Izindlela ezidume kakhulu zokwandisa amandla emoto

Ukwenza izinguquko ekwakhiweni kwefekthri kwezingxenye ezithile zemoto kugcwele imiphumela engalindelekile. Uma engazi ngalokhu, abashayeli abaningi bezimoto bayaqagela. Phela, akulona ize ukuthi onjiniyela bokuklama bama-automaker baye bathuthukisa imodeli entsha ngayinye izinsuku nezinyanga eziningi, bezama ukwakha uhlelo olunokulinganisela, oluzinzile. Ukumodela kwekhompyutha kucabangela izici eziningi ezihlobene. Ngisho nochwepheshe abanolwazi, abenza isimanjemanje ezimele, abakwazi ukuzicabangela zonke. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamanye ama-node kungase kuthinte amanye. Endaweni ethile okuthile kuzobonakala kungalingani, ezinye izinhlelo zizosebenza ngendlela engavamile, ama-node ngamanye angase abe ngaphansi komthwalo oweqile. Ukuhlela, njengomthetho, kunciphisa kakhulu impilo yokusebenza yama-node aguquliwe ngokuqondile kuphela, kodwa futhi nabanye abaningi.

Noma kunjalo, inani lalabo abafisa ukuthuthukisa “ihhashi lensimbi” labo alinciphi. Ukunakwa okukhethekile kukhokhwa kuyunithi yamandla. Injini eyodwa yomlilo yangaphakathi ephoqelelwe iyadingeka ngezinjongo ezithile ezikhethekile - i-motorsport, isibonelo. Abanye banqotshwa ukoma lokukhulisa udumo, sebethole imoto eshuniwe kuphela. Kanti abanye bakwenzela uthando lobuciko. Hhayi-ke, abashayeli bezimoto abajwayelekile baphishekela izinhloso ze-pragmatic, bafuna nje ukuthuthukisa izici zokusheshisa zemoto yabo. Ezimweni eziningi, laba abanikazi bezimoto ezinenjini yokushisa yangaphakathi kaphethiloli emkhathini wokufuduka okuncane nokuphakathi. Kungenxa yabo ukuthi ukuntuleka "kwamahhashi" ngaphansi kwe-hood akubavumeli ukuba bazizwe beqiniseka ngokwanele ngenkathi bedlula noma lapho bekhuphuka.

Ungenza iyunithi yamandla ibe namandla ngokukhuphula ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli noma ukusebenzisa inani elifanayo likaphethiloli ngendlela ephumelelayo. Ngakho-ke, ake sicabangele ukuthi yiziphi izindlela ezingenzeka ukuze kuzuzwe ukwanda kwamandla enjini yomlilo yangaphakathi yemoto. Sizokhuluma kuphela ngamayunithi asebenzisekayo angadingi ukulungiswa.

Ukucwengwa kungase kuthinte amasilinda enjini evuthayo angaphakathi, i-cylinder head, crankshaft, camshafts, pistons kanye nezinduku zokuxhuma. Ungakwazi ukuthuthukisa zombili izingxenye ngazinye, futhi zonke ndawonye. Ukubuyekezwa okuyingxenye kuzonikeza umphumela omncane, kodwa kuzobiza kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, kunengqondo ukucwenga injini yomlilo yangaphakathi ngokugcwele. Kuphela kulesi simo kungenzeka ukufeza umphumela obalulekile, ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa, ukwandisa amandla nokusebenza kahle kweyunithi.

Ukuqedelwa kwekhanda lesilinda

Ukwenziwa kahle kwekhanda lesimanje kunganikeza ukwanda okukhulu kwamandla, kanye nokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwenjini yangaphakathi yomlilo. Njengoba igumbi lomlilo litholakala ngokwengxenye noma ngokuphelele ekhanda le-cylinder, ukugaya indawo ephansi yekhanda kukuvumela ukuthi unciphise umthamo wekamelo, ngakho-ke ukwandise isilinganiso sokucindezela. Esikhundleni sokugaya ikhanda le-cylinder, ungafaka i-gasket encane noma uhlanganise enye nenye. Lokhu kudinga ukubala okunembile ukuze kugwenywe ukushayisana kwamapiston namavalvu. Njengenketho, ungafaka ama-piston anezindawo zokuhlala zama-valve. 

