ikhompyutha edume kakhulu
Igama lalo mshini selishiwo lapha, futhi esimweni esingathandeki kakhulu: njengekhompyutha ejabulela ngokungafanele inkazimulo yokuba ngowokuqala emhlabeni. Iqiniso, abanye bamficile? kuhlanganise nemishini kaKonrad Zusi eyimfihlo yaseBritish colossi; Sengike ngabhala ngabo lapha. Nokho, masimnike udumo; ikakhulukazi njengoba esondela emgubhweni wakhe omuhle wokugubha iminyaka engu-65 ezalwa. Futhi akunandaba ukuthi usethathe umhlalaphansi iminyaka eminingi. I-ENIAC.
Kusukela kwakhiwa le moto, umhlaba usuphenduke indawo ehluke ngokuphelele. Cishe akekho owayelindele imiphumela enjalo ngale divayisi njengoba siyibona namuhla. Mhlawumbe kuphela... izintatheli eziyizixhwanguxhwangu ezibize lo mshini “ngobuchopho be-elekthronikhi.” By the way, bamnike away futhi?Serious? isayensi yekhompiyutha yenza iphutha, okubangela ukugxekwa okuqinile ngaleli gama kokubili okuvela kubathandi bezinto ezibonakalayo (ababheka ukuphila njengendlela yokuphila kwamaprotheni) futhi, becasulwe umbono nje wokuthi umuntu angakwazi ukudala noma yiluphi uhlobo lobuhlakani, ama-fideists...
Ngakho, ngo-1946, inkathi yamakhompiyutha yaqala ngokusemthethweni. Usuku oluqondile kunzima ukuluqinisekisa: mhlawumbe kwakunguFebhuwari 15, 1946, lapho umphakathi waziswa ngokuba khona kwe-ENIAC? Mhlawumbe ngoJuni 30 wonyaka ofanayo, lapho isikhathi sokubala sokuhlola sivaliwe futhi imoto yanikezwa umnikazi wayo, i.e. US Army? Noma mhlawumbe udinga ukubuyela emuva ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kuNovemba 1945, lapho i-ENIAC ikhipha ama-akhawunti ayo okuqala?
Noma yini esiyinqumayo, into eyodwa eqinisekile: iminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu isisemva kwethu.
I-ELECTRONIC MONSTRUM
Lapho i-ENIAC ikhonjiswa ezintathelini, kwaba sobala ukuthi akekho owake wakha i-monster enjalo, okungenani emkhakheni we-electronics. Ihlelwe kunxande omise okwe-U 12 by 6 m, amakhabethe angamashumi amane nambili ensimbi yensimbi enopende omnyama - ngalinye libe ngu-3 m ukuphakama, 60 cm ububanzi no-30 cm ukujula - agcwaliswe ngamashubhu e-vacuum angu-18 ezinhlobo eziyishumi nesithupha; futhi ibiqukethe amaswishi angu-800 6000, ama-relay angu-1500 50 kanye nama-resistors angu-000 0.5. Konke lokhu, njengoba umshini wokunyathelisa watshelwa, kwakudinga amashiseli ayizigidi ezingu-30 okwakudingeka enziwe ngesandla. Lesi silo besinesisindo esingamathani angama-140 futhi sidle amandla angu-24 kW. Uhlelo lwayo lokungenisa umoya lubonise izinjini ezimbili ze-Chrysler ezinomphumela ophelele we-hp eyi-48; Ikhabhinethi ngayinye yayinomshini wokushisa osetshenziswa mathupha, futhi i-thermostat yamisa wonke umsebenzi “osabekayo” uma izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yalo lingaphezu kuka-XNUMX°C. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekamelweni elihloselwe imoto, kwakukhona ezintathu ezengeziwe - nazo ezifakwe ngogesi - ezinkulu nakakhulu kunabanye, ama-wardrobes ashelelayo emasondweni, anamathiselwe njengoba kudingeka endaweni efanele isethi. Ayelekelelwa ngumfundi nama puncher amakhadi apuntshiwe.
Wayecabangani?
I-ENIAC() ibalwa - ngokungafani namakhompyutha esimanje - ohlelweni lwedesimali, esebenza ngezinombolo ezinezinombolo eziyishumi, iphozithivu noma inegethivu, enephuzu ledesimali elingashintshi. Ijubane layo, elididayo kososayensi bangaleso sikhathi futhi elingenakucatshangwa ngokuphelele kumuntu ovamile wangaleso sikhathi, lavezwa ngengezelelo eziyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu zalezo zinombolo ngomzuzwana; futhi ucabange ukuthi amakhompyutha omuntu siqu, abhekwa njengangasheshi kakhulu namuhla, ashesha izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane! Uma kunesidingo, umshini ungasebenza ngezinombolo? (amadijithi angamashumi amabili) anephuzu ledesimali eliguquguqukayo; Yebo, kulokhu kwakuhamba kancane, futhi umthamo wayo wenkumbulo wehliswa ngokufanele.
