kube yilolu suku. izingcezu ze-medieval chess. Okudume kakhulu yi-Sandomierz chess ne-Lewis chess..

I-Sandomierz chess

Isethi ye-chess ye-Sandomierz iqukethe izingcezu ezincane ezingu-29 (ntathu kuphela ezingekho) kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX, yake yagqitshwa ngaphansi kwendlu encane ku-St. James Street. Izingcezu azidluli ku-2 cm ubude, okuphakamisa ukuthi zisetshenziselwa ukuhamba. Zenziwe ngezinyamazane zezinyamazane ngesitayela sesi-Arabhu (1). Zitholwe ngo-1962 eSandomierz ngesikhathi socwaningo lwemivubukulo oluholwa uJerzy no-Eliga Gonsowski. Ziyisikhumbuzo esibaluleke kakhulu eqoqweni lemivubukulo le-Regional Museum e-Sandomierz.

I-Chess yafika ePoland ngo-1154, ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaBolesław Wrymouth. Ngokombono othile, babengase balethwe ePoland bevela eMpumalanga Ephakathi yiNkosana uHenryk waseSandomierz. Ngo-XNUMX, wabamba iqhaza empini yokuya eZweni Elingcwele ukuze avikele iJerusalema kumaSaracens.

Chess noLewis

2. Izingcezu ze-chess ezivela e-Isle of Lewis

Ngo-1831, eScottish Isle of Lewis e-Uig Bay, kwatholakala izingcezu ezingu-93 eziqoshwe amazinyo e-walrus namazinyo omkhomo (2). Yonke le mifanekiso iyizithombe ezimise okomuntu, futhi iziqongo zifana namatshe amathuna. Cishe konke kwenziwa eNorway ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX (ngaleso sikhathi iziQhingi zaseScotland kwakungezaseNorway). Zafihlwa noma zalahleka ngenkathi zithuthwa zisuka eNorway ziyiswa ezindaweni ezicebile ogwini olusempumalanga ye-Ireland.

Njengamanje, imibukiso engu-82 iseBritish Museum eLondon, kanti engu-11 esele ikuNational Museum of Scotland e-Edinburgh. Efilimini yango-2001 ethi Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, uHarry noRon badlala i-wizard chess enezingcezu ezenziwe njengezingcezu nezingcezu zase-Isle of Lewis.

Izingcezu ze-Chess zekhulu lesi-XNUMX.

Ukwanda kwentshisekelo ye-chess ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX kwenze kwadingeka ukuthi kwakhiwe imodeli yendawo yonke yezicucu. Ezikhathini zangaphambili, kwasetshenziswa amafomu ahlukene. Amafonti esiNgisi asetshenziswa kakhulu okusanhlamvu kwebhali (3) - ngegama lezikhwebu zebhali ezihlotshiswe emifanekisweni yenkosi neyehetman, noma George St (4) - ovela eqenjini elidumile le-chess eLondon.

EJalimane, imikhiqizo yalolu hlobo yayisetshenziswa kabanzi. Selenium (5) - eqanjwe ngoGustav Selen. Kwakuyigama-mbumbulu lika-Augustus the Younger, uDuke waseBrunswick, umbhali weChess, noma i-King's Game ("), eyanyatheliswa ngo-1616. Le modeli enhle yakudala nayo ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi ingadi noma i-tulip figure. E-France, izingcezu nama-pawns zazithandwa kakhulu, ezazidlalwa kwabadumile I-Cafe Regency eParis (6 no-7).

6. Izingcezu ze-chess ze-French Régence.

7. Iqoqo lemisebenzi ye-French Regent.

I-Cafe Regency

Kwakuyikhefi ye-chess edumile eduze kwaseLouvre eParis, eyasungulwa ngo-1718, evame ukuvakashelwa yi-regent, iNkosana uPhilippe d'Orléans. Udlale kuyona phakathi kwabanye I-Legal de Kermeer (umbhali wemidlalo emincane edume kakhulu ye-chess ebizwa ngokuthi “Legal checkmate”), wayebhekwa njengomdlali onamandla kunabo bonke eFrance waze wahlulwa ngo-1755 ngumfundi wakhe wechess. UFrançois Philidora. Ngo-1798 wadlala i-chess lapha. Napoleon Bonaparte.

Ngo-1858, uPaul Morphy wadlala umdlalo odumile eCafé de la Régence, ngaphandle kokubheka ibhodi, ngokumelene nabadlali abayisishiyagalombili abanamandla, wawina imidlalo eyisithupha futhi wadonsa emibili. Ngaphandle kwabadlali be-chess, ababhali, izintatheli kanye nosopolitiki nabo babeyizivakashi ezivamile esitolo. - le nhloko-dolobha ye-chess yomhlaba engxenyeni yesibili ye-12 kanye nengxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-2015 - yayiyisihloko se-athikili ku-No. XNUMX/XNUMX yomagazini i-Young Technician.

Ngawo-30, abaseBrithani baqala ukuncintisana nabadlali be-chess abahamba phambili emhlabeni jikelele eCafé de la Régence. Ngo-1834, kwaqala umdlalo wokungabikho phakathi kwabamele ikhefi kanye neWestminster Chess Club, eyasungulwa eminyakeni emithathu ngaphambili. Ngo-1843, kwadlalwa umdlalo e-cafe, owaqeda ukubusa kwesikhathi eside kwabadlali be-chess baseFrance. Pierre Saint-Aman wahlulwa yiNgisi Howard Staunton (+6-11 = 4).

Umdwebi ongumFulentshi uJean-Henri Marlet, umngane oseduze kaSaint-Amand, wapenda iThe Game of Chess ngo-1843, lapho uStaunton edlala ichess noSaint-Amand eCafé Régence (8).