Kufanele futhi kucatshangelwe ukuthi isilinganiso esiphezulu sokucindezela singabangela ukuqhunyiswa, okungukuthi, ukuvutha okungalawuleki kokuqhuma kwengxube. Ukuqhunyiswa kunomthelela ekwehlulekeni okusheshayo kwezingxenye ze-crank mechanism, ukucekelwa phansi kwamapiston nokulimala kwezindonga zamasilinda. Ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli we-octane ephezulu kungaxazulula inkinga, kodwa kuze kufike emkhawulweni othile. Nakuba ukukhulisa isilinganiso sokucindezela kungenye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokwandisa amandla nokusebenza kahle kwenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi, akufanele neze udlulele lapha.

Ukwandiswa nokwanda kwenani lamashaneli angenayo neyokuphuma, ukwenziwa kabusha kwama-valve kungakhuphula ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo yokushiswa kwengxube kaphethiloli womoya, okuzophinde kube nomthelela ekwandeni kwamandla enjini yomlilo yangaphakathi.

Ukwandisa umthamo wokusebenza wamasilinda

Lokhu kungafezwa ngokubhora isilinda noma ngokwandisa ukushaywa kwepiston.

Amathuba okuba nesithukuthezi angase akhawulwe yizici zokuklama ze-cylinder block. Ama-BC enziwe ngama-alloys alula asekelwe ku-aluminium awasebenzi kangako kule njongo. Okokuqala, ekuqaleni banezindonga ezincane. Okwesibili, ngenxa ye-coefficient ephezulu yokwandisa ukushisa, kunengozi enkulu yokuguqulwa ngesikhathi sokushisa ngokweqile, okungaholela ekungalungisweni kahle kwama-bearings ayinhloko kanye nokubhujiswa kwenjini yangaphakathi yomlilo. I-cast iron BCs ayinayo le nkinga.

Kungenzeka ukwandisa ukushaywa okusebenzayo kwesilinda ngokufaka i-crankshaft nezinye izici zejometri. Endleleni, i-torque ephezulu izokhula, kodwa isethi izonciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwenjini yangaphakathi yomlilo. 

Ukwanda kwamandla ngokwandisa umthamo wamasilinda Kwenzeka ukuthi kungase kungabi okuphawulekayo njengoba kulindelekile. Futhi ngokuqinisekile akujabulisi ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli. 

Imininingwane engasindi

Ukufaka izingxenye ezingasindi - izinduku zokuxhuma, ama-piston, i-flywheel - kuzosiza ukwengeza amaphesenti ambalwa ekwandeni kwamandla e-ICE, nakuba lokhu kuzonciphisa kancane i-torque. I-flywheel elula iphenduka ngokushesha, okusho ukuthi injini evuthayo yangaphakathi ithola umfutho ngokushesha.

Ukushintsha lezi zingxenye ngokwehlukana, ngaphandle kokwenza ezinye izinyathelo, kungase kubize ngokungenangqondo, ngoba ngokwako akunikezi umphumela obalulekile, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kunzima kakhulu. 

Amapiston omgunyathi

Ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwamandla enjini yomlilo yangaphakathi kwandisa kakhulu umthwalo wemishini nowokushisa kumapiston. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ngeke zihlale isikhathi eside. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-piston omgunyathi aqinile kuyayixazulula inkinga. Azisindanga kunezijwayelekile, kodwa zine-coefficient ephansi yokwandisa okushisayo. 

Njengoba lokhu kuwumkhiqizo wobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, akufanele ulondoloze ekuthengeni kwabo. Uma usebenzisa ama-piston omgunyathi ashibhile, kunengozi enkulu yokuthi azogcwala.

Ngasikhathi sinye, kufanelekile ukuthenga izindandatho zepiston ezihlala isikhathi eside ezinengxenye emise okwe-L. 

I-camshaft ethuthukisiwe

Ukwanda kwamakhamera we-camshaft kungathinta izici eziguquguqukayo zenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi, ngenxa yokushintsha kwesikhathi se-valve. Ngokuya ngosayizi othize wamakhamera, amandla enjini evuthayo yangaphakathi azokhula ngesivinini esiphansi, esiphakathi noma esiphezulu. Ngemuva kokufaka i-camshaft enamakhamera akhulisiwe, awukwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kokulungisa ama-valve.

I-camshaft ekhethiwe ngendlela engafanele yale njongo ingabangela ukumbozwa kwezigaba zokungenisa nokukhipha futhi, ngenxa yalokho, imfucuza enkulu yamafutha.

Ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwemishini

Ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kokungqubuzana kwenzeka ngenxa yokuhamba kwamapiston kumasilinda. Ukuze uzinciphise, ama-piston anendawo encishisiwe yesiketi angasetshenziswa.