I-ENIAC yayinesakhiwo esijwayelekile se-modular. Indlela akhuluma ngayo URobert Ligonier encwadini yakhe yomlando wesayensi yekhompiyutha, ukwakheka kwakhe kwakusekelwe ezinhlelweni ze-hierarchical zobunzima obuhlukahlukene. Ngaphakathi kwamakhabethe okukhulunywe ngawo ngenhla kwakungamaphaneli ashintshwa kalula aqukethe amasethi ahlukahlukene ezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi. Iphaneli elinjalo elinjalo, ngokwesibonelo, "ishumi leminyaka" elingaqopha izinombolo 0 kuya ku-9 futhi likhiqize isignali yokuthwala uma yengezwe ohlelweni olunjalo olulandelayo - uhlobo olulinganayo lwe-elekthronikhi lwemibuthano yedijithali evela ku-adder ka-Pascal wekhulu le-550. Izakhi eziyinhloko zomshini "kwakungamabhethri" ayengakwazi "ukukhumbula?" izinombolo zamadesimali, zihlanganise bese uzidlulisela; ngalinye kulawa mabhethri lalinamalambu angu-XNUMX. Inombolo egcinwe ebhethrini elinikeziwe ingafundwa ngokuhlelwa kwezibani ze-neon ngaphambili kwekhabhinethi ehambisanayo.
Uzalo
Umqondo we-ENIAC wazalwa ngaphandle kwezidingo zokwenza impi yekhompyutha. Enye yezinkinga ezijwayelekile zokubalwa kwezimali zama-XNUMXs kwakuwukulungiswa kwamatafula e-ballistic for artillery. Ithebula elinjalo limane liyiqoqo lezixhumanisi zendlela yendiza ye-propellant, okuvumela isosha ukuthi limise kahle (i-orient) i-projectile, ngokucabangela uhlobo lwalo, imodeli ye-projectile, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kanye nosayizi we-propellant charge, izinga lokushisa lomoya, amandla omoya. kanye nesiqondiso. , umfutho womoya kanye neminye imingcele efanayo.
Ngokombono wezibalo, ukuhlanganiswa kwamatafula anjalo kuyisixazululo samanani sohlobo oluthile, okuthiwa. i-hyperbolic differential equations eneziguquguquko ezimbili. Ngokuzijwayeza, ithrekhi ibe isibalelwa amaphuzu angama-50 amaphakathi. Ukuze kutholwe amanani ahambisanayo kwelinye lawo, kwakudingeka kwenziwe ukuphindaphindeka okungu-15, okusho ukuthi izibalo zomzila owodwa zithatha imizuzu eyi-10-20 yomsebenzi ekhompyutheni esezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi, okwakuyi- i-analyzer ehlukile. Ukucabangela ezinye izinyathelo ezidingekayo ukuze kuhlanganiswe ithebula lezenzo, ithebula elilodwa eliphelele lidinga amahora angu-1000-2000 wekhompyutha, i.e. 6-12 amasonto. Futhi kwadingeka kwakhiwe amashumi ezinkulungwane zamapulangwe anjalo! Ukube besisebenzise isiphindaphinda sesimanje se-IBM kule njongo, bekuzothatha iminyaka yokusebenza!
Abadali
Indaba yokuthi amasosha ase-US azame kanjani ukubhekana nale nkinga esabekayo ifanelwe ifilimu eqanjiwe yesayensi. Isazi sezibalo saseNorway esivelele, nakuba singemncane kakhulu, safika sisuka ePrinceton ukuze sihole umsebenzi Oswald Vebelenabenza izibalo ezifanayo ngo-1917; ngaphezu kwalokho, kwasebenza ezinye izazi zezibalo ezingu-7, izazi zefiziksi ezingu-8 kanye nezazi zezinkanyezi ezingu-2. Umeluleki wabo wayengumHungary ohlakaniphile, UJohn (Janos) von Neumann.
Cishe izazi zezibalo ezisencane eziyi-100 zabuthelwa ebuthweni njengezibali, zonke izinto zekhompiyutha ezisebenzisekayo zaphucwa ibutho... Nokho, kwakusobala ukuthi izidingo zezikhali zazingeke zaneliseke ngokugcwele ngale ndlela. Ngenhlanhla - ngandlela-thile ngenhlanhla - kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho izindlela zokuphila zabantu abasha abathathu zahlangana. Babe: Udokotela wePhysics. UJohn Mochley (owazalwa ngo-1907), unjiniyela kagesi UJohn Presper Eckert (b. 1919) kanye noDokotela Wezibalo, ULieutenant Wezempi Yase-US u-Heine Goldstein (b. 1913).