8. Umdlalo weChess owadlalwa ngo-1843 eCafé de la Régence - uHoward Staunton (kwesokunxele) noPierre Charles Fourrier Saint-Aman.

Izingcezu ze-staunton chess

Ukuba khona kwezinhlobo eziningi zamasethi e-chess nokufana okungahleliwe kwezingcezu ezihlukene kumasethi ahlukene kungenza kube nzima kumbangi ongawazi amafomu akhe ukuthi adlale futhi kuthinte umphumela wegeyimu. Ngakho-ke, kuye kwadingeka ukuthi kwakhiwe isethi ye-chess enezicucu ezibonakala kalula ngabadlali be-chess bamazinga ahlukene okudlala.

Howard Staunton

(1810-1874) - Umdlali we-chess wesiNgisi, obhekwa njengohamba phambili emhlabeni kusukela ngo-1843 kuya ku-1851. Waklama "izingcezu ze-Staunton", ezaba yizinga lemiqhudelwano nemidlalo ye-chess. Wahlela umqhudelwano wokuqala we-chess wamazwe ngamazwe eLondon ngo-1851 futhi waba ngowokuqala ukuzama ukwakha inhlangano ye-chess yamazwe ngamazwe. Kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, imidlalo ye-chess ngezinye izikhathi yayihlala isikhathi eside, ngisho nezinsuku ezimbalwa, ngoba abaphikisi babenesikhathi esingenamkhawulo sokucabanga. Ngo-1852, uStaunton wahlongoza ukusetshenziswa kwe-hourglass (hourglass) ukuze kulinganiswe isikhathi esisetshenziswa izimbangi. Aqala ukusetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni ngo-1861 emdlalweni phakathi kuka-Adolf Andersen no-Ignak von Kolisch. UStaunton wayengumhleli we-chess life, i-theorist eyaziwayo yomdlalo we-chess, umhleli womagazini we-chess, umbhali wezincwadi zokufunda, umdali wemithetho yomdlalo ngokwawo kanye nenqubo yokubamba imiqhudelwano nemidlalo. Wabhekana nethiyori yokuvuleka futhi wethula, ikakhulukazi, i-gambit 1.d4 f5 2.e4, eqanjwe ngaye i-Staunton Gambit.

Ngo-1849, inkampani yomndeni iJaques yaseLondon, esakhiqiza izinto zokudlala nezemidlalo, yenza amasethi okuqala ezinto eziklanywe Nathaniel Cook (10) - Umhleli wephephabhuku lamasonto onke laseLondon i-Illustrated London News, lapho u-Howard Staunton eshicilele khona izindatshana ze-chess. Ezinye izazi-mlando ze-chess zikholelwa ukuthi umkhwenyana kaCook, uJohn Jacques, ngaleso sikhathi owayengumnikazi wenkampani, wadlala indima enkulu ekuthuthukisweni kwabo. U-Howard Staunton uncome izingcezu ephepheni lakhe le-chess.

10. Izingcezu zokuqala ze-Staunton chess zango-1949: i-pawn, rook, knight, umbhishobhi, indlovukazi nenkosi.

Amasethi alezi zibalo ayenziwe nge-ebony ne-boxwood, ahlanganiswe nomthofu ukuze azinze, futhi embozwe ngomuzwa ongaphansi. Ezinye zazo zenziwe ngezinyo lendlovu zase-Afrika. Ngo-March 1, 1849, u-Cook wabhalisa imodeli entsha ne-London Patent Office. Wonke amasethi akhiqizwe nguJacques asayinwe nguStaunton.

Izindleko eziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa zezingcezu ze-Staunton zibe negalelo ekuthengeni kwazo ngobuningi futhi zibe nomthelela ekwandiseni igeyimu ye-chess. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imifaniswano yabo yaba iphethini ethandwa kakhulu esetshenziswa kuze kube namuhla emiqhudelwaneni eminingi emhlabeni jikelele.

Izingcezu okwamanje zisetshenziswa emiqhudelwaneni.

UZestav ubusise uStaunton yavunywa yi-International Chess Federation FIDE ngo-1924 futhi yakhethwa ukuthi isetshenziswe kuyo yonke imiqhudelwano yamazwe ngamazwe esemthethweni. Phakathi kwemiklamo yesimanje yemikhiqizo ye-Staunton (11), kunomehluko othile, ikakhulukazi maqondana nombala, impahla kanye nokuma kwama-jumpers. Ngokwemithetho ye-FIDE, izingcezu ezimnyama kumele zibe nsundu, zimnyama noma ezinye izithunzi ezimnyama zale mibala. Izingxenye ezimhlophe zingaba mhlophe, ukhilimu noma omunye umbala okhanyayo. Ungasebenzisa imibala yokhuni lwemvelo (i-walnut, i-maple, njll.).

11. Iqoqo lezibalo zokhuni ze-Stunton ezisetshenziswa njengamanje.

Izingxenye kufanele zijabulise iso, zingacwebezeli, futhi zenziwe ngokhuni, ipulasitiki noma ezinye izinto ezifanayo. Ukuphakama okunconyiwe kwezicucu: inkosi - 9,5 cm, indlovukazi - 8,5 cm, umbhishobhi - 7 cm, knight - 6 cm, rook - 5,5 cm kanye pawn - 5 cm. Ububanzi besisekelo sezicucu kufanele kube ngu-40-50 % yobude bazo. Osayizi bangahluka kufikela ku-10% kule mihlahlandlela, kodwa ukuhleleka kufanele kuhlonishwe (isb. inkosi yinde kunendlovukazi, njll.).

uthisha wezemfundo,

umfundisi onelayisensi

kanye nejaji le-chess

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