Lapho ulungisa, kuyadingeka futhi ukunciphisa ukulahleka okujikelezayo kwamadrayivu wezindlela ezengeziwe.

Sizotholani ekugcineni

Ngenxa yobunzima bemisebenzi eyenziwayo, amandla enjini yomlilo yangaphakathi azokhula ngo-10 ... 15, mhlawumbe ngisho namaphesenti angu-20. Injabulo enjalo izobiza inani elikhulu kakhulu. Kodwa izindleko zezimali azigcini lapho. Ukwakhiwa kweyunithi yamandla kuzokwandisa nakanjani umthwalo kwezinye izingxenye zemoto, ngakho-ke kuzodingeka ulungise uhlelo lokuhlinzeka ngogesi, isistimu ye-brake, ukumiswa, i-gearbox, i-clutch. Uzodinga ukulungisa kabusha isikhathi se-valve bese ukhanyisa kabusha i-ECU. 

Lapho usebenza, injini evuthayo yangaphakathi ephoqelelwe nayo izobiza kakhulu, ngoba kuzodingeka ugcwalise uphethiloli obiza kakhulu we-octane ephezulu ukuze ugweme ukuqhunyiswa. Ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli nakho kuzokwenyuka kakhulu - cishe ngokulingana nokwanda kwamandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, injini yomlilo yangaphakathi izozwela kakhulu izinga likaphethiloli namafutha. 

Ngokuvamile, insiza yenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi izoba ngaphansi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuqala ukuthuthukisa okunjalo, kufanelekile ukukala ngokucophelela okuhle nokubi. Mhlawumbe kuwukuhlakanipha ukuchitha imali kwenye into - isibonelo, ekufakeni i-turbine? 

I-turbine ivumela umoya owengeziwe ukuthi uphoqeke kumasilinda. Ukwanda kwenani lomoya, noma kunalokho, umoya-mpilo, kwenza inqubo yokushiswa kukaphethiloli ibe namandla kakhulu. I-turbine ijikeleza ngenxa yegesi yokukhipha, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kwayo akuthinti ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli.

Ukuhlomisa injini evuthayo yangaphakathi nge-turbocharger kuwumsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi futhi odla isikhathi, ofinyeleleka kuphela kochwepheshe. Ukushuna okunjalo akuyona intokozo eshibhile. Kodwa le ndlela yokwandisa amandla enjini yomlilo yangaphakathi inikeza, mhlawumbe, imiphumela emangalisa kakhulu. Ukusebenzisa i-turbine kuzonyusa amandla eyunithi okungenani ngekota, noma ngokuphindwe kabili. Kukhona isethi yezinhlobo zama-turbocharger, esebenza kahle kakhulu i-centrifugal. 

Umoya oshiswa kakhulu yi-turbine kufanele upholiswe, ngenxa yalokhu udinga ukufaka i-intercooler ngaphezu kwalokho. 

Lokhu kuzokwandisa ukuminyana kwayo futhi kuthuthukise ukugcwaliswa kwamasilinda, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kuvimbele ukushisa ngokweqile kwenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi. Nokho, kwezinye izimo, kungase kudingeke ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwesistimu yokupholisa injini evuthayo yangaphakathi.

Lapho ufaka i-turbine, ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu kuzodingeka kwezinye izingxenye zemoto, kanye nokukhanya kwekhompyutha esebhodini. 

Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi injini evuthayo yangaphakathi ene-turbocharged idinga ukunakekelwa okuphelele nokubizayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, injini evuthayo yangaphakathi ene-turbocharged idinga ukufudunyezwa ekuqaleni, ngisho nasehlobo. 

Uma imali ilinganiselwe, kodwa ufuna ukwandisa amandla emoto kancane, ungasebenzisa izindlela ezingabizi kakhulu ezingadingi izinguquko eziyisisekelo ekwakhiweni.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwesistimu yokuthatha

Ukufaka isihlungi esingamelani ne-zero esikhundleni sesihlungi somoya esijwayelekile kuyindlela elula neshibhe kakhulu yokwengeza amandla athile enjinini evuthayo yangaphakathi. 

Isihlungi esinjalo asidali izithiyo ekudluleni komoya, ngoba sisebenzisa okokuhlunga okuncane okuminyene. Ngenxa yalokho, igumbi elivuthayo ligcwala kangcono umoya, futhi uphethiloli uvutha kakhulu. Akufanele uthembele ekukhuleni okukhulu kwamandla, noma kunjalo, amandla amabili noma amathathu amahhashi azokwengezwa. Isihlungi esingcolile asidingi ukushintshwa, vele usihlanze. Abaningi bayakungabaza ngale mininingwane, bakholelwa ukuthi ngenxa yokuhlunga okubuthakathaka, uthuli lungangena emakamelweni avuthayo kanye nomoya.