J. Mauchly, emuva ngo-1940, wakhuluma ngokuthi kungenzeka ukusebenzisa izinto zikagesi ukuze kwakhiwe umshini wokubala; waqhamuka nalo mbono ngenxa yezibalo ezinkulu okwakufanele azenze lapho eba nesithakazelo ekusetshenzisweni kwezibalo zezibalo zemeteorology. Ngemva kokubhalisela izifundo ezikhethekile e-University of Pennsylvania, elungiselela ochwepheshe abaqeqesheke kakhulu ebuthweni, wahlangana no-J.P. Eckert. Lokhu, futhi, kwakuyi-"handyman" evamile, umklami nomdlali ohlakaniphile: eneminyaka engu-8 wakwazi ukwakha isamukeli somsakazo esincane, esibeka ... ekupheleni kwepensela; Lapho eneminyaka engu-12 wakha umkhumbi omncane olawulwa ngomsakazo, futhi ngemva kweminyaka emibili waklama futhi wenza umshini womsindo wesikole sakhe. Bobabili abafundi bathandane kakhulu... futhi ngezikhathi zabo zamahhala baklame isibali esikhulu, umshini wokungeza osebenza emhlabeni wonke.
Kodwa-ke, le phrojekthi yayisondele ukuthi ingalokothi ibone ukukhanya kosuku. Bobabili ososayensi bayidlulisela ngokusemthethweni, ngendlela yememorandamu enamakhasi amahlanu ehambisanayo, ku-J. G. Brainerd, ilungu lebhodi labaqondisi beNyuvesi yasePennsylvania, elibhekele ubuhlobo nohulumeni wase-US. Nokho, lona wakamuva wawubeka edeskini lakhe lo mbhalo (watholakala lapho ngemva kweminyaka engu-20 - wawuphelele) futhi wayezolivala icala uma kungelona elesithathu? ENIAC, UDkt. G. G. Goldstein.
UDkt. Goldstein usebenze esikhungweni esishiwo ngenhla se-US Army Computing Centre () futhi wafuna ngokushesha isisombululo senkinga eyaziwa kakade ye-ballistic arrays. Ngenhlanhla, lapho ehlola isikhungo sama-computer ezempi sase-University of Pennsylvania, watshela umfundi ngezinkinga zakhe. Kwakungumfundi kaMauchly owayeyazi imemorandamu... uGoldstein wayeyiqonda incazelo yombono omusha.
Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-March 1943. Cishe ezinsukwini eziyishumi nambili kamuva, uGoldstein noMauchly bamukelwa abaphathi be-BRL. U-Oswald Vebelen wayengangabazi: wayala ukunikezwa ngokushesha kwemali edingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe umshini. Ngosuku lokugcina lukaMay 1943, igama lasungulwa I-ENIAC. Ngomhla ka-June 150, kwasayinwa imfihlo ephezulu ethi "Project PX", izindleko zazo ezazibekwe ku-$486 (empeleni amasenti angu-$804). Umsebenzi waqala ngokusemthethweni ngoJulayi 22, amabhethri amabili okuqala aqala ukusebenza ngoJuni wonyaka olandelayo, yonke imoto yafakwa ekuhlolweni kwaselabhorethri ekwindla ka-1, futhi izibalo zokuqala zokuhlola zenziwa ngoNovemba 1945. Njengoba sesishilo, ngoJuni 1945, i-ENIAC yanikelwa ebuthweni, okwaqinisekisa ukuthi iwutholile “PX Project”.
Ngakho-ke, i-ENIAC ayizange ihlanganyele empini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenza kwayo yibutho kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba nguJulayi 29, 1947. Kodwa lapho yethulwa futhi ngemva kokulungiswa okuyisisekelo kakhulu, yaqala ukusebenza - ngokuqondiswa kuka-von Neumann - yasebenza ebuthweni isikhathi eside, ibala hhayi amatafula e-ballistic kuphela, kodwa futhi nokuhlaziya izinketho zokwakha ibhomu le-hydrogen, ukuklama izikhali zenuzi. izikhali, ukufunda ngemisebe ye-cosmic, ukuklama imigudu yomoya noma, ekugcineni, “eyabantu” ngokuphelele? - ngokubala inani elinembile lenombolo kuya ezindaweni eziyinkulungwane zamadesimali. Inkonzo yaphela ngo-Okthoba 2, 1955 ngo-23.45:XNUMX p.m., lapho igcina inqanyuliwe kunethiwekhi futhi kwaqala ukuhlakazwa.
Yayizothengiswa ibe yizicucu; kodwa ososayensi ababewusebenzisa babhikisha, kwasindiswa izingxenye ezinkulu zomshini. Enkulu kunazo zonke namuhla iseSmithsonian Institution eWashington.
Ngakho-ke, ezinyangeni eziyi-148, i-ENIAC yasuka ebhodini lomklami yaya emnyuziyamu wezobuchwepheshe, ngaleyo ndlela yangenisa inkathi yempumelelo enkulu ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe bekhompyutha. Futhi akunandaba ukuthi ngaphambi kwakhe igama lekhompiyutha latholwa ngemishini eklanywe ngumJalimane ohlakaniphile uKonrad Zuse, futhi - njengoba kwenzeka ngemva kokuvulwa kwezingobo zomlando eziyimfihlo zaseBrithani ngo-1975 - amakhompyutha esiNgisi avela "eColossus" uchungechunge.
Ngo-1946, umhlaba wethulwa ku-ENIAC futhi uzohlala ungowokuqala emphakathini...