Kunezinye izindlela zokwenza uhlelo lokuthatha lube lube lwesimanjemanje, oluhlobene nokulungiswa kwalo, ukukhethwa kobukhulu obufanele kanye nokuma kwamapayipi, nokuqedwa kokuqina kwezindonga zangaphakathi. Ukulungiswa okufanele kwesistimu yokuthatha kunganikeza umphumela omuhle ngokukhulisa isilinganiso sokugcwalisa amasilinda.

Okuncane kumphumela oqoqiwe kungangeza ukwanda kobubanzi be-throttle.

Ukulungiswa kweChip

Le ndlela yokuthuthukisa injini evuthayo yangaphakathi ayidumile kakhulu ngenhlanhla. Phela, akuhambisani nentuthuko enzima nebizayo. Kungenziwa ngokushesha nangemali elinganiselwe. 

Okubalulekile wukwenza izinguquko ohlelweni lokuphatha injini noma esikhundleni salo ngokuphelele, ngamanye amazwi, “ukukhanyisa” i-ECU. Umphumela olindelekile ukwanda kwamandla, ukusheshisa okuthuthukisiwe kanye nenani lezinye izinguquko ekusebenzeni kweyunithi yamandla nohlelo lwamandla. 

Ezinye izilungiselelo zasefekthri ziyisilinganiso futhi zingahluka kancane kunezifanele zemodi ethile yokusebenza. Kodwa-ke, ukushintsha noma iyiphi ipharamitha ohlelweni lokulungisa i-chip kubangela isidingo sokulungisa ezinye izici. Uchwepheshe kuphela oqonda lokho akwenzayo okwazi ukwenza ukushuna kwe-chip ngendlela efanele. 

Umphumela ungase ube ukwanda kwamandla enjini yomlilo yangaphakathi ngo-10 ... 15%, kodwa lokhu kuzodingeka kukhokhwe ngokunciphisa okuhambisanayo kwensiza yayo. Izindleko zezimali zikaphethiloli zizokhuphuka, ngakho injini evuthayo yangaphakathi izoba namandla futhi izodinga uphethiloli ongcono. Ukugcinwa kwezinsiza kuzofanele kwenziwe kaningi, okusho ukuthi le mali izokwenyuka.

Imodi ephoqelelwe ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa njalo, njengoba zonke ezinye izinhlelo zihlala zijwayelekile futhi zingase zingamelani nemithwalo eyengeziwe.

Uma unquma ukwenza inqubo enjalo, xhumana nenkampani enedumela elihle elinochwepheshe abafanelekile kanye nezinhlelo ezifanele ezivela kubakhiqizi abathembekile be-software. Kuma-artisan, i-firmware ingatholwa emithonjeni engaziwa futhi iqukethe amaphutha. 

Ukushuna kwe-chip okungaphumelelanga kungalimaza ikhompuyutha noma kuholele ekungasebenzini kahle kweyunithi. 

Eminye imibhedo

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-nitrous oxide (okuthiwa imodi "ye-nitro") kunikeza umphumela omuhle, kodwa wesikhathi esifushane kakhulu, ngakho-ke akukho phuzu lokuxoxa ngakho.

Izithasiselo zikaphethiloli ziyindlela esakazwa kabanzi yokuthuthukisa ngokushesha nangezinga eliphezulu ukusebenza kwenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi, ukwandisa amandla, nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli. Ukusebenza kahle akukakafakazelwa. Kodwa labo abafisayo bangazama, kungazelelwe kuyasebenza.

Omazibuthe nokunye ukuphulukisa okuyisimangaliso kuyizinganekwane zalabo abasakholelwa kuzo.

Futhi ekugcineni, indlela yokwandisa amandla, asetshenziswa ama-moons kanye nabahlanekezeli abangenandaba ngokujulile ngabanye, imvelo nakho konke okusemhlabeni. I-"modernization" yesistimu ye-exhaust inikeza umphumela omncane noma awukho nhlobo, kodwa izwakala kuwo wonke umuntu oseduze phakathi kwebanga elingamakhilomitha ambalwa. Uma ungomunye wabo, ungamangali lapho ngokuzumayo, ngaphandle kwesizathu esicacile, uqala ukugoba - nguwe okhunjulwa izakhamuzi ezibongayo zezindlu owadlula kuzo